日本小学的教育和文化

1、日本小学的教育和文化日本小学阶段教育的基础就是三个“C”：联系（Connection）、品格（Character）和知识（Content）。日本的小学校生机勃勃，充满友爱。在那里强调亲近的人际关系、学生的伦理道德和社会化以及课程的深度。一、教育特点1.日本小学教师的首要工作就是要建立孩子对学校强烈而积极的情感联系。培养孩子们“和学校里的人们有一种亲近感和对班级生活的热爱”。培养学生与学校的联系，不仅通过各种活动，而且还给孩子们以班级以至学校管理方面的发言权。通过班会、班委会和领导轮流制，即使是一年级的学生也能有机会负责制定班级目标和领导班级讨论。 2.偏重培养品格 友谊、合

2、作、责任感、敬业以及维护安全与健康是日本小学一年级突出的目标。日本小学学习课程规定了小学教育中品格培养的内容： （1）与自己联系的方面。如：思考自己的生活，要有做自己认为是正确的事情的勇气，完成自己有责任去完成的学业与活动。 （2）与别人联系的方面。如：信任别人，关心别人并对别人友好，在共同的学习生活中加深友谊。 （3）与自然联系的方面。如：与大自然保持亲密的关系，对待动植物富有爱心。     （4）与集体生活和社会联系的方面。如：信守承诺和遵守社会规则，有一颗尊重公共利益的心，积极参与日常集体活动，主动合作和勇于

3、承担责任。另外日本教师一般避免使用奖励或惩罚。     3.注重传授知识 课程科目追求广而博。在小学阶段，课程时间的三分之一是在进行非学术课程教学，如艺术、音乐、体育、家政等。在这些教学时间外，还要花相当的时间开展各种活动，例如，主题班会、全校集会、学校节日以及旅行等。二、教育优势日本小学教育在各方面都称得上世界一流水平。尤其是九十年代的小学教育， 更是充分体现了“面向21世纪”的办学思想。这主要体现在以下几方面：1、现代化的教育设施日本许多小学环境优雅、舒适、教育设施齐全。电化教育、图书阅览室、实验室、音乐室、健身房应有尽有。游泳池

4、是日本小学必备的设施。每个教室都配有大屏幕电视；图书馆宽敞明亮且藏书甚多；实验室仪器齐全先进；音乐教室摆放各种各样的乐器。学校充分利用这些现代化教育设施培养学生具有多方面的素质和能力。 2、高质量的教师队伍一般说来，日本大学毕业生须经教育理论培训，参加国家考试获得教师资格许可证后，方可到中小学任教。并且对在职教师的培训提高十分重视，规定每隔一定年限在职教师必须进修一次，从而保证了教师队伍的高质量。3、充实丰富的教育内容除了重视基础知识和基本技能的传授外，日本小学教育内容中还重视健康教育、道德教育和劳动教育。（1）日本小学强调充实健康教育，注重培养学生体魄。学校有体育课，并定期开展运动

5、会、游泳会、远足及各种球类比赛活动。活动强调人人参加，人人得到锻炼。学校还把学生的健康、安全及体育事项作为学校行政工作的一件大事，每学期都要进行专题研究。（2）日本小学教育中还十分重视的道德教育。注重培养学生的基本生活习惯、自我控制能力和遵守日常社会规范的态度。这种道德教育是采用两种方式进行，一是课堂教学，开设道德课，二是开展活动，寓教育于活动中。（3）日本小学教育也十分强调劳动教育。几乎每所学校都有专门的劳动教育。校园内还有学生自己管理的小植物园、小饲养场等。他们还十分重视公益劳动，学校的环境卫生多是学生打扫。4、生动活泼的课堂教学日本小学课堂教学生动活泼，很有特色。一是注重学生能力的培养。

