职称英语教材理工类新增文章内容

1、2013年职称英语教材理工类新增文章内容第四部分 阅读理解第十一篇when our eyes serve our stomachour senses arent just delivering strict view of whats going on in the world； theyre affected by whats going on in our heads1. a new study finds that hungry people see food-related words more clearly than people whove just eaten.psycholo

2、gists have known for decades that whats going on inside our head affects our senses. for example, poorer children think coins are larger than they are, and hungry people think pictures of food are brighter. remi radel of university of nice sophia-antipolis2，france，wanted to investigate how this happ

3、ens. does it happen right away as the brain receives signals from the eyes or a little later as the brains high-level thinking processes get involved.radel recruited 42 students with a normal body mass index3. on the day of his or her test, each student was told to arrive at the lab at noon after th

4、ree or four hours of not eating. then they were told there was a delay. some were told to come back in 10 minutes; others were given an hour to get lunch first. so half the students were hungry when they did the experiment and the other half had just eaten.for the experiment, the participant looked

5、at a computer screen. one by one, 80 words flashed on the screen for about l/300th of a second each. they flashed at so small a size that the students could only consciously perceive. a quarter of the words were food-related. after each word，each person was asked how bright the word was and asked to

6、 choose which of two words theyd seen a food-related word like cake or a neutral word like boat. each word appeared too briefly for the participant to really read it.hungry people saw the food-related words as brighter and were better at identifying food- related words. because the word appeared too

7、 quickly for them to be reliably seen, this means that the difference is in perception5, not in thinking processes, radel says.“this is something great to me. humans can really perceive what they need or what they strive for. from the experiment, i know that our brain can really be at the disposal o

8、f6 our motives and needs,” radel says.词汇：threshold n.起点，开端；门槛 disposal n.处理,处置;配置neutral adj.中性的；中立的 motive n.动机，目的strive v.努力，力求;斗争 注释：1. our senses arent just delivering a strict view of . in our heads: 这个句子的大概意思是: 我们的五官感觉不仅仅让我们感知世界；五官感觉还受大脑活动的影响。2. university of nice sophia-antipolis:法国尼斯索菲亚安提波利斯

9、大学，简称尼斯大学，1965年经法国政令正式宣布成立。尼斯大学在尼斯市设有7处主校园，另外，还在索菲亚 安提波利斯市(sophia antipolis)、戛纳市（cannes)和芒东市（menton)设有校区。索菲亚 安提波利斯是位于尼斯市西南侧的科技园区，是许多髙等学府的所在地。3. body mass index:身体质量指数4. at the threshold of:当快要开始时5. in perception：感知6. at the disposal of:受到的控制练习：1. what does the new study mentioned in paragraph 1 find

10、?a hungry people see every word more clearly than ordinary people.b hungry people are always thinking of food-related words.c hungry people are more sensitive to food-related words than stomach-full people.d hungry people do not have lower-level of thinking process.2. why was there a delay on the da

11、y of the experiment?a because hungry people needed time to fill their stomach.b because radel wanted to create two groups of tastes, hungry and non-hungry.c because noon was not the right time for any experiment.d because radel needed time to select participants in terms of body mass index.3. what d

12、oes the writer want to tell us?a human9s senses arent just delivering a strict view of whats going on in the world.b what's perceived by our senses affects our way of thinking.c human brains can really be at the disposal of our motives and needs.d thinking processes guarantee the normal function

13、s of our senses.4. what did the results of the experiment indicate?a 80 words flashed on the screen too fast for the participant to intentionally perceive.b hungry people were better at identifying neutral words.c people who had just eaten were better at identifying food-related words.d the particip

14、ants could barely perceive what they needed or what they strived for.5. what can we infer from the passage?a 42 participants are too small a number for a serious investigation.b an experiment with hungry and non-hungry participants is not reliable.c our thinking processes are independent of our sens

15、es.d humans can perceive what they need without involving high-level thinking processes.答案与题解：1. c第一段第二句是本题答案的依据。饥肠辘辘的人只是看food-related words比较清楚，选项c的句意与上述句子的意思完全一致，是答案。选项a说的是every word, 所以不是答案。选项b和d文章中没有提到。2. b答案的根据可在第三段找到。radel为了保证42名学生到达实验室时是空腹，所以要求他们中午到达。然后告诉一部分学生实验时间推迟了，请他们10分钟后再来。他又请另外一部分学生用午餐。

