国际货代英语考试重点加翻译1~5

1、Unit 1 International Trade一、定义和重要性International trade is the exchange of capital, goods, and services across international borders or territories。 In most countries, it represents a significant share of gross domestic product (GDP) 。While international trade has been present throughout much of histo

2、ry, its economic, social, and political importance has been on the rise in recent centuries. 国际贸易是指跨越各国国境或领土的资本、货物和服务的交换活动。 在大多数国家，国际贸易占国内生产总值很大的比重。 国际贸易在整个历史发展过程中也得到了体现，国际贸易在经济、社会、政治等方面的重要性在近几个世纪的发展中不断增长。Industrialization, advanced transportation, globalization, multinational corporations, and outs

3、ourcing are all having a major impact on the international trade system.。Increasing international trade is crucial to the continuance of globalization International trade is a major source of economic revenue for any nation that is considered a world power.。Without international trade, nations would

4、 be limited to the goods and services produced within their own borders.工业化、先进的运输、全球化、跨国公司和外包服务等方面的发展对国际贸易体系都产生了较大的影响。国际贸易增长对全球化的持续发展是至关重要的。对于任何一个称为世界强国的国家来说，国际贸易是其经济收入的主要来源。 没有国际贸易，该国的经济将仅限于本国境内的货物和服务的生产制造。二：国内贸易和国际贸易的异同International trade is typically more costly than domestic trade. The reason is

5、 that crossing a national border typically involves additional costs such as tariffs, time costs due to border delays, and costs associated with country differences such as language, the legal system, or a different culture.国际贸易中的成本通常会明显高于国内贸易。原因是国际贸易通过一个国境时通常会产生附加的成本，比如关税，边境延误产生的时间成本，以及由于国与国之间语言、法律

6、体制或者文化等方面的差异所产生的成本。Another difference between domestic and international trade is that factors of production such as capital and labor are typically more mobile within a country than across national borders. Thus, international trade is mostly restricted to trade in goods and services.国内贸易与国际贸易的另一个差

7、异在于生产要素的流动，比如资本和劳动力在一国国内的流动比跨越国境的流动要容易得多。如此一来，国际贸易主要限于货物和服务的交易。Then, trade in goods and services can serve as a substitute for trade in factors of production. Instead of importing the factor of production, a country can import goods that make intensive use of the factor of production and are thus em

8、bodying the respective factor. An example is the import of labor-intensive goods by the United States from China. Instead of importing labor, the United States is importing goods from China that were produced with Chinese labor那么，货物与服务的贸易可替代生产要素的贸易。一国可进口生产要素密集型的货物，这一货物分别包含了各生产要素，而不用进口生产要素。.例如美国从中国进口

9、劳动密集型的货物。美国从中国进口的是用中国劳动力生产的货物而不是进口劳动力。International trade is also a branch of economics, which, together with international finance, forms the larger branch of international economics.国际贸易是经济的一条命脉，它与国际金融共同构成了国际经济更大的命脉。三、国际贸易的风险 Economic risks include the risk of insolvency of the buyer; the risk of

10、the failure of the buyer to pay the amount due within six months after the due date; the risk of non-acceptance; the risk of exchange rate, and so on. Political risks include the risk of cancellation or non-renewal of export or import licenses; war risks; risk of expropriation or confiscation of the

11、 importers company; risk of the imposition of an import ban after the shipment of the goods; transfer risk imposition of exchange controls by the importers country or foreign currency shortages; and influence of political parties on an importers company.经济风险包括：买方破产;买方到期日后六个月内不支付应付款额;拒绝承兑;外汇风险等。政治风险主

12、要包括：取消或不更换出口或进口许可证;战争风险;进口商公司被征用或者充公;货物装船后强制实施进口禁令;转让风险进口商所在国家采取的强制性的外汇管制或者外币紧缺;以及该国政党对进口商公司的影响。四、世贸组织的简单介绍The World Trade Organization is best described as an umbrella organization under which the agreements that came out of the Uruguay Round of multilateral trade negotiations are gathered.准确地说世界贸易

13、组织是一个联盟性的组织，联盟内的各项协定都是经乌拉圭回合多边贸易谈判共同达成。五、贸易壁垒的一般定义A trade barrier is a general term that describes any government policy or regulation that restricts international trade.贸易壁垒是指各国政府用于限制国际贸易的政策或条例的总称。各种贸易壁垒措施import duties: 进口税import or export licenses: 进出口许可证import quotas: 进口配额tariffs: 关税subsidies: 补贴