6、二是注重个性发展，课堂中允许学生自由讨论、争辩。三是注重师生交往，课堂中教师与学生的交谈、沟通十分频繁。师生交往中洋溢着民主和谐的气氛。 三、教育方式日本小学的教育方式和中国有很大的区别。课堂上有一半的时间是学生独立思考、讨论发言的时间，最后由老师进行讲解和总结。课堂气氛非常活跃，完全排除了灌输式、填鸭式的教学方法。使学生们思想活跃，语言表达流畅。日本实行“小班化”的教育，一般每个班级的人数不超过三十五个人，每个学生都有一个小课桌，根据教学活动，随时重新排放桌椅。例如课堂讨论是可以围成一圈，开联欢会是可以把课桌靠边靠后。这样的教学方式，可以让每一位学生均匀的处于教师的关注范围内，容易得到教师的

7、关照。同时，相对来说，学生质疑、讨论交流和表演的机会增多，这样可以增强学生的自信心和对知识的求知欲，有利于培养学生自主学习的兴趣和能力。四、教育目标： （1）以学校内外的社会生活的经验为基础。使学生正确理解人与人之间的相互关系，养成合作、自主和自律的精神。 （2）引导学生正确理解乡十和国家的现状与传统，并进而培养国际协作精神。 （3）使学生具有日常生活所必需的衣、食、住和产业等方面的基础知识，并掌握基本技。 （4）使学生能正确理解日常生活所必需的国语，并形成使用国语的能力。 （5）使学生能正确理解日常生活所必需的数量关系，并形成处理数量关系的能

8、力。 （6）培养学生科学地观察和处理日常生活中自然现象的能力。 （7）培养学生健康、安全和幸福生活所必需的习惯，并力求使学生的身心得到和谐发展。 （8）使学生基本了解能够使生活明朗、丰富的音乐、美术和文艺等，并形成相应的技能。 可见，日本小学教育正在为迎接21世纪的到来，加紧培养和造就“面向世界的日本人”。在日本所有小学里，进行这种充实生动的教育的目标是培养面向21世纪的新人，这种新人是：心胸宽广、体魄强健、富有创造力的人；具有自由、自律和为公共利益服务精神的人；面向世界的人这种具有多方面综合能力的新人必须通过内容充实丰富的学校教育来培养。通过这种教育培

9、养出来的人才，正是日本经济立于不败之地的坚实后盾。Japanese primary school education is the basis of three "C": Connection, Character and Content. Japanese elementary school vibrant and full of love . There emphasizes close relationships, student ethics and social and curriculum depth.一、Education Characterized1、A J

10、apanese elementary school teacher 's primary job is to build a strong and positive school children emotional connection . Cultivate children " and schools where people have a sense of intimacy and love of life on the class ." Students with schools , not only through a variety of activi

11、ties , and returned to the class as well as the kids say in school management . Through classes will , class committee and leadership rotation system , even first-year students also have the opportunity to be responsible for developing and leading class discussion class goals .2、Emphasis on characte

12、r trainingFriendship, cooperation , responsibility , dedication and the maintenance of safety and health is a Japanese primary one prominent goal. "Japanese primary school curriculum " provides character training in primary education content :( 1 ) With their contact areas . Such as: think

13、 about their own lives , to have to do what you believe is the right thing the courage to complete their responsibility to complete their studies and activities.( 2 ) Contact with others aspects . Such as: trust others , care for others and being kind to others , in the common school life and deepen

14、 friendship .( 3 ) Contact with the natural aspects . Such as: maintaining a close relationship with nature , to treat animals caring .( 4 ) Contact with the collective aspects of life and society . Such as: to keep its promise and compliance with social rules , there is a respect for the public int

15、erest, the heart , and actively participate in the daily group activities , active cooperation and courage to take responsibility . Another Japanese teachers generally avoid the use of rewards or punishment.3、Focus on imparting knowledgeThe pursuit of broad curriculum subjects and Bo . At the elemen