16、radel用推迟实验的方法造就了两组实验者，即饥饿组与饱食组。选项 b是答案。3. c 虽然a、b、d选项均可在文中找到对应部分，但只属于细节，而非主旨，因此不能选。本文最后一句给出了直接的答案。4. a第四段第三行中consciously与a项中的intentionally是同义词。b项neutral意思为“中性的”，在本文中的意思是与food-related相对的，即“与食物不相关的”，因此是错误选择; c 项不符合课文原意; d项barely意为“仅仅，勉强，几乎没有”，因此也不符合句意。5. d选项a所说的实验样本的大小与本题主旨无关，不是答案，而是干扰项;b、c内容也不能直接从短文中

17、推断出来。选项d是答案。最后一段第二句的“humans can really perceive what they need or what they strive for” 为选择 d 项提供了依据。参考译文：我们的视觉服务于我们的胃口我们的五官不仅仅让我们感知世界；还受大脑活动的影响。一项新研究发现：比起那些刚刚用过餐的人，饥饿的人能更清晰地看到与食品有关的词。数十年以来，心理学家已经知道我们的心理活动直接影响到我们的视觉。例如，贫穷的孩子看到的硬币比实际的要大；饥饿的人看到的食物图片更明亮。法国的尼斯索菲亚安提波利斯大学试图调查这一现象：发生这种情况的时间是在大脑从眼睛接收到视觉信号的当

18、时还是稍后些，这时高级思维活动已经介入了。雷戴尔招募了健康指数正常的42位学生作为被试者。在测试的当天，每个学生被告知在中午到达实验室，这时距上一次的用餐时间有34个小时。等他们到达实验室时，他们被告知实验时间有延迟。一半学生被告知十分钟后再回来;其余的给1个小时的时间先吃午饭。所以一半学生饿着肚子，另一半学生饱腹参加了此次实验。实验的步骤如下：要求被试者看电脑屏幕。屏幕上的80个字以1/300秒的频率闪动。由于字体非常之小，被试者只能凭感觉捕捉到字形。1/4的字是与食物有关的。每闪动一个字，被试者回答字体的亮度并选择看到的是哪类词：一类是和食物有关的词，比如“蛋糕”；一类是中性词，比如“船”

19、。由于每个词的闪动在瞬间完成，被试者根本看不清楚那个词是什么。饥饿的人看到与食物有关的词更明亮，且能更好地辨认出与食物有关的词。由于每个词的闪动太快，其实那些被试者根本不会确切地看到什么，这就说明：他们只是感觉不同，根本没经过思考。雷戴尔给出了这样的解释。雷戴尔说：“这就是重点所在。人类可以真正感知到自身的需要或者为之奋斗的目标。该实验使我了解这样的事实，即我们的大脑是受我们的动机和需要所支配的。”第十九篇musical robot companion enhances listener experienceshimi, a musical companion developed by geo

20、rgia techs1 center for music technology, recommends songs, dances to the beat and keeps the music pumping2 based on listener feedback. the smartphone-enabled3, one-foot-tall robot is billed as4 an interactive "musical friend"."shimi is designed to change the way that people enjoy and

21、think about their music," said professor gil weinberg, the robot's creator. he will unveil the robot at the june 27th google i/o conference in san francisco. a band of three shimi robots will perform for guests, dancing in sync with music created in the lab and composed according to its mov

22、ements.shimi is essentially a docking station5 with a "brain" powered by an android6 phone. once docked7 the robot gains the sensing and musical generation capabilities8 of the user's mobile device. in other words, if there's an "app9" for that, shimi is ready. for instan

23、ce, by using the phone's camera and face-detecting software, shimi can follow a listener around the room and position its "ears", or speakers, for optimal sound. another recognition feature is based on rhythm and tempo. if the user taps a beat10, shimi analyzes it, scans the phone

24、's musical library and immediately plays the song that best matches the suggestions. once the music starts, shimi dances to the rhythm."many people think that robots are limited by their programming instructions," said music technology ph. d. candidate mason bretan, "shimi shows u

