新闻英语语篇修辞研究

1、The Pentadic Analysis of News TextsThe Persuasive Canons dispositionintroductionStatement of factsstylethe structure of a news text is very dependent on the persuasive functions that news language must serve in news reporting.arrangement of materialThe organization of the news text basically forms a

2、 rhetorical structure which projects itself over news texts. This kind of “rhetorical structure” is associated with the macrostructural level of the news text, which I will call “macro-rhetoric.”Teun Adrianus van Dijk (born May 7, 1943, Naaldwijk, the Netherlands), is a scholar in the fields of text

3、 linguistics, discourse analysis and Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA).He founded six international journals: Poetics, Text (now called Text & Talk), Discourse & Society, Discourse Studies, Discourse & Communication and the internet journal in Spanish Discurso & Sociedad, of which he

4、 still edits the last four.Teun A. van Dijk was a professor of discourse studies at the University of Amsterdam from 1968 until 2004, and since 1999 he has taught at the Pompeu Fabra University, Barcelona. He has widely lectured internationally, especially in Latin America.图式schemata ，在一般意义上，它指的是知识的

5、特定组织形式，往往表现为纲要或图解；在哲学中，它意指某种先验存在的图式；在心理学中，它又意指人们积累经验的思维组织即人们的知识结构。20世纪早期，西方学者首先在文学范围内开始了对书面或口头话语的格局的探索，比如普罗普对民间故事叙事范畴及其在故事中的组织模式的研究。这种研究方法后来逐渐流传开来。由于新闻报导和故事有相似之处，该方法也被新闻话语分析所吸收。80年代，梵迪克提出并论证了这样一种设想：“报界的新闻报导是由约定俗成的新闻格局构造组织的”；“这种新闻格局可以描写为话语的抽象结构特征，或者再现，或者社会共知的、使用新闻的规则、规范和意识形态系统。他所说的新闻格局，既从一般意义角度也从认知心理

6、学角度借鉴了格局的含义，系指在新闻在新闻文本构成中各种相关知识的特定文本构成中各种相关知识的特定组织形式组织形式。梵迪克又将其称为新闻文本的超结构超结构(superstructures)(superstructures)我们也可以将其表述为新闻文本的语法结构或者说是表层形式结构。News stories are composed of “macropropositions”-broadly, topics.A discourse will usually contain several topics. Topics are structured within the discourse and

7、 can be pictured in tree diagrams similar to those used to describe the syntax of sentences.Summary: Headline and LeadEpisode: Main Events in Context and their BackgroundsConsequencesVerbal ReactionsComment与文本超结构一样，语义宏观结构也是一个分级构造的结构体。它可以分为若干层面，每个层面由一个命题序列组成，组成这个命题序列的命题往往是低一级命题序列的“总结”。由低一级命题序列提升为高一级命

8、题，通常有一些规则在起 作 用 ，这 些 规 则 被 称 为“ 宏 观 规 则 ”。正是宏观规则，使宏观结构可以从话语句子表达的命题集合（即微观结构）中衍生出来，从而使整体内容得到表达。宏观规则作为连接语义宏观结构和语义微观信息的工具，在文本生成与阅读中均发挥着十分重要的作用。1.Deletion A girl in a yellow dress passed by. A girl passed by.2.GeneralizationMary was drawing a picture. Sally was jumping rope and Daniel was building someth

9、ing with Lego blocks. The children were playing.3. Construction John went to the station. He bought a ticket, started running when he saw what time it was forced to conclude that his watch was wrong when he reached the platform. John missed the train.Allan Bell是语言及交流教授，奥克兰理工大学文化话语交流研究所主任。他拥有奥克兰大学博士学

10、位，多年来从事将新闻研究与交流咨询结合的双重事业。他在海外和新西兰大学主持多个研究项目。他在过去30年内在语言和沟通领域做出杰出贡献。他的其他研究兴趣包括互联网的社会和语言方面，大众传播的程式化，语言和身份，社会语言学和传播理论等。Headline + Lead summarize the news text and express the semantic macrostructure.the headline :“39 DIE IN MOSCOW AS BOMB GOES OFF ON SUBWAY TRAIN” CHECHEN LINK SUSPECTED” the lead :“A b

11、omb exploded inside a crowded subway train during the morning rush on Friday, killing at least 39 people and wounding more than 130.” “ 39 persons die from Bomb on subway train in Moscow. It is suspected that Chechen terrorists planned it”.Readers are quickly informed of the subject: “Bomb goes off.

12、 39 persons died. Chechen terrorists are suspected”. Since humanity and terrorism are the interesting topics for readers, most readers are eager to learn more about the bomb. This introduction successfully persuades readers to read the whole text and learn more in detail. The persuasive function per

13、formed by news introduction is two-folded:(1) as informative persuasion;(2) as ingratiating persuasion. informing the audience of the end or subject of news texts and winning the attention.39 DIE IN MOSCOW AS BOMB GOES OFF ON SUBWAY TRAIN. CHECHEN LINK SUSPECTED. A bomb exploded inside a crowded sub

14、way train during the morning rush on Friday, killing at least 39 people and wounding more than 130. No one claimed responsibility for the bombing though senior government officials, including President Vladimir V. Putin, said they suspected that it was the latest in a series of terrorist attacks lin

15、ked to the war in Chechnya. establish credit in headlines and leads with the audience.persuade readers to accept what the news reports. they are speaking “truth”the introduction seeks to prepare the audience for being ready to be instructed or persuaded.(1) what they have to say?(2) say to whom?(3)

