商务基础英语-uint2ownership知识汇总

1、文档包括本单元需掌握的重、难点；听力文本补充词语（warm-up）文中词语释义Reading I 译文练习答案：句子翻译参考答案望同学们多复习，多看看！1. Cognitive Information（认知信息): Business Ownership2. Language Focus（内容重点) Key Words: proprietorship, corporation, debt, legal, formality, specify, dissolve, withdrawal, dividend, conglomerate, assets, utility Phrases: start

2、with， close down， run out of, consist of, in most cases, be liable for, account for, be subject to, have advantages over, go into debt, no more than, in the extent of3. Communicative Skills（交际技能) Expressions: Expressions of “Asking or Offering favors”Lead- in (listening exercises) 听力文本Passage Script

3、 1There are basically three types or forms of business ownership structures for new small businesses:Sole proprietorship is a business owner and operated by a single individual and the most common form of business structure in the US, accounting for 74% of all US businesses and 6% of all sales in th

4、e US. The advantages with a sole proprietorship include ease and low cost of formation- simply announcing you are in business and requesting any licenses and permits you may need; use of profitssince all profits from the business belong exclusively to you, the owner; flexibility and controlyou make

5、all the decisions and direct the entire business operations; very little government regulations; secrecy; and ease of ending the business. There are disadvantages, however, including unlimited liability all business debts are personal debts, meaning you could lose everything you own if the business

6、fails or loses a major lawsuit; limited sources of financing - based on your creditworthiness; limited skills - the sole proprietor really must be a “jack-of-all-trades”, part manager, marketer, accountant, etc.; and limited lifespan-the business ends when the owner dies. Passage Script 2 Partnershi

7、p is a business that is owned and operated by tow or more people-and the least used form of business organization in the US, accounting for 8% of all US businesses and 4% of all sales in the US. There are two basic forms of partnership: general and limited. In a general partnership, all partners hav

8、e unlimited liability, while in a limited partnership, at least one partner has liability limited only to his or her investment while at least one other partner has full liability. The advantages of a partnership include ease of organization-simply creating the Articles of Partnership; combined know

9、ledge and skills-using the strengths of each partner for better business decision-making; greater availability of financing; and very little government regulations. There are disadvantages, however, including unlimited liability- all business debts are personal debts; reconciling partner disagreemen

10、ts and action-each partner is responsible for the actions of all the others; sharing of profits- all money earned has to be shared and distributed to the partners per the Articles of Partnership; and limited lifespan - the partnership ends when a partner dies or withdraws.Warm-up古玩珠宝店 antiques and j

11、ewelry shop香烟店（摊） cigarette shop (stall) 售报亭 newspaper and magazine stand 茶馆 tea house 理发店 barber's shop (hairdresser's) 洗澡堂 bath house 旅店/旅馆 inn/ hotel 邮局 post office文具店 stationer's (stationery shop) 日用杂货店 daily-use sundry goods shop 炊事用具商店 cooking utensils shop 家用器具商店 household utensil

12、s shop 五金商店 metal products shop 家具店 furniture shop 眼镜店 eyeglasses store 玻璃礼品店 glass gifts store 食品杂货（副食品）店 grocery 酱园 sauce and pickles shop 肉店 meat (butcher's) shop 酒店 wine shop 水产店 aquatic products shop 家禽店 fowl shop 豆腐店 beancurd shop 烤肉店 roast meat shop 卤味店 sauced meat shop 饮食店 food and drink

13、 shop Public ownershipMixed (private or public) ownershipRailroadRestaurant Telecommunication service / post officeRetail businessTelevision / radio stationHotelElectric power industryTravel agencyJournalism / publisherDepartment storeAir transport industryBankingOil companyStock marketFood manufact

14、urerSupermarketAdvertising agencyRepair service1. Ownership Ownership is the state or fact of exclusive possession or control of something, which may be an object or some kind of property. Ownership is self-propagating: If an object is owned by someone, any additional goods produced by using that ob

15、ject will also be owned by the same person. Thus, the more a person can own or acquire through money, the more he or she will generate other things to be owned by him or her. Ownership is central to and facilitates the development of social systems. Ownership existing in China:state-owned, private o