25、s that robots can be creative and interactive. "future apps in the works11 will allow the user to shake their head in disagreement or wave a hand in the air to alert shimi to skip to the next song or increase/decrease the volume. the robot will also have the capability to recommend new music ba

26、sed on the user's song choices and provide feedback on the music play list.weinberg hopes other developers will be inspired to create more apps to expand shimis creative and interactive capabilities. " i believe that our center is ahead of a revolution that will see more robots in homes. &q

27、uot;weinberg said,weinberg is in the process of commercializing shimi through an exclusive licensing agreement will georgia tech. weinberg hopes to make the robot available to consumers by the 2013 holiday season. "if robots are going to arrive in homes, we think that they will be this kind of

28、machines- small, entertaining and fun, " weinberg said. " they will enhance your life and pave the way for more intelligent service robots12 in our lives.词汇:pump v. 用抽水机抽：不断播放(音乐）   scan v. 扫描；浏览sync  n. 同步，同时；iv. 使同步   skip v. 轻跳，跳跃tempo  n. 速度；节奏注释：1. georgi

29、a tech ：全称是georgia institute of technology ，佐治亚理工学院，建于1885 年，位于亚特兰大市中心。佐治亚理工学院是美国南部最大的公立理工学院，也是全美最顶尖的理工学院之一 排名仅次于麻省理工学院(mtt) 和加州理工学院( caltech) 。2. pump ：不断播放(音乐 ) 。例如：this radio station recently pumps out pop music. ( 这家广播电台近来连续播放流行音乐。)3. smartphone-enabled：由智能手机系统支持的4. is billed as ：相当于is advertise

30、d as ,意为“被标榜为”5. docking station：插接站，扩充基座，扩展插口6. android：(科幻小说里的)机器人。本文指用于智能手机和便携式计算机移动设备的一种以linus为基础的开放源代码操作系统，通过接口和插槽连接多种外部设备。目前android尚未有统一中文译名, 国内较多人翻译成“安卓”或“安致”。据2012年2月数据，android占据全球智能手机操作系统市场52.5%的份额，中国市场占有率为68.4%。7. dock ： 对接8. the sensing and musical generation capabilities ：传感和音乐生成能力9. app

31、：应用程序( =application)10. if the user taps a beat ：如果用户打出某个( 音乐) 拍子11. in the works：正在准备阶段：在进行中或准备中12. intelligent service robots ：智能服务型机器人练习：1. which of the following is not true according to the first three paragraphs?a shimi is a one-foot tall robot.b shimi is the creator of the musical companion.c

32、 shimi is a docking station with a "brain" powered by an android phone.d shimi can gain the sensing and musical generation capabilities of the user's mobile device.2. what does shimi do if the user taps a beat?a it stores the beat in the musical library.b it transmits the beat to the d

33、ocking station.c it positions its speakers for optimal sound.d it selects a perfectly-matched song and plays it in sync with that beat.3. which of the following about shimi is true?a robots are limited by their programming instructions, and shimi is no exception.b present apps allow the user to shak

34、e their head to alert shimi to skip to the next song.c existing apps allow the user to wave a band to alert shimi to turn up/down the volume.d shimi can be creative and interactive.4. what does the author want to tell us?a the research center is developing a stronger and more versatile shimi.b weinb

35、erg only expects staffs from georgia tech. to develop more apps for shimi.c shimi is not yet technologically ready for commercialization.d robots such as shimi are created for large corporations rather than homes.5. which of the following is weinberg's assertion?a shimi as a robotic musical comp

36、anion can be applied to all types of smart phones.b human lives will be filled with more fun if shimi is going to arrive in homes.c shimi's creative and interactive capabilities are appreciated by most of its users.d weinberg has reached an agreement with georgia tech to commercialize shimi.答案与题

37、解： 1.b 在前三段中均可找到与选项a、c、d 相应的句子，强调shimi是一种电子设备；b 与原文不符，shimi不是该机器人的发明者，gi1 weinberg 教授才是the robots creator。2.d 选项d 简要地表述了第三段的倒数第二句“if the user taps a beat，shimi analyzes it， scans the phone's musical library and immediately plays the song that best matches the suggestion”的意思，所以是答案。选项a、b、c 都不