16、under what rhetorical exigencies-setting and circumstances?(4) what the background of the audience are likely to be?(5) how much time or space has been allotted to them?The headline is only a summary?most news headlines do not always summarize their stories. 1The traditional notion of headlines-as-s

17、ummaries definitely does not capture the function of headlines from the perspective of rhetoric. 2 the headline seems to have a visual function other than informing as summary. 31.actives and passives2.employ omission:Omitting almost all articles, pronouns, auxiliary verbs and linking verbs3.employm

18、ent of tenses:simple present tense, the present progressive tense and the future tense4.use punctuations to replace words5.use verbs as much as they canThe Rhetoric of Statement of Facts Because reporters always write in preparation for being cut by editors at any place, this part of the news text a

19、lways develops the subject from the important to the less important. lucid, brief, and plausiblemeans of securing lucidity:1.develop reports sufficiently to set forth all the facts that need to be known;2. An orderly presentation of the facts .The plausibility of the statement of facts :1.the ethica

20、l tone of the discourse itself ;2. the ethical image of the writerStyle works at a few different levels in a text：sentence levelchoosing the right words or forming sentences that are easy to readparagraph levelweaving sentences together in ways that emphasize main points and lead the readers comfort

21、ably through main ideas of the text.text levelsetting an appropriate tone and weaving themes into ones work that appeals to readers emotions and values.1. if rhetorical texts must communicate, they must be clear. 2. the limitation of space 3. the pressure for time of the reader. 1. newspaper design

22、influences news language style；2. news language is produced under the linguistic situation of “English language.” 3. news is one of the communication means, and style of news texts in the newspaper is controlled by its communicative context. 4. news style is constrained by the news texts rhetorical

23、nature as addressed. 5. news style is controlled by news values, especially by objectivity. 6. news style is controlled by the possible topics of news text.7. we can not talk about news style without considering many dimensions of the news production process. Choice of Words Syntax Rhetorical Figure

24、s (1) News texts will not use two or three words when one will do;(2) Journalists prefer to use many short, common words;(3) The third preference for choosing words is wide use of clipped words, blends, initialism, and acronyms;(4) The development of our society brings about a large number of new wo

25、rds. (1) Rhythmical sentences: alternating use of long and short sentences;(2) Complex sentences: with embedded clauses;(3) Frequent use of inverted sentence structure;(4) Use of heavily modified nominal groups. credibility to our arguments;exciting the emotions;approval for our characters as pleade

26、rs.The path to November was uphill all the way.France won the Champion in the World Cup.戏剧主义理论是伯克通过戏剧分析来研究人类行为、关系与动机的一种方法。之所以称为“戏剧主义”是因为它源于戏剧分析。伯克将其称为“语言的哲学”(1966:54)。伯克认为他并没有发明戏剧主义,伯克经常思索这样一个比喻:人生就是一场戏剧,而世界就是它的舞台。通过对这个比喻的思索,伯克发现了一种研究人类行为动机的方法。伯克认为,语言从根本上说是一种“表演模型”,是态度的表现,而不是一种定义工具,使用语言即进行表演。伯克之所以选择

27、戏剧主义作为他对人类动机研究的方式,是因为戏剧主义可用于揭示发话者的可能动机。在他看来,这种方法既有其范围上的广泛性,又有其简单性,实际上它就是人类动机的缩减形式。伯克以其戏剧观研究语言。戏剧观发现隐藏于象征行为之中的动机,伯克发展了戏剧主义的分析方法,围绕五个要素展开,他将其称作为戏剧五位一体(pentad)。这五个要素是“行为”(act)、“执行者”(agent)、“方法”(agency)、“场景”(scene)和“目的”(purpose)。它们用于揭示象征行为的结构和功能。伯克解释了他选择这五个术语的理据,“在解释动机时,你必须有一些词来命名行为,即发生了什么事,另外一些词能命名场景,即

28、行为发生的背景,还有一些词能指明什么人或什么类型的人实施了这一行为,他运用了什么方法或工具,以及行为的目的”伯克的戏剧五位一体类似于新闻报道中的“谁”(who)、“何时”(when)、“何处”(where)、“为何”(why)与“怎样”(how)五要素。agentscenepurposeagencyact五个要素可以不同的方式组合,伯克引入了“关系比”(ratio)来描述戏剧主义分析方法中五种成分之间的关系,它们是一种共存的关系,体现了发话者的“选择”与“决定”。不同的组合构建不同的动机,例如,行为不可避免地暗示执行者,而执行者则可暗示行为发生的场景。伯克用10个关系比详细阐述5种成分之间的多

29、种关系。这10个关系比是场景行为、场景执行者、场景方法、场景目的、行为目的、行为执行者、行为方法、执行者目的、执行者方法、方法目的,颠倒每一对关系比的顺序可创设另外10种关系比。伯克将关系比看作为因果关系。场景行为关系比指在某一场景所发生的行为,这是由行为发生需要场景所要求的,行为的恰当与否取决于场景。例如,一个教堂场景决定只有某些有某种特征的行为才会在那里发生。比如,祈祷行为在这种场景中是合适的,而高声喧哗则是不合适的。场景决定方式,并且创设与之相配的行为,场景是行为的恰当的容器。行为执行者关系比集中于另外一种关系,用于分析行为如何重塑个体。例如,在某种程度上,背叛朋友的行为将个人塑造成为叛徒。颠倒关系比中的顺序则形成执行者行为关系比,分析人的身份、性格如何制约某些行为的发生。例如,对于一个沉稳的教授,他人对他的要求是作出有智慧与严肃的行为,人们不会期望这样的一个教授在夜总会扮演喜剧角色。方法行为关系比指明执行某一行为的方式。例如