14、non-tariff barriers: 非关税壁垒贸易壁垒实施的原理Most trade barriers work on the same principle: the imposition of some sort of cost to trade that raises the price of trade products. If two or more nations repeatedly use trade barriers against each other, then a trade war results.大多数贸易壁垒实施的原理是一样的：强制性地增加某些贸易的成本，将会

15、使得贸易产品的价格上升。如果两个或多个国家之间相互反复的使用贸易壁垒，那么将会导致贸易战争。Any international transaction should start with market research. An importer/exporter must acquire good knowledge of the foreign market to which his products are to be sold so that he can trade with the customers successfully.六、国际贸易的步骤任何一笔国际交易最初都要进行市场调研。

16、进口商/出口商必须熟悉其产品销往的国外市场，这样才能够成功地与客户进行交易。1)Seeking customers 寻找客户 2)Contact each other by sending inquiries 联系查询3)Status inquiry 情况查询 4)Quotations or offers; acceptance or non-acceptance 报价或发盘;接受或不接受报价或发盘5)Order; contract 发送订单;签订合同 6)Obtaining import/export license; opening L/C / receiving L/C, if any

17、获得进口/出口许可证;开立信用证/接收信用证7)Preparation of goods by the seller 卖方备货 8)Inspection or survey of goods 检查或检验货物9) Reserving shipping space either by the seller or buyer, depending on the trade terms. 依据贸易条款，由卖方或买方订舱。10)Effecting insurance 办理保险11)Customs clearance and loading 报关装货12)Shipping advice 装船(发货)通知1

18、3)Negotiation of export documents under L/C by the beneficiary 通过受益人议付信用证项下的出口单证。14)Redemption of documents under L/C 赎回信用证项下单证(赎单)15)Customs clearance for import 进口报关16)Delivery of goods 交货 17)Lodging and Settling claims (if any) 提出索赔/理赔 Unit 2 Scope of Freight Forwarding ServiceOriginally, a freig

19、ht forwarder was a commission agent performing on behalf of the exporter/importer routine tasks such as loading/unloading of goods, storage of goods, arranging local transport, obtaining payment for his customer最开始，货运代理是进出口商的委托代理人，替进出口商做一些常规事务，比如装载/卸载货物，货物的存储，安排地方运输.However, the expansion of interna

20、tional trade and the development of different modes of transport over the years that followed enlarged the scope of his services Today, a freight forwarder plays an important role in international trade and transport.在以后的几年里，国际贸易的扩大和不同运输方式的发展加大了货运代理的服务范围。现在，货运代理人在国际贸易和运输中起着重要的作用。货运代理提供的服务通常可能从日常基础的工

21、作比如舱位的预定，清关等，到全面的一揽子服务包括整个货物的运输和分发派送过程。Unless the consignor, the person sending goods, or the consignee, the person receiving the goods, wants to attend to any of the procedural and documentary formalities himself, it is usually the freight forwarder who undertakes on his behalf to process the movem

22、ent of goods through the various stages involved. The freight forwarder may provide these services directly or through sub-contractors or other agencies employed by him.如果发货人或者收货人不想亲自去办理那些繁琐的手续的话，货运代理人将代表他们去处理货物运输中所涉及的各个步骤。货运代理人可以直接或者通过次承包商或者另外雇用代理来提供这些服务。On Behalf of the Consignor ( Exporter ) 货运代理

23、人代表发货人(出口商)所要做的工作1. 1、Choose the route, mode of transport and a suitable carrier. 挑选运输线路，运输方式和合适的承运人。2. Book space with the selected carrier. 跟选定的承运人订舱。3.Take delivery of the goods and issue relevant documents such as the Forwarders Certificate of Receipt, the Forwarders Certificate of Transport, et

24、c. 接收货物，并签发货运代理人收货证明书和货运代理人运输证明书。4. Study the provisions of the letter of credit and all Government regulations applicable to the shipment of goods in the country of export, the country of import, as well as any transit country; he would also prepare all the necessary documents. 研究适用于货物出口国家和进口国家，以及中