16、wnership, public ownership, individual ownership, collective ownership, joint venture, foreign enterpriseKey words and phrases1. proprietorship n. 所有权 proprietorproprietress: n. 所有人; 业主; 老板 newspaper proprietors 报纸的老板们 e.g. Ive written a complaint to the proprietor of the hotel.2. corporation n. (有限

17、)公司; 法人; 社团 e.g. Mary works for a large American corporation. a multinational corporation 跨国公司 the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC)英国广播公司 corporate 1) a. 团体的; 全体的 e.g. corporate responsibility 集体责任 2) a. 公司的; 法人的 e.g. corporate image 法人形象 corporate culture 公司文化3. debt n. 债, 债务, 负债的情况; 还债的义务, 恩

18、情 e.g. a debt of 100 yuan pay ones debt 还债 We owe you a debt of gratitude for your help. 承蒙帮助，不胜感激。 out ofin debt: 还清债务负债 e.g. Im heavily in debt at the moment，but hope to be out of debt when I get paid. Ill always be in debt to you for your help. If we spend more than our income well run into debt

19、欠债. national debt 国债 bad debt 坏账 debtor nations 债务国4. start with . : 从.开始 e.g. The festivities started with a huge fireworks display. They usually start dinner with soup. 5. legal a. 法律允许的, 法定的, 合法的; (有关)法律的 e.g. Dont worry，and its quite legal! Schooling is a legal requirement for children over five

20、 years old in Britain. a legal matter take legal action 打官司 illegal a. 非法的 legality n. 合法性; 法律性 e.g. I would question the legality of the governments decision. legalize vt. 使合法化; 使得到法律认可 e.g. Will the government legalize cannabis(大麻)?6. formality 1) n. 正式手续 e.g. There are a few formalities to go thr

21、ough before you enter a foreign country，such as showing your passport. 2) n. 形式上的措施 e.g. The written part of the exam is just a formality; no one ever fails it. 7. close down 倒闭 e.g. The government plans to close down 10 coal mines. Small shops are closing down because of fierce competition. 8. run

22、out of 用完; 没有了 e.g. “Can you give me a cigarette?” “Sorry，Ive run out. ” Im afraid weve run out of petro1. Im running out of patience. 9. consist of 由.组成 e.g. The United Kingdom of Britain consists of Great Britain and Northern Island. China consists of 23 provinces and several autonomous regions. T

23、his book consists of five chapters. consist in: to have as a base; depend on. 在于; 存在于 e.g. The beauty of Venice consists largely in the style of its ancient buildings. 10. In.case(s) 在.情况下 e.g. They may not offer me much money. In that case，I wont take the job. In most cases，he would arrive at schoo

24、l on time. 11. specify v. 详细说明; 具体说明; 指定; 指明 e.g. I specified blue for the bedroom walls，but the decorators have painted them white. Did you specify where the new office furniture was to be put? The rules clearly specify that competitors are not allowed to accept payment. specific a. 明确的; 确切的; 详尽的 e

25、.g. specific gravity比重 You say your company is in England. Can you be a bit more specific? She gave us very specific instructions. specification n. 规格; 规格说明12. withdrawal: n. taking out of. 取回；收回；撤出；撤退e.g. Hes made several withdrawals from his account recently. a gradual withdrawal of troops from th

26、e war zone withdrawal of financial support for his scheme相关词withdraw vt. to take away or take back. 提取；收回；撤回 e.g. She withdrew 500 yuan from her bank account. The drug, which is suspected of having serious side effects, has been withdrawn from the market. vi. / vt. to （cause to) move away or move ba

27、ck. （使)撤退；撤出 e.g. The two men withdrew from the room while the meeting voted for which should be chairman. The general withdrew his army as it was suffering so many casualties.withdrawn adj. 孤僻的；离群的；内向的 13. account for1) to amount to; to make up. 达到; 占 e.g. North Sea oil accounts for a high proporti

28、on of our export earnings. Stroke accounts for 5% of all deaths under 65 years of age and 10% of deaths （all ages).2) to give or be a satisfactory explanation for. 对做出 满意的解释 e.g. How do you account for losing five games in a row? They cant account for the fact that the stolen bag was at their home.1

