专升本英语时态语态和情态动词详讲

1、学习必备欢迎下载专升本英语时态语态和情态动词详讲第一讲动词的时态详讲一、一般现在时1 .一般现在时表示经常发生、习惯性动作、客观真理、科学事实、格言，目前的特征、状态、能力等。2. 主句是一般将来时 ,时间、条件状语从句中用一般现在时表示将来。如：Illgo there after I finish my work./ Ifit rainstomorrow,I wontgothere.3. 在以 here,there 开头的句子里， go,come 等少数动词的一般在时表示正在发生的动作。例如： There goes the bell.铃响了。 There comes the bus. 汽车来

2、了。 Here she comes.她来了。二、现在进行时1. 表示正在进行的动作。2.表示按计划安排即将发生的动作。例如：She is leavingHe isworkingas a teachertomorrow. 从明天起他要做老师。for Beijing.她要去北京。My fatheriscoming to seeme this Saturday.这个星期六我爸爸要来看我。3.east.代替一般现在时，描绘更加生动。例如：The ChangjiangRiveris flowingintothe江水滚滚向东流。The sun is rising in the east.太阳从东方冉冉升起

3、。4. 大多数动词可用于进行时，但也有些动词不用于进行时。常见的有：exist,live,understand,mean,owe,belong to ,know,doubt,suppose,remember,forget,believe,trust,want,wish,refuse,like,hate,dislike,prefer,mind,hope等。三、现在完成时1.表示过去发生的动作对现在产生的影响或结果，或说话时已完成的动作。例如：I havefinished the report./ She has cleand the room.2.表示从过去开始，待续到现在的动作或状态，往往和“

4、for ”, “since ”表述的一段时间状语连用。例如：He has learnedEnglishforsixyears./They have worked heresince they left college.3.现在完成时与一般过去时的区别：1 ）用两种时态来表述发生在过去的某一动作，现在完成时强调这一过去动作对现在产生的影响或结果，而一般过去时只表达过去的动作或状态，和现在关系不大。例如：She hascleaned the room.Its very clean now.(此句has cleaned就不能改为cleaned.一是因为cleaned与现状无关，二是因为一般过去时不可

5、突然跳到Its这样的一般现在时。)2 ）汉语中的“了” 、“过”、“曾”等词常用完成表达，如：I have seen that film.（我看过那部电影了。 ）但是如果是在特定的过去时间“看了”、“做过”，就不可用完成时而必须用一般过去进来表达。例如：When did you see that film? I saw it yesterday.(你什么时候看了那部电影？我昨天看的。) 不能说：Whenhave you seen thatfilm?Ihave seen ityesterday.学习必备欢迎下载4. 表示“曾经到过某地（人已回来） ”用“ have/has been to ”,表

6、示“到某地去了（还未回来）”用“ have/has gone to ”.例如： Where is Li Hua? He has gone to the reading-room. She knows a lot about Shanghai. She has been there.5. 短暂动词（即瞬间动词） ，join,lose,buy,borrow,leave,go,come,arrive,die,marry,finish,complete,begin,start,breakout 等，在完成时态中，其肯定式不能和表示一段时间的状语连用。例如不能说：He has finished the

7、work for three hours.要翻译“他已完成工作三小时了。 ”可采用1）“ ago 法”： He finishedthe work threehours ago.2 ）“延续法”： He has been through(with)the work for three hours.3）“ since法”： It is/hasbeen three hours since he finished the work.四、现在完成进行时1. 用来表示从过去某一时刻开始一直持续到现在（或今后还要继续一去） 的动作。例如：He has been doing the maths problem

8、ssince8:00./Ithas been rainingfortwo days.2. 凡是不能用于现在进行时的动词均不能用于现成完成进行时。五、一般过去时表达特定的过去时间内发生的动作或存在的状况，或过去某一时间内经常发生或反复发生的动作或行为。六、过去进行时1. 表示过去某一时刻或某一段时间内正在进行的动作（这一过去时间须用时间状语表示）。例如： He was preparing his lecture all day yesterday.2.表示动作在另一过去动作发生时进行。例如：They were stillworking when I left.3.用在两个过去进行时动作同时发生。