25、转国家运输的信用证条款和所有政府规定，并准备所有必须的单证文件。5.Pack the goods, taking into account the route, the mode of transport, the nature of the goods and applicable regulations, if any, in the country of export, transit countries and country of destination.货物的包装，( 在货物包装时) 要考虑运输路线，运输的方式，货物的特性，如果有的话还要考虑出口国，中转国和目的地国家适用的规定。6

26、. Arrange warehousing of the goods, if necessary. 如果有必要的话，要安排货物的仓储7. Weigh and measure the goods. 测定货物的重量和尺寸。8. Draw the consignors attention to the need for insurance and arrange for the insurance of goods, if required by the consignor. 提醒发货人注意是否需要货物保险，如果发货人需要投保，则需安排货物的保险。9. Transport the goods to

27、the port, arrange for customs clearance, related documentation formalities and deliver the goods to the carrier. 将货物运往港口，安排货物的清关，办理相关的单证上的手续并将货物交付给承运人。10. Attend to foreign exchange transactions, if any. 关注外汇交易11. Pay fees and other charges including freight. 支付手续费和其他包括运费在内的费用12. Obtain the signed b

28、ills of lading from the carrier and arrange delivery to the consignor. 从承运人那里获得签发的提单并将提单转让给发货人13. Arrange for transshipment en route if necessary. 如果有必要的话，安排货物在途中的转运。14. Monitor the movement of goods all the way to the consignee through contacts with the carrier and the forwarders agents abroad. 通过联

29、系承运人和海外的货运代理，监控货物的运输直至货物交付给收货人。15. Note damages or losses, if any, to the goods. 记录货物的货损货失16. Assist the consignor in pursuing claims, if any, against the carrier for loss of the goods or for damage to them. 如果货物有损失，需要帮助发货人向承运人就货物的损失提出赔偿。On Behalf of the Consignee(Importer) 货运代理人代表收货人(进口商)所要做的工作1. M

30、onitor the movement of goods on behalf of the consignee when the consignee controls freight, that is, the cargo. 当收货人支付运费时，即由收货人负责货物运输，货运代理人应替收货人监控货物的运输。2. Receive and check all relevant documents relating to the movement of the goods. 接受并审查所有与货物运输有关的单证。3. Take delivery of the goods from the carrier

31、 and, if necessary, pay the freight costs. 从承运人手中接收货物，如需要还要支付的运费。4. Arrange customs clearance and pay duties, fees and other charges to the customs and other public authorities. 安排货物的清关，并向海关和政府当局支付关税，手续费及其他服务费用。5. Arrange transit warehousing, if necessary. 如需要，安排中转仓库。6. Deliver the cleared goods to

32、the consignee. 将清关后的货物交付给收货人。7. Assist the consignee, if necessary, in pursuing claims, if any, against the carrier for the loss of the goods or any damage to them.如果有必要的话，帮助收货人向承运人就货物的丢失或者任何损害提出赔偿。8. Assist the consignee, if necessary, in warehousing and distribution. 如果需要，帮助收货人安排货物存入仓库和分发。Unit 3 I

33、ncoterm 2000To provide a set of uniform rules for the interpretation of the most commonly used trade terms in foreign trade, ICC first published in 1936 a set of international rules for the interpretation of trade terms known as “Incoterms 1936” 。Later amendments and additions were made to it to bri

34、ng the rules in line with current international trade practices。The latest edition is “Incoterms 2000”, which includes 13 different international trade terms. Each term specifies whether the buyer or the seller is responsible for arranging such necessities as export license, customs clearance, inspe

35、ctions, and other obligations为了给国际贸易中普遍使用的贸易术语提供一套解释的统一规则，国际商会与1936年发布了一套用于诠释这些贸易术语的国际规则，统称为“国际贸易术语解释通则1936”。以后又对此通则作了修改和补充，以便使这些规则适应当前国际贸易实践的发展。.最新的版本是“国际贸易术语解释通则2000”，它包含了13个不同的国际贸易术语。每一个贸易术语都明确规定由谁来办理出口许可证，出口清关，商品检验及其他义务。They specify at which point the risk of loss and/or damage passes from selle

36、r to buyer as well as which party pays for specific activities。 A buyer and a seller who conduct their purchase and sale under one of the Incoterms, therefore, will have a mutual understanding of their rights, costs, and obligations.这13个术语还明确了丢失及/或损坏的风险在哪一点由卖方转移到买方，以及哪方面承担相应的费用。买方和卖方如果采用通则中的一个术语做贸易的