38、符合上述句子的含义。3.d 选项a 的意思与原文相反，虽然人们认为机器人受到程序指令的限制，但shimi 却表现出具有创造能力和互动能力，所以a 不是答案。选项d 的意思与原文相同. 因而是答案。第四段第三句指的是未来的应用程序：future apps in the works，而选项b，c 是指目前的应用程序，两者的表述均与原文有出入。4.a 第三段介绍shimi的多种功能，第四段和第五段说weinberg 还在开发更多的应用程序来丰富shimi 的功能，还希望其他研发者也参与开发，因此，a 是答案。选项b 说weinberg仅仅希望georgia tech 员工参与开发更多的应用软件.这与

39、原文不符。文章最后一段告诉我们，weinberg 正在与georgia tech 进行有关shimi 商业化的谈判. 选项c 的意思与此相反，不会是答案。选项d 也与原文不符。5. b 选项a、c 和d 的内容weinberg 都没有说过。第三段告诉我们，shimi是android smart phone 的扩充基座，并不适用于所有智能手机，所以a 选项不正确；shimi 尚未进人市场，还谈不上公众对shimi 欣赏与否的问题，因此选项c 不符合原意；shimi正在进行商业化运作，但绝非已经完成，所以d 也不是正确选项。本题的答案是b 依据是最后一段倒数第二句。参考译文： 音乐机器人

40、伴侣提升音乐欣赏体验shimi是由佐治亚理工大学音乐技术中心研发的一款音乐伴侣。它可以根据听者的反馈推荐合乎节拍的歌曲、舞蹈；并且不断播放音乐。这款髙1英尺的机器人是由智能手机系统支持的，因此被标榜为“一个可以互动的音乐朋友”。gil weinberg教授是该机器人的发明者，他解释说：“shimi设计的宗旨是改变人们欣赏音乐、认识音乐的方式。”他将在今年6月27日在旧金山的谷歌i/o大会上展示这款机器人。一个由三个机器人组成的乐队将为来宾演奏，并伴随音乐起舞。而音乐是根据不同的运动形式编制的。shimi实际上是一个扩充基座，它的“大脑”由安卓手机控制。一旦连接上，机器人便从用户的移动

41、装置获得传感和音乐生成能力。换言之，只要有应用程序，机器人便能使用。例如，通过手机的照相机和辨认脸型的软件，shimi就能在房间周围跟踪到听众，然后安置好它的“耳朵”或扬声器，以确保输送最佳声音。另外一种识别特征是基于节奏和速度。如果用户打出某个（音乐）拍子，shimi会对此进行分析，然后浏览手机的音乐库，并立即演奏最符合要求的音乐。一旦音乐响起来，shimi就随韵律起舞。“许多人认为机器人受到程序指令的限制，而shimi给我们展示了机器人可以具有创造力和与人交互的能力。”音乐技术博士研究生mason bretan如是说。正在研发中的程序将使用户能通过摇头或摆手表示不同意，来提醒sh

42、imi跳到下一首歌或增减音量。机器人还可根据用户对歌曲的选择推荐新音乐，并对音乐播放列表提供反馈。weinberg希望其他研发者会因此获得灵感，开发更多的应用程序，来扩展shimi的创新和交互功能。他说：“我认为我们中心正在引领这场将更多机器人应用到家庭中去的变革。”weinberg正在通过获得佐治亚理工学院的独家授权来对shimi进行商业推广。weinberg希望到2013年的节日季消费者可购买到shimi。weinberg说：“如果机器人进入家庭，我们认为就应该是这种类型的机器人：小巧、令人愉快和有趣，它们能提高我们的生活质量，为更多智能服务型机器人进入我们的生活做好准备。+第四十八篇re

43、searchers discover why humans began walking uprightmost of us walk and carry items in our hands every day. these are seemingly simple activities that the majority of us don't question. but an international team of researchers, including dr. richmond from gw's columbian college of arts and sc

44、iences1 have discovered that human walking upright , may have originated millions of years ago as an adaptation to carrying scarce, high-quality resources. the team of researchers from the u. s., england, japan and portugal investigated the behavior of modern-day chimpanzees as they competed for foo

45、d resources, in an effort to understand what ecological settings2 would lead a large ape - one that resembles the 6 million-year old ancestor we shared in common with living chimpanzees - to walk on two legs."these chimpanzees provide a model of the ecological conditions under which our earlies