9、例如：I was writing whilehe was watching TV.4. 表示过去将来动作。例如： He said she was arriving the next day.七、过去完成时1.表示在过去某一时间以前已经完成的动作。例如：He had shut the door beforethedog came up./ Everything had been all right up till this morning.2.表示动作或状态从过去某个时刻开始一直延续到另一个过去时刻才完成，甚至还要继续下去。例如：At the age of ten,he had learned

10、500 English words.He had been illfor a week when we learned about it.3.常用hope,expect,think,intend,want,suppose等动词的过去完成时来表示未实现的希望、打算或意图。例如：We had expectedthatyou would be able towin the match.八、一般将来时一般将来时表示将来要发生的动作和存在的状况。有下列一些形式：1.will/shall do（侧重将来行为，不突出计划安排去做某事）2.be going to do (主观上打算或客观上可能发生)3.be

11、doing (按计划将要发生，常和表示最近的将来时间连用)4.be about to do (按计划即将发生)学习必备欢迎下载九、将来完成时用来表示在将来某个时刻（前）将完成的动作。常和by 短语， when,before引起的时间状语连用。例如：We will have finished senior Book 2 by the end of this term.十、时态考点分析1 Can I join your club,dad? You can when you_a bit older.A.getB.will getC.are gettingD.will have got析：“ You

12、can ”是将来意， when 引导的时间状语从句要用一般现在时表将来所以此题答案为A.2 Oh,it s you!I_you. I ve just had my hair cut and IA.didntrecognizeB.hadnC.haventrecognizedD.donm wearing new glasses.trecognizedtrecongnize析：从“ Oh,it s you! ”可知说话时已认出对方。 “没有认出”是在此之前为过去情况，所以应选 A.3.I dontthink Jim saw me;he_into space.A.just staredB.was ju

13、st staringC.has just staredD.had just stared析：在空白处应选一个与“saw”相配，能解释Jim didn t see me 这一原因的选项，只有着眼于 A、 B。若选 A 不能体观他“当时正在做”某事，故排除A 而选 B。这样因为“他正在望宇宙天空”所以“未看到我”。4. _my glasses? Yes,I saw them on your bed a minute ago.A.Do you seeB.Had you seenC.Would you seeD.Have you seen析：现在完成时可表过去发生的事情对现在产生的影响或结果，问话人以

14、这样的时态发问可作现焦急的心情。故答案为D。5.You don tneed to describe her.I_her several times.A.had metB.have metC.metD.meet析：答案B。道理同4。6. Do you know our town at all? No,this is the first time I_here.A.wasB.have beenC.cameD.am going析：根据this/it is the first/second/time sb.has done sth.句型，可定答案为B。又如： This is the second ti

15、me he has visited the Great Wall.7.I dontreally work here.I_until the new secretary arrives.A.just help outB.have just helped outC.am just helping outD.will just help out析：根据I don treally work here.以及 until the new secretary arrives,可知说话学习必备欢迎下载人所要做的事是计划安排行为，C、D 两个选项都表将来动作，但 D非计划安排， C 则体现按计划去做，所以此题答

16、案为C。8. Is this raincoat yours? No,mine_there behind the door.A.is hangingB.has hungC.hangsD.hung析：此题的“悬挂”是指现状而言，故表过去“挂”的B、D 项可排除。 C 项虽指“现在挂” ，但侧重在常规， 习惯。为了突出 “你所指的那件雨衣不是我的，我的正挂在门后”这一意思，选 A 是极为合情理的。第二讲动词的语态详讲一、被动语态的句型1. 常见句式是：主语（受动者） be过去分词（ by施动者）例如： He was scolded by the English teacher.2. 主语 get 过

17、去分词其它成分例如： The boy got drowned last summer./ She got fired because of her faults.注意：使用这种结构不能带有“by 施动者”3. 带有双宾语（直接宾语和间接宾语）的主动句变为动句，其主语可以是直接宾语，也可以是间接宾语。例如：She lent me a bike.2） A bike was lent to me(by her).被动： 1） I was lent a bike(by her).4. 情态动词 be过去分词例如： This problem must be worked out in half an h