37、话，就会清楚双方各自的权利、需支付的费用以及各自的义务。二、六个主要的贸易术语(其中传统的贸易术语有三个：FOB,CFR,CIF;在传统基础上新发展的贸易术语有三个：FCA, CPT, CIP )传统的三个贸易术语FOB Free On Board (.named port of shipment) 船上交货(指定装运港)means that the seller delivers when the goods pass the ships rail at the named part of shipment. 指当货物在指定的装运港越过船舷,卖方即完成交货。The buyer has to

38、bear all costs and risks of loss of or damage to the goods from that point.。 FOB term requires the seller to clear the goods for export.。FOB term can be used only for sea or inland waterway transport即FOB即买方在货物越过船舷之后承担所有的费用，风险和损失。条款要求由卖方办理货物的出口清关手续。只适用于海运或者是内河运输。CFR - Cost and Freight (. named port o

39、f destination) 成本加运费(指定目的港)means that the seller delivers when the goods pass the ships rail in the port of shipment.指当货物在指定的装运港越过船舷，卖方即完成交货。The seller must pay the costs and freight necessary to bring the goods to the named port of destination。But the risk of loss of or damage to the goods, as well

40、 as any additional costs due to events occurring after the time of delivery, are transferred from the seller to the buyer.即卖方必须支付货物运至目的港所需要的运费和费用。(与FOB的区别)但是交货后货物灭失或损坏的风险，以及由于各种条件造成的任何额外费用，即由卖方转移到买方。(风险的划分与FOB不一样的。是在目的港船舷。)CFR term requires the seller to clear the goods for export。CFR term can be us

41、ed only for sea and inland waterway transport即由卖方负责办理货物的出口清关手续。只适用于海运和内陆水路运输(同FOB)CIF-Cost, Insurance, and Freight (.named port of destination) 成本，保险费加运费(指定目的港)means that the seller delivers when the goods pass the ships rail in the port of shipment.即当货物在装运港越过船舷之后，卖方即完成交货义务。The seller must pay the c

42、osts and freight necessary to bring the goods to the named port of destination. 。But the risk of loss of or damage to the goods, as well as any additional costs due to events occurring after the time of delivery, are transferred from the seller to the buyer.即卖方必须支付货物运至目的港所需要的运费和费用。但是交货后货物灭失或损坏的风险，以及

43、由于各种条件造成的任何额外费用，即由卖方转移到买方。(风险的划分与CFR 是一样的)However, in CIF the seller also has to procure insurance against the buyers risk of loss of or damage to the goods during the carriage. Consequently the seller contracts for insurance and pays the insurance premium.但是，在CIF条件下，卖方还需要办理买方货物在运输途中灭失或损坏风险的海运保险。因此，

44、由卖方签订保险合同并且支付保险费用(不同于FOB和CFR,)CIF term requires the seller to clear the goods for export. 即由卖方负责办理货物的出口清关手续。(同FOB和CFR)FCA-Free Carrier (.named place) 货交承运人(指定地点)means that sellers delivers the goods, cleared for export, to the carrier nominated by the buyer at the named place.是指卖方只要将货物在指定的地点交给由买方制定的

45、承运人，并办理出口清关手续，即完成交货。Seller should clear the goods for export。The chosen place of delivery has an impact on the obligations of loading and unloading the goods at that place卖方负责办理出口清关手续。交货地点的选择对于在该地点装货和卸货的义务会产生影响。If delivery occurs at the sellers premises, the seller is responsible for loading。If deli

46、very occurs at any other place, the seller is not responsible for unloading如卖方在其所在地交货，则卖方负责装货。如卖方在任何其他地点交货，则卖方不负责卸货。FCA term may be used irrespective of the mode of transport, including multimodal transport.。If the buyer nominates a person other than a carrier to receive the goods, the seller is dee

47、med to have fulfilled his obligation to deliver the goods when they are delivered to that personFCA术语可用于各种运输方式，包括多式联运。若买方制定承运人以外的人领取货物，则当卖方将货物交给此人时，即视为已履行交货义务，(风险转移给买方)CPT Carriage Paid to (. named place of destination) 运费付至(指定目的地) means that the seller delivers the goods to the carrier nominated by