16、tary level , the curriculum is the third time during the non-academic teaching , such as art , music, physical education , home economics , etc. In these teaching time , they also spend considerable time to carry out various activities, such as class meetings, school assemblies , school holidays and

17、 trips .二、The Educational AdvantagesJapanese primary education in all respects be regarded as world-class level . Primary education , especially in the 90s , but also fully embodies the " 21st Century" school of thought . This is mainly reflected in the following aspects :1、Modern educatio

18、nal facilitiesMany Japanese elementary school environment elegant , comfortable and educational facilities., reading room, laboratory , music room, gym everything. Swimming is a Japanese elementary essential facilities. Each classroom is equipped with a large-screen TV ; library books many bright an

19、d spacious ; laboratory equipment complete advanced ; placed in a variety of musical instruments music classroom . Schools take advantage of these modern educational facilities has many students qualities and abilities .2、High-quality of teachersIn general, subject to the Japanese educational theory

20、 training university graduates , teachers' qualifications to participate in the national examination to obtain a license before they are allowed to teach in primary and secondary schools . And on -the-job training to improve teachers attach great importance to require every certain number of yea

21、rs teachers have training once, thus ensuring the quality of teachers .3、To enrich the rich educational contentIn addition to emphasis on basic knowledge and basic skills to teach , the Japanese also focuses on primary education content health education, moral education and labor education . ( 1 ) J

22、apanese elementary school emphasizes enrich health education, students focus on physique. School physical education, and regularly carry out games, swimming clubs , hiking and all kinds of ball games activities . Activities Stressing that everyone participated , everyone get exercise . Schools also

23、students' health , safety and sports events as a major event in the school administration , thematic studies should be carried out each semester .( 2 ) In primary education in Japan also attaches great importance to moral education . Students focus on basic living habits, self-control and compli

24、ance with social norms of everyday attitudes . This moral education is carried out in two ways , one classroom , the creation of moral lesson , the second is to carry out activities , combining education activities .( 3 ) Emphasis on primary education in Japan is also very labor education . Almost e

25、very school has a dedicated labor education . Campus and students to manage their own small botanical garden , small farms and so on. They also attached great importance to volunteer labor , the school's students are mostly clean sanitation .4、lively classroom teachingJapanese elementary school

26、classroom lively, very unique. First, focus on students' ability. Second, focus on personality development, the classroom allows students to freely discuss , argue. Third, focus on teacher-student interaction , classroom teachers and students to talk , communication is very frequent . Student ex

27、changes filled with democratic and harmonious atmosphere.三、Teaching methodsJapanese elementary education methods and China are very different . Half of the class time for students to think independently , to discuss speaking time , and finally by the teacher to explain and summarize . Very active cl

28、assroom atmosphere , completely rule out indoctrination , spoon-feeding teaching methods. Enable students active thinking , language fluency . Japan's implementation of " small class " of education, the number of each class generally no more than three fifteen people , each student has

29、 a small desk , according to the teaching activities, always re- emission chairs. For example, class discussion can be a circle , open party that can put aside desks rearward . This teaching method that allows every student in the teacher's attention even within the scope of the care is easy to

30、get teachers . At the same time , relatively speaking, the students questioned , discussed increased opportunities for communication and performance , so you can enhance students' self-confidence and curiosity for knowledge , help develop independent learning interests and abilities .四、The Educa

31、tional Goals :( 1 ) Social life outside of school based on the experience . Enable students to correctly understand the relationship between people , to develop cooperation , autonomy and self-discipline .( 2 ) To guide students to correctly understand the town at 10 and the country's status and

32、 traditions , and thus cultivate the spirit of international collaboration .( 3 ) Enable students to have the necessary daily food, clothing, housing and industry and other aspects of basic knowledge and mastery of basic skills .( 4 ) To enable students to correctly understand the daily life of the necessary Mandarin, and the formation of the ability to use Mandarin .( 5 ) To enable students to correctly understand the daily life of the necessary number of relations , and the formation of the relationship between the number of processing capabilit