18、our.5. 双重被动式：主语被动式谓语不定式的被动式其它成分例如； These magazines are not allowed to be taken out of the reading-room./Themurderer was ordered to be shot.二、主动表示被动的几种情况1. 不及物动词与状语连用，用以表示主语的品质和状态。常见动词是：cut,sell,read,write,fill,cook,lock,wash,drive,keep等。例如： This knifecuts well.这把刀好切。 These books sell well.这些书好卖。 The

19、 pen writes smoothly.这支笔写起来流畅。 Meat wontkeep long in such hot weather.肉在这样热的天气里放不长久。Thecloth washes well.这种布好洗。2. 一些连系动词的主动式形容词。常见动look,smell,taste,sound,feel,prove,turn out等。例如： The apples taste good./Theflower smells wonderful./The news proved/turned out true./Cotton feels soft.注：prove 也可用于被动式，如：H

20、is answer(was) proved right.3. 不定式在某些形容词之后，且与主语有动宾关系。常见形容词有：hard,defficult,easy,heavy,fit,good,comfortable,convenient,impossible等。例如：学习必备欢迎下载The problem is easy to do./The question is difficult to answer./The box is heavyto carry./The project is impossible to complete in a year. 比较： The problem is t

21、o be done./The question is to be answered. 没有形容词时，虽然不定式与主语是动宾关系，但必须用被动式。三、容易误用被动语态的几种情况：1.I teach myself French.不可变为Myself is taught French.因为反身代词不可作主语。2.We help each other/one another.不可变为Each other/One another is helped byus. 因为相互代词不可作主语。3.Helostheart.不可变为 Heart was lostby him. 因为象 lose heart,make

22、a face,keepsilence,lose in thought这类动宾结构的固定短语只能用于主动式，不能用被动式。4.She took part in the sports meet.不能变为The sports meet was taken part inby her. 因为象 take part in,belong to ,own,have,hate,fail,contain等表状态动词没有被动语态。四、被动语态考点分析1.I need one more stamp before my collection_.A.has completedB.completesC.has been

23、completedD.is completed析：complete 是及物动词，“邮集” 是被人完成的， 须从表被动意的C、D中选择。又因 before等引导的时间状语从句中谓语要用一般现在时表将来，所以此题答案为D。2. Do you like the material? Yes,it_very soft.A.is feelingB.feltC.feelsD.is felt析：观察题干，空白线后无宾语，可知feel是不及物动词，表“ （某物）摸起来”意思,是连系动词，不能用于被动式，也不用进行时。根据此题对话情景，是指某种材料的常规特性，要用一般现在时，不能用过去时，故答案为C。feel作“

24、感觉”、“认为”、“摸”等意时是及物动词，可带宾语，有时态，语态等变化。3 Great changes_in the city,and a lot of factories_.A.have been taken place have been set upB.have taken placehave been set upC.have taken placehave set upD.were taken placewere set up析：take place（发生） 是不及物动词， 不可用于被动语态，于是可排除A、D，又因 set up( 建造) 是及物动词，在此题中应该用被动式，故排除C，

25、答案为B。4.Most of the artists_to the party were from South Africa.A.invitedB.to inviteC.being invitedD.had been invited析：首先可排除B。因为它不表示 “被邀请”。又因D项少引导词who，也应排除。A 项 whowere invited,C项 who were being invited,由象invite这类短暂动词的现在分词被动学习必备欢迎下载式不可作后置定语，故也应排除。因而可定答案为A。5.I dontknow the restaurant,but its_to be quit

26、e a good one.A.saidB.toldC.spokenD.talked析：根据“某人/ 某物据说”英文句式为“sb/sth.issaid ”可定答案为A。又如：said to be a clever boy.据说他是一个聪明的男孩。6.The police found that the house_and a lot of things_.A.has broken into has been stolenB.has broken into had been stolenC.has been broken into stolenD.had been broken intostolen

27、He is析：“ 房屋被人闯入” ，“ 东西被偷” 都是被动语态， 故可排除 A、B。因 C 项中的 has been broken into 不能置于 found 之后，则答案只能是 D。7.I promise that the matter will_. A.be taden care B.be taken care of 是固定短语，若无析： take care ofC.take careD.take care ofof 则不可带宾语，只能跟that从句。所以此题答案为 B。8.If city noises_from increasing,people_shout to be heard