46、t ancestors might have begun walking on two legs, "said dr. richmond.the research findings suggest that chimpanzees switch to moving on two limbs instead of four  in situations where they need to monopolize a resource. standing on two legs allows them to carry much more at one time because

47、 it frees up their hands. over time, intense bursts of bipedal activity3 may have led to anatomical changes4 that in turn became the subject of natural selection where competition for food or other resources was strong.two studies were conducted by the team in guinea, the first study was conducted b

48、y the team in kyoto university's5 "outdoor laboratory" in a natural clearing in bossou6 forest. researchers allowed the wild chimpanzees access to different combinations of two different types of nutthe oil palm nut7, which is naturally widely available, and the coula nut, which is not

49、. the chimpanzees" behavior was monitored in three situations: (a) when only oil palm nuts were available, (b) when a small number of coula nuts were available, and (c) when coula nuts were the majority available resource.when the rare coula nuts were available only in small numbers, the chimpa

50、nzees transported more at one time. similarly, when coula nuts were the majority resource, the chimpanzees ignored the oil palm nuts altogether. the chimpanzees regarded the coula nuts as a more highly-prized resource and competed for them  more intensely.in such high-competition settings, the

51、frequency of cases in which the chimpanzees started moving on two legs increased by a factor of four8. not only was it obvious that bipedal movement allowed them to carry more of this precious resource ,but also that they were actively trying to move as much as they could in one go9 by using everyth

52、ing available - even their mouths.the second study, by kimberley hockings of oxford brookes university10 was a 14-month  study of bossou chimpanzees crop-raiding, a situation in which they have to compete for rate and  unpredictable resources. here, 35 percent of the chimpanzees' activ

53、ity involved some sort of bipedal movement, and once again, this behavior appeared to be linked to a clear attempt to carry as much as possible at one time.词汇：scarce  adj. 缺乏的，不足的;稀有的    bipedal adj. 二足的chimpanzee  n. 黑猩猩       anatomical adj. 解

54、剖的ape  n. 无尾猿；类人猿      coula nuts( coula 也可写作cola 或kola) 可乐果注释：1. gws columbian college of arts and sciences ：乔治·华盛顿大学哥伦比亚艺术与科学学院。乔治·华盛顿大学( george washington university ) 的英文简称为gw ，是美国顶尖的私立大学之一，于1821年建校，位于美国首都华盛顿。2. ecological settings ：生态环境3. bipedal activity

55、 ：双足活动4. anatomical change ：解剖学上的变化5. kyoto university ：京都大学，是继东京大学之后成立的日本第二所国立大学，于1897 年建校。 京都大学主要校区位于日本历史名城京都市。6. bossou ：博苏，几内亚的一个地名。博苏森林生活着黑猩猩群落。7. oil palm nut：油棕榈坚果8. increased by a factor of four ：增加了四倍9. in one go：一口气10. oxford brookes university ：牛津布鲁克斯大学，创立于1865 年，是英国最具特色的综合性大学之一。牛津布鲁克斯大学位

56、于世界学术名城牛津。这里学风浓郁、精英荟萃，历来为求学圣地。练习：1. which of the following statements is not true according to the first two paragraphs?a many people question the simple human activities of walking and carrying items.b chimpanzee's behaviors may suggest why humans walk on two legs.c human walking upright is vie

57、wed as an adaptation to carrying precious resources.d our ancestors' ecological conditions resembled those of modern-day chimpanzees.2. dr. richmond conducted the experiment with the purpose of findinga when humans began walking on two legs.b what made our ancestors walk upright.c what benefits

58、walking upright brought to our ancestors.d how walking upright helped chimpanzees monopolize resources。3. kyoto universitys study discovered that chimpanzeesa regarded both types of nut as priced resources.b preferred oil palm nuts to coula nuts.c liked coula nuts better than oil palm nuts.d ignored

59、 both types of nut altogether.4. why did the chimpanzees walk on two limbs during kyoto university's experiment?a because they imitated the human way of walking just for fun.b because they wanted to please the researchers to get more coula nuts from them.c because they wanted to get to the nut-rich forest faster-by walking that way.d because they wanted to carry more nuts with two free limbs.5. what can we infer from the reading passage?a chimpanzees are in the same process of evolution a