西方古典文化02课时的

1、西方古典文化西方古典文化classical western culturelecture 2 ancient greece foundation of western civilizationi. geographygeographical mapgreece1. location greece is located at the southernmost tip of europe and northeast end of the mediterranean. it consists of small peninsulas. greece has many ports, inlets, an

2、d islands. including the islands, it has an area of 50,959 square miles and an estimated (200l) population of 11millions.2. physical geography greece is very mountainous.75% of greece is covered by mountains.most are short mountain ranges cutting through mainland.mountains caused small communities t

3、o develop different ways of life. there is no clear river system. in ancient greece, farmers grew olives, figs, grain, fruit and grapes in the fertile valleys. they also raised sheep and goats in mountains.olive grovesurrounded by seas no part of greece is more than about forty miles from the coast

4、greeks became seafarers.sailed into aegean, black, and mediterranean seas. greeks made contact with outside world and spread colonies and trade throughout med. sea. get what they could not grow also brought ideas back with them3. the importance of geography cut off by mountains and the seas isolated

5、 led to the formation of city-states limited interaction and unity of ancient greececreated fierce rivalries sea became a vital link hundreds of bays to provide safe harbor for ships skilled sailors traded olive oil, wine, and marble returned with grains, metals, and ideas adapted the phoenician alp

6、habet became basis for all western alphabets4. climate greece has a mediterranean climate greek summer is warm and dry.the average temperature is 33. the average rainfall is 6mm. it leads to drought. the greek winter is mild and wet. it can be rainy on costal regions and snowy in the mountains. the

7、average temperature is 15. the average rainfall is 65mm.ii. ancient greek history ancient greece: it is considered by most historians to be the foundational culture of western civilization. bronze age of greece: 2600 bc-1100 bcbronze age of greece1. crete: minoan (米诺斯的米诺斯的) civilization(palace at kn

8、ossos) the first civilization developed in crete lasted 1500 years, from 2600-1100 bc. known as the minoan civilization, named after a legendary king minos, son of zeus flourished with great trading power people originated in asia minor.minoan civilizationthe island of crete minoan art civilization

9、on crete suffered a major catastrophe around 1450 bc two theories: (1) tidal wave caused by a volcano that wiped them out. (2) invasion by myceneans who destroyed them.2. mycenean (迈錫尼迈錫尼) civilization developed around 2000 bc people from asia settled down in south and central greece. the city of my

10、cenae was built as a fortress and it was surrounded by farming villages whose people could always run for protection to the city if it was being invaded. the mycenean civilization was built on minoan achievements. around 1250 bc the myceneans attacked troy, a rival power. troy controlled trading rou

11、tes between the aegean and black seas. this war is told in homers iliad and the odyssey.the palace in mycenae was surrounded by massive walls with a huge gateway called the lion gatethe mask of agamemnon the mycenaeans were warlike people who measured their wealth by the number of weapons they owned

12、. the mycenaeans learned many minoan customs through trade. they adapted minoan art styles and pottery designs to make them look more war like.3. dark ages the dorians from the north marched south and burned palaces and villages in their path. about 1200 bc, the dorians took over greece. after that,

13、 greece fell into a dark age. after the greek dark ages, exciting things began to happen. villages banded together to form strong trading centers called city-states.4. city states “hellenistic” (classical) greece: 700 bc- 324 bcas greek culture mixed with cultural elements of the middle east, a new

14、culture called hellenistic emerged. small kingdoms established in greece called city-states because their small size at first, the city-states were ruled by kings, but as the society progressed, a new form of government began, called democracy. the city states had different ways of behaving and ruli

15、ng. the two most famous city states are athens and sparta.5. ancient athens athens had fertile land major crops: olives, grapes and wheat athens as the cultural center of greece had its golden age under the ruler pericles athenians were tough people engaged in activities like art, philosophy, scienc

16、e and music athenian governmentin early times ruled by kingslater, the aristocracy, selected representatives merchants later replaced some of the nobilitythe men of athens met weekly, discussed city problems, worked on solutions, and started a form of government known as democracy. the thing that se

17、t athens apart from the other city-states was its government. athens was a democracy. athenian valuesindividuality beautyfreedomgolden “age of pericles”:460 bc 429 bc pericles came to power around 500 bc. considered the greatest statesman in ancient greek history. pericles believed in four things:ru

18、le by the majorityeveryone is equal before the lawpersonal freedomthe right to get ahead through a persons ability instead of social classcontributions of golden age drama (tragedy悲): aeschylus埃斯库罗斯, sophocles索福克勒斯, euripides欧里庇得斯 poetry (homer): iliad and the odyssey history (herodotus希罗多德, thucydi

19、des修西得底斯): persian波斯 wars, the history of the peloponnesian wars philosophy: socrates苏格拉底, plato柏拉图 and aristotle亚里士多德 art, sculpture雕塑 and architecture建筑, science (archimedes阿基米德, medicine and mathematics)sparta斯巴达斯巴达 the city state of sparta developed into a strong governmentruled like a military

20、campspartans believed suffering was an integral 完整part of the path to adulthood“brief suffering leads to the joy of lasting fame.”“come back with your shield盾 or come back on it.” parting saying of spartan wives as husbands left for war boys raised to fight sent to military school at 7 for training

21、raised and disciplined with hunger and pain under fierce competition lived in barracks兵营 as soldiers and served for sparta allowed to have a family after 30 girls raised at home educated trained in gymnastics in order to be good breeders of soldiers moved about freelywars against persians greek vict

22、ories in 490 (marathon马拉松) and again in 480 (plataea普拉蒂亚) and 479 (salamis萨拉米斯) decline of greek city-states (404-349 bc) philip of macedon 马其顿王国conquer all city-states except sparta (349-338 bc) persian wars united athens and sparta against the persian empire athenian victories over the persians at

23、 marathon and salamis left the greeks in control of the aegean sea athens preserved its independencealexander the great king philip ii is assassinated 被暗杀at his daughters wedding son alexander proclaims himself king at age 20 former student of aristotle alexander inherited继承 from his father the most

24、 perfectly organized, trained, and equipped army of ancient times.”alexander the great alexander followed his fathers plan and invaded 入侵persia. he won scores of victories. conquered egypt in 332 b.c. (persian territory)crowned pharaoh法老, welcomed as liberatorfounds city of alexandria alexander then

25、 marched to the heart of persia and conquered cities of babylon 327 b.c. alexander marched to india after returning to babylon, alexander announced plans to invade arabia阿拉伯半岛 very ill with fever, alexander died in babylon at the age of 33 alexander establishes 60 alexandrias mix of greek and easter

26、n culture-intermarriage amazing art and sculpture雕塑雕刻 science advanced the world has never been the same!iii. greek people greek people they are open-minded, warm-hearted, adventurous, war-like, and pleasure seeking. the ancient greeks took enjoyment as the end of human life. they praised god just b

27、ecause god embodied表达 呈现 mans desire.1. land civilization babylon, egypt, china, india river valley, fertile land, farming people, worship the vegetarian god (植物神)tigris-euphrates river valleyancient babylonegypt-the nile river valleyindia-the ganges river valley2. ocean civilization greece, norway, spain, portugal葡萄牙, englandcoastal areas, barren land,荒地 make a life over the sea, either as fishermen or traders, adventurous, courageous, tricky, barbarous, relying not on producing but on conquering; they were free, bold,