28、 even at thedinner table 20 years from now.A.are not kept will have toB.are not kept have toC.do not keep will have toD.do not keep have to析：观察题干，第一处必须用被动式，答案只能在A、 B 中选一。条件句用一般现在时，主句应为一般将来时，故答案为A。9.The Olympic Games,_in 776 BC,did not include women players until 1912.A.firstplayingB.tobe firstplayed

29、C.firstplayedD.tobe firstplaying析；要表达“被举行” ，只能在B、 C 中选。 B 意“将要首次举行” 。显然不合in 776 BC这一过去时间，只有C， first played(which was first played)才合用。故答案为C。10.This sentence needs_.A.a improvementB.improveC.improvingD.improved析：初看此题似手A、 C 皆可，但improvement 是元音开头词，其前要用an, 故排除。 need作实义动词，和require,want一样，后面可跟doing 或 to b

30、e done表“需要被”意。如： The door needs/wants/requires painting/to be painted.(这扇门需要漆一下。)11.I should very much like to have gone to the party,but I_invited.A.am notB.haventbeenC.was notD.will not be析： should/wouldliketo have done sth. 意“本想做某事” ，例如： I shouldliketo haveseen the film,but it wasntpossible.由于这种句

31、式表示“过去想”，所以 but 后的句子也应该是过去时态与之相配合，故此题答案是C。12. _the note_to Mr Smith? No,It is still in my pocket.A.Is being given B.Was given C.Has been given D.Hasnt been given学习必备欢迎下载析：根据问句与答句，问话人显然是注重结果，故要用现在完成时。似乎D 作为反诘句“难道条还没给史密斯先生吗？”也成立，但若是这种口气发问，答话人就应答“Sorry.It isstill in my pocket.”,所以此题答案应为C。13.We heard it

32、_that he had gone to New York.A.sayB.saidC.to sayD.be said析： It was said that可以改为We heard it said that ( 都表示“据说”之意一种说法中It是形式主语，后一种说法中it是形式宾语。故此题答案为B。) 。前第三讲情态动词详讲情态动词有 can（能），may（可以），must（必须），have to（不得不），ought to（应该），dare（敢）， used to（过去经常）， had better（最好）， would rather （宁愿）。在肯定句中它们后边都要接动词原形。在否定句中，c

33、an，may，must 和 dare 后边加 not；have to 和 ought to分别在 have 和 ought 后加 not ；used to 的否定式可用used not to，也可用didn't use to，但后者用得较多； had better 和 would rather 的否定式分别是had better not 和 would rather not 。这些情态动词与现在完成时连用在某种意义上有一定的虚拟性。一、情态动词的现在式在肯定句中的比较1. can 表示体力或脑力方面的“能力 ”、“技能 ”或根据客观条件能做某种动作的“可能性 ”，但表示人体力或智力的具

34、体动作时须用be able to。Mild forms of execrise can some of the loss of flexibility that accompanies aging.A stopB to stopC stoppingD be stopped正确答案为A。由于情态动词can 要求跟动词原形，所以B 和 C 都不对， can 后虽然有被动形式，但在意义上和语法上与横线后部分都无法衔接，所以D 也错。He was able to do that without any help. 他不需要任何帮助就能完成这项工作。2. may 表示 “允许，可以 ”，相当于be al

35、lowed toIf there is social or political change in a region A where a standard language B is spoken，local varieties C of the language may developing D .D 错。改为develop。may 后要求跟动词原形，而developing 是现在分词，显然不符合要求，所以应改为develop。may 或 might 可和 as well 连用，表示 “建议 ”，译为 “还是 的为好 ”You may as well keep a certain dista

36、nce from that mad man.你们还是离那疯子远点为好。You might as well go home now. 你还是现在回家为好。3. must 表示 “必须 ”或“应当 ”、 “一定 ”The formation of snow must be occurring A slowly B ，in calm air ，and at a temperature near C the freezing point D .A 错。改用 must occur ，此处叙说的是客观现象，而非强调正在发生的事，故用一般现在时。4. have to 加动词原形，表示 “不得不 ”， “必须

