Art of the French Revolution

1、The Neo-Classical and the Early Romantic in ArtOutline1. Historical Background: French Revolution: The King and the Estates2. The Revolution: Declaration of the Rights of Man3. The History Painting ofJacques-Louis David4. DelacroixTime Frame of Social Change1789 King Louis XVI calls for a meeting of

2、 The Estates General June 10, 1789 The Third Estate declares itself the National Assembly, an assembly of the people. June 20,1789 The Tennis court OathJuly 9, 1789 the Assembly reconstituted itself as the National Constituent Assembly to make a constitution.King Louis XIV overthrown; the 1st Republ

3、ic is declared1793-1794 The Terror1794-1799 The Directorate1799 Napoleon takes power over the Directorate1804 Napoleon declares himself emperor1815 Bourbon Monarchy Restored at Congress of Vienna King Louis XVIII (liberal)/Charles X (absolutist)1830 The July (Second) Revolution: Constitutional Monar

4、ch Duke of Orleans-King Louis Philippe)1834 Rebellions and Massacres in Lyon and Paris1848 Revolution of the June Days (workers)1851 Louis Napoleon Bonaparte (Napoleon III) overthrows Second RepublicKing Louis XVIThe Three Estates: the Clergy, the Nobles, the Common CitizensCauses of the French Revo

5、lutionEconomic CausesSocial Causes1. Opposition to absolutism2. Resentment of noble privileges3. Rejection of manoralism by peasants4. Resentment of clerical privilege5. Desire for liberty and republicanism1. Spending of Louis XVI, 2. High taxation3. High Unemployment4. High Bread Prices5. Food Scar

6、city Storming the Bastille (July 14, 1789)The Estates General MeetingThe First Stage of the RevolutionAttack on the Tuileries Palace, which housed the royal family. Although the place was welldefended, many troops simply defected. When the artillery quit, the King and his family hastened across to t

7、he nearby meeting hall of the Legislative Assembly for protection. Republican Factions of The National Assembly (Third Estate)Jacobin Club (Robespierre and Marat)1. Professionals and bourgeois; deputies from Brittany2. Formed at Versailles; met at Rue St Honor 3. Discussed issues and made policy bef

8、ore National Assembly met4. Strengthened the rights in the constitution 5. Supported by the sans culottes; accused the Girondists as traitors and royalists; sent many of them to the guillotine6. Napoleon led Jacobin forces for a while during revolution7. Along with The Mountain group, they were the

9、most liberal factionGirondists: (Brissot, Louvet)1. Idealists, doctrinaires and theorists rather than men of action;conservative 2. They initially encouraged the armed petitions against the king3. Published propaganda materials 4. Did not form mobs 5. Did not like actions of the Reign of Terror of R

10、obespierre6. Tried to stop the violence7. The September massacres occurred while they were rulers of government but they did not want to be involved.8. Many died by the guillotine9. Motto: Better Death than SlaveryThe Execution of Louis XVIPlace de la ConcordeThe New Calendar of the French RepublicF

11、rench Declaration of the Rights of Man1. Men are born and remain free and equal in rights. Social distinctions may be founded only upon the general good.2. The aim of all political association is the preservation of the natural and imprescriptible rights of man. These rights are liberty, property, s

12、ecurity, and resistance to oppression.3. The principle of all sovereignty resides essentially in the nation. No body nor individual may exercise any authority which does not proceed directly from the nation.4. Liberty consists in the freedom to do everything which injures no one else; 5. Law can onl

13、y prohibit such actions as are hurtful to society. 6. Law is the expression of the general will. Every citizen has a right to participate personally, or through his representative, in its foundation. Rights continued7. No person shall be accused, arrested, or imprisoned except in the cases and accor

14、ding to the forms prescribed by law. 8. The law shall provide for such punishments only as are strictly and obviously necessary, 9. As all persons are held innocent until they shall have been declared guilty, if arrest shall be deemed indispensable, all harshness not essential to the securing of the

15、 prisoners person shall be severely repressed by law.10. No one shall be disquieted on account of his opinions, including his religious views, provided their manifestation does not disturb the public order established by law.11. The free communication of ideas and opinions is one of the most preciou

16、s of the rights of man. 12. The security of the rights of man and of the citizen requires public military forces. The Painter of the RevolutionThe Painter of the RevolutionJacques-Louis David (1748-1825Jacques-Louis David (1748-1825)From Neo-Classical Allegory to History PaintingStudied in Rome: inf

17、luenced by the Renaissance works of Michelangelo and Raphael; Developed a Neo-Classical StyleReturned to the Academy in France; Salon exhibitionsParticipated as a Jacobin in the French Revolution; voted to execute the KingBecame Robespierres Dictator of Art during the Reign of TerrorAfterwards, beca

18、me official court painter for NapoleonNeo-Classical Style of David; The Horatii (1784)The Tennis Court Oath: Painting of the Nationial Assembly for the Constitution by David (1792-1798) Davids Portrait of Revolutionary Emmanuel Joseph Sieys(1st Estate, but joined with the 3(1st Estate, but joined with the 3rdrd Estate)Estate)Clergyman: First EstateSupported First National AssemblyVoted for Execution of the KingDisdained the DirectoryNegotiated with NapoleonLike David, Sieyes “survived.” David: As