29、4. be subject to 1) governed by or dependent on. 隶属于的；受支配的e.g. All such gatherings are subject to the laws on political meetings. The plans are subject to ministerial approval. All building firms are subject to tight controls. 2) tending or likely （to have). 易受的；倾向于的；易患的 e.g. Hes subject to ill heal

30、th （=often becomes ill). The arrangements are subject to change （=may be changed) at short notice. All train times are subject to change in bad weather conditions.相关词be subjected to: to cause to experience or suffer. 使遭受（痛苦)；使蒙受 e.g. We were subjected to a good deal of ill-mannered abuse. He was sub

31、jected to torture.15. no more than: only in no greater degree than. 仅仅; 不到 e.g. South Korea sent no more than 3,000 troops to Iraq. No more than five people applied for this job. You should spend no more than 20 minutes on this task and write at least 150 words. He spent very little time at school,

32、perhaps no more than a year in all.相关词not more than: probably less than. 不多于 e.g. There were not more than 2，000 people in the hall. 大厅里的人 数不超过2000人。 There were not more than 20 people, so that the hall was almost empty. 大厅里只有20人，几乎是空的。16. have an advantage over: to have a better position or opportu

33、nity. 对具有优势 e.g. Henry had the advantage over the rest of the staff of being able to speak Chinese.Tom takes the advantage his education has given him over other young people who have not been to a university.His speed and strength gave him an advantage over the other football players.23. range from

34、 . to .: to include a variety of different things or people.e.g. The show had a massive audience, ranging from children to grandparents. His expression ranges from a painful grimace to a slight smile. The five men are serving prison sentences ranging from 35 to 105 years.Reading I 参考译文企业所有权的类型1 在美国有

35、三种主要类型的企业所有权： （ 1 ）独家所有经营， （ 2 ）合伙经营，（ 3 ）股份有限公司。全国大约有1500万独资企业、1500000合资企业和4000000股份有限公司。 2 独家所有经营是由一人拥有和经营的企业。业主作出全部决定，并收入全部利润。他或她对企业任何债务要负法律责任。业主能以少量的资本和简单的法律手续开始创业。很多独家所有经营是小商店或像美容院和修理店这样的服务业。在农业、建筑业和其它很多行业中，独家所有经营是最常见的企业所有权形式。如果业主去世或耗尽资本，大部分这样的企业将倒闭。 3 合伙经营由两个或两个以上的业主组成，他们分担责任并共享生意的利润。在大多数情况下，每

36、个合作伙伴对企业所有债务是有责任的。 4 合作伙伴可能会签署一份法律协议，具体说明工作情况和个人投资以及收入利润所占百分比的情况。大多数的合作伙伴共同努力，比独家所有经营能筹集更多的资金和处理更多的业务。不过，几乎所有的合伙经营都是小型企业。在法律，医药，房地产和零售业中，他们是最常见的。这种伙伴关系，可双方协意，予以解散或撤回任何合作伙伴。 5 股份有限公司由持有公司股票的股东所有。多数股东的批准认可会影响业务运作的某些重大决策。然而，实际上是职业经理人在管理公司的日常事务。利润作为股息或再投资分配给该公司各股东。大多数股份有限公司比独家所有经营或合伙经营要大一些。股份有限公司生产收入约占美

37、国生产收入的四分之三。 6 股份有限公司的建立和运作比独家所有经营或合伙经营更困难一些。例如，若想建立一个股份有限公司，必须符合许多联邦州和地方政府的法律规定。股份有限公司的决定须得到股东和经理人双方批准。但是，股份有限公司有三个主要优势超过其他类型的企业所有制。第一，通过出售股票，可以募集大量资金。第二，业主，也就是股东，责任是有限的。如果该公司负债，他们的损失仅仅是他们的投资。第三，该公司业务不会因业主的死亡或退出而受影响。7 股份有限公司在商业规模和业务活动范围方面差别极大。有其产品或服务仅对几个消费者的小公司，也有生产大部分商品和服务于某特定领域的庞大机构。公司规模极端不同，差别如此之大，以致于可单独分类。第三种类型，是集团公司-即一个巨大的股份有限公司，它