37、 ”，它比 must 更强调客观Tom had to work into the deep night everyday to earn a living. 汤姆为了生计每天都得工作到深夜。5. should 表示 “劝告 ”，“建议 ”或 “义务 ”时，译作 “应当 ”，或表示 “预测 ”和 “可能 ”He should take care of his parents as they are old enough not to live on themselves. 由于父母亲老了，不能自理，他应当照顾他们。学习必备欢迎下载He should be there now. 他可能到了。sho

38、uld have done 在虚拟语气中表示“责备或后悔 ”6. ought ，只有一种形式， 即 ought 后必须加 to，然后跟接动词原形表示 “有义务 ”或 “必要”做某事，译为 “应当，应该 ”The traditional goal of science is to discover how things are ， not how they ought .A toB to beC beD have been B 为正确答案。You are quite right ； I am inferring in my comments A that McGraw had not ought

39、 to B have broken C in the room without his permission D .B 错。改为ought not to 。7. dare 可以用作情态动词，后面跟不带to 的动词不定式，这主要用于否定句中，它本身可有现在时第三人称单数，词尾加s，它还可以有 ing 分词形式（ daring）和过去式及 ed分词形式（ dared）Although Oriental ideas of woman's subordination to man prevailed in those days ， she meet with men on an equal b

40、asis.B 为正确答案。A did not dared B dared not C dared not to D did dare not to二、情态动词在一般时否定句中的用法can't（ can not， cannot） 表示 “不可能 ”，may not 表示 “不可以 ”，mustn't（ must not）表示“一定不要 ”，“不许可 ”，needn't （ need not）表示 “不必 ”，dare not +动词原形表示 “不敢 ”He can't finish his essay by this time.现在他不可能写完论文。He may

41、not sleep now. 他或许现在没在睡觉。You mustn't criticize her in that way.你不应那样批评她。You needn't come tomorrow. 你明天没必要来了。He dared not meet his fiance. 他不敢见女朋友。三、 must+have+ed 分词：用于肯定句，表示对过去情况的一种肯定推测，表示“肯定，一定 ”1） It around nine o'clockwhen I drove back home because it was already dark.A had to be B mu

42、st have been C was to be D must beB 为正确答案。2） John's score on the testis the highest in the class.A he should study last nightB he should have studied last nightC he must have studied last nightD he must had to study last night C 为正确答案。3）After searching A for evidence in the house ，the police con

43、cluded B that the thief must have come in C through the window and stole D the silver while the family was asleep.D 错。改为 stolen。这里 C 处和 D 处是并列的谓语，D 处相当于must have stolen。四、 may （ might ）+have+ ed 分词：用于肯定句和否定句，表示对已发生事情的不肯定的推测，相当于 “可能，大概， ”其中 might 较 may 语气更弱，把握更小She might have gone to see her doctor l

44、ast week， but I am not sure.上星期或许她去看医生了，但我不敢肯定。Don't worry ， your husband may not have been hurt seriously.学习必备欢迎下载别急，你丈夫也许伤得不厉害。五、 should（ ought to） +have+ ed 分词：肯定句表示过去本应发生的事却没有发生；否定句表示已发生了本不该发生的事。前者可译为“本应， ”后者为 “本不该 ”You should have apologized to her for not soon replying to the letter. 你本应向她

45、道歉， 说明为什么没能及时回信。 （可你没这么做）You yesterdayif you were really serious about your work.A ought to comeB ought to be comingC ought to have comeD ought have come C 为正确答案。六、 can（ not） +have+ ed 分词He is an hour late He can have been delayed by fog. Of course ，that's a possibility. 他迟到了 1 小时，可能因为大雾而耽搁了。当然这

46、只是可能性问题。The poem can not have been written by her since she was only five years old then.这诗不可能是她写的，因为她那时才5 岁。七、 “could+have+ ed分词 ”有时用于表示过去的时间，说明某事可能或不可能已发生；有时可表示过去本来可以做某事，但却未做I simply can't understand how he could have made such a mistake. 我简直不明白他怎么会犯那样的错误。He walked there ， but he could have taken a taxi.他走着去了，可当时完全可以坐出租。“couldn't+have+ ed分词 ”还表示无论如何也不可能或没有做到I couldn'