48、 him but the seller must in addition pay the cost of carriage necessary to bring the goods to the named destination. 指卖方向其指定的承运人交货，但卖方还必须支付货物运至目的地的运费。The buyer bears all risks and any other costs occurring after the goods have been so delivered.买方承担交货后的一切风险和其他费用。2. CPT与CFR的区别CPT has much in common w

49、ith the term CFR. The major difference is that CFR can only be used for sea and inland waterway transport, while CPT can be used for any mode of transport including multi-modal transport. If the parties do not intend to deliver the goods across the ships rail, the CPT term is preferred.CPT术语和CFR术语有很

50、多相似之处。主要的区别在于CFR术语经用于海运和内陆和运输，而CPT术语可适用于任何运输方式，包括多式联运。如果双方不打算将货物越过船舷交货，应使用CPT术语。CIP Carriage and Insurance Paid to (. named place of destination ) 运费加保险费付至(指定目的地)means that the seller delivers the goods to the carrier nominated by him but the seller must in addition pay the cost of carriage necessar

51、y to bring the goods to the named destination。The buyer bears all risks and any additional costs occurring after the goods have been so delivered.。The seller also has to procure insurance against the buyers risk of loss of or damage to the goods during the carriage. Consequently, the seller contract

52、s for insurance and pays the insurance premium.。CIP may be used irrespective of the mode of transport including multi-modal transport指卖方向其指定的承运人交货，但卖方必须支付货物运至目的地的运费。买方承担交货后的一切风险和费用。卖方必须办理买方货物在运输途中灭失或损坏风险的保险。因此由卖方订立保险合同并支付保险费。 CIP术语可用于各种运输方式，包括多式联运。 国际货运代理专业英语 Unit 4 UCP600（一二段）：On the first of July,

53、 2007, the UCP600 (Uniform Customs and Practice for Documentary Credits) came into force. This document is the latest version (sixth revision) of the UCP, a set of rules first drafted in 1933 by the ICC in Paris as the applicable legal framework under which a Letter of Credit (L/C) operates internat

54、ionally. UCP600 replaces the former UCP500 version.跟单信用证统一惯例国际商会第600号出版物于2007年7月1日开始实施。这是跟单信用证统一惯例最新版本(第六版)， 最早国际商会于1933年拟定了一套跟单信用证统一惯例作为信用证在国际间进行操作适用的法律体制。跟单信用证统一惯例第600出版物替代了先前的跟单信用证统一惯例第500号出版物。二、跟单信用证统一惯例修订的原因The primary objective of the ICC, which was established in 1919, is facilitating the flo

55、w of international trade. It was in that spirit that the UCP were first introduced.。The stated aim of the new revision is, as with earlier revisions, “to address developments in the banking, transport, and insurance industries.” This particular revision has also sought to improve the drafting of the

56、 UCP in order to facilitate consistent application and interpretation of the Rules国际商会于1919年成立，其最初的宗旨是推进国际贸易的流动。同样基于相同的精神开始实施跟单信用证统一惯例。跟单信用证统一惯例新版本确定的目标，与以前的版本是一样的，“对应银行业，运输业和保险业的发展”。这次特别修订的目的同样也是为了促成规则应用和解释的一致性而进行了改进。Certainly these Rules are more user friendly both in terms of language and structu

57、re. The definition and Interpretation Articles (2 and 3) are a welcome addition.。In broader terms, the aim of ICC is to enhance the reputation of Letters of Credit as the settlement means of choice among international traders. Part of this aim involves reducing documentary rejections, which surveys

58、indicate may be as high as 70% of the first presentations.当然这些规则在语言和结构方面更加的方便使用。定义解释条款(2和3)也是非常受欢迎的增加部分。更广泛的意以上，国际商会的目标是为了提高信用证的声望，使其作为国际交易者更广泛选择的结算工具。目标的一部分也致力于降低单证被拒的风险，通过调查显示单证在首次呈递时被拒的情况高达70%。Whilst the intention was not to have a line by line revision, in practice there are many changes. However, the overall effect is one of clarification and consolidation, not radical rethought.虽然这次修改实际上有很多改动的地方，但并不是逐字逐句修改，总体上是为了进一步解释和巩固，而不是从新彻底更改。