风疹发病机理和病程(英文及中文对照)

1、风疹NoImageRubella commonly known as German measles or 3-day measles is an infection that primarily affects the skin and lymph nodes. It is caused by the rubella virus (not the same virus that causes measles), which is usually transmitted by droplets from the nose or throat that others breathe in. It

2、can also pass through a pregnant womans bloodstream to infect her unborn child.Its a generally mild disease in children; the primary medical danger of rubella is the infection of pregnant women because it can cause congenital rubella syndrome in developing babies.Before a vaccine against rubella bec

3、ame available in 1969, rubella epidemics occurred every 6-9 years, most often among kids 5 to 9 years old. Many cases of congenital rubella occurred as well. Thanks to immunization, there are far fewer cases of rubella and congenital rubella.Most rubella infections today appear in young, non-immuniz

4、ed adults rather than in kids. In fact, experts estimate that 10% of young adults are currently susceptible to rubella, which could pose a danger to children they might have someday.About Rubella关于风疹风疹是由风疹病毒引起的一种常见的急性传染病，以低热、全身皮疹为特征，常伴有耳后、枕部淋巴结肿大。由于全身症状轻，病程短，往往认为本病无关紧要，但是近年来在风疹暴发流行中，重症病例屡有报道。如果妊娠早期妇

5、女感染风疹，将会严重损害胎儿，引起先天性风疹综合征(congenital rubella syndrome，CRS)。中医学称本病为风疹、风痧、隐疹。认为系感受风热时邪，发于肤表所致。SignsandSymptomsRubella infection may begin with 1-2 days of mild fever (99-100F,37.2-37.8C) and swollen, tender lymph nodes, usually in theback of the neck or behind the ears. A rash then begins on theface a

6、nd spreads downward. As it spreads, it usually clears onthe face. This rash is often the first sign of illness that a parentnotices.The rubella rash can look like many other viral rashes. It appearsas either pink or light red spots, which may merge to form evenlycolored patches. The rash can itch an

7、d lasts up to 3 days. As therash clears, the affected skin occasionally sheds in very fineflakes.Other symptoms of rubella (these are more common in teens andadults) can include headache, loss of appetite, mild conjunctivitis(inflammation of the lining of the eyelids and eyeballs), a stuffy orrunny

8、nose, swollen lymph nodes in other parts of the body, andpain and swelling in the joints (especially in young women). Manypeople with rubella have few or no symptoms.Rubella in a pregnant woman can cause congenital rubellasyndrome, with potentially devastating consequences for thedeveloping fetus. C

9、hildren who are infected with rubella beforebirth are at risk for growth retardation; mental retardation;malformations of the heart and eyes; deafness; and liver, spleen,and bone marrow problems.潜伏期1621天，平均18天，学龄前儿童和青少年感染风疹病毒后常有发热、头痛、咽痛、流涕等轻微前驱症状和枕骨下、耳后、颈部淋巴结肿大，约12天从面颈部开始出现淡红色斑疹、斑丘疹，24h内蔓延躯干、四肢。皮疹特点

10、是历时短、消失快。躯干部皮疹可融合，四肢皮疹散在不融合。一般第3天皮疹迅速消退，不留痕迹，有时可有轻度脱屑。软腭可见针头大小的红色瘀点，皮疹一出现前驱症即消失，但淋巴结肿大持续时间长，伴触痛，但不化脓。风疹是良性传染病，一般预后良好。并发症少见，有时可并发气管炎、中耳炎、关节痛、紫癜等。孕妇在早期妊娠(4个月内)如患风疹后可致流产、早产、死产及胎儿畸形(先天性风疹综合征)(表1)。症状体征症状体征ContagiousnessThe rubella virus passes from person to person through tinydrops of fluid from the nos

11、e and throat. People who have rubellaare most contagious from 1 week before to 1 week after the rash appears. Someone who is infected but has no symptoms can stillspread the virus.Infants who have congenital rubella syndrome can shed the virusin urine and fluid from the nose and throat for a year or

12、 more andmay pass the virus to people who have not been immunized.virusin生词本英 vrsnvrsn美 vrsnvrsnn.病毒菌素urine生词本去背诵英 jrnjrn美 jrnjrnn.尿； 小便； 下泉PreventionRubella can be prevented by the rubella vaccine. Widespreadimmunization against rubella is critical to controlling the spread ofthe disease, thereby p

13、reventing birth defects caused bycongenital rubella syndrome.The vaccine is usually given to children at 12-15 months of age aspart of the scheduled measles-mumps-rubella (MMR)immunization. A second dose of MMR is generally given at 4-6years of age. As is the case with all immunization schedules,the

14、re are important exceptions and special circumstances. Forexample, if your child will be traveling outside the United States,the vaccine can be given as early as 6 months of age. Talk to yourchilds doctor to see when the vaccine is needed.The rubella vaccine should not be given to pregnant women or

15、toa woman who may become pregnant within 1 month of receivingthe vaccine. If you are thinking about becoming pregnant, makesure that youre immune to rubella through a blood test or proofof immunization. If youre not immune, you should receive thevaccine at least 1 month before you become pregnant.Pr

16、egnant women who are not immune should avoid anyone whohas the illness and should be vaccinated after delivery so thatthey will be immune during any future pregnancies.因本病症状多轻，一般预后良好，故似不需要特别预防，但先天性风疹危害大，可造成死胎、早产或多种先天畸形，因此预防应着重在先天性风疹。1.隔离检疫 病人应隔离至出疹后5天。但本病症状轻微，隐性感染者多，故易被忽略，不易做到全部隔离。一般接触者可不进行检疫，但妊娠期，特

17、别妊娠早期的孕妇在风疹流行期间应尽量避免接触风疹患者。2.自动免疫 国际上经过10余年来广泛应用风疹减毒活疫苗，均证明为安全有效，接种后抗体阳转率在95%以上，接种后仅极个别有短期发热、皮疹，淋巴结肿大及关节肿痛等反应，免疫后抗体持久性大多可维持在7年以上。接种对象方面不同国家尚不统一，例如美国主张1岁至青春期的青少年，特别是幼儿园和小学中的儿童为主要免疫对象，因为小儿风疹发病率最多，且可传给孕妇等成人。青春期及成年妇女，也应接种，接种后先天性风疹已明显减少。尽管目前关于风疹疫苗病毒株对人体、胎儿的影响了解得不够，但活疫苗的弱病毒确能通过胎盘感染胎儿畸形，因此孕妇不宜接受此类活疫苗。风疹疫苗早

18、已与麻疹、腮腺炎疫苗联合使用。我国有些地方如上海、武汉、山东早已能制备风疹减毒活疫苗，均可产生较高的抗体阳性率。上海已开始使用风疹减毒活疫苗并将逐步纳入计划免疫执行，重点免疫对象中除小儿外还包括婚前育龄妇女，含高、初中毕业班女生。有关风疹疫苗的保护效果、维持时间等研究还在不断深入。 预防护理IncubationThe incubation period for rubella is 14-23 days, with an averageincubation period of 16-18 days. This means that it can take 2-3weeks for a chil

19、d to get rubella after they are exposed tosomeone with the disease.DurationThe rubella rash usually lasts 3 days. Lymph nodes may remain swollen for a week or more, and joint pain can last for more than 2 weeks. Children who have rubella usually recover within 1 week, but adults may take longer.TreatmentRubella cannot be tr