高考阅读＿＿题型探究(主旨大意题＼细节题＼推理判断

1、高考阅读理解题型探究臼探究点一细节理解题臼1题型特点与命题方式臼所谓细节题，是指原文提到了某事物、现象或理论，题干针对原文具体叙述本身发问。一般包括直接理解题(在原文中可直接找到答案，常用who, what, when, where, why和how等提问。)、语义转化题(需要将题目信息与原文相关信息进行语义上的转换，两者存在表达上的差异，有时需要进行加工或整理后方能得出结论)、数字计算题、排列顺序题、图表图画题等臼抓住文段中的事实和细节是做好该题型的关键，也是做好其他类型问题的基础。这类题型的题干常为：臼 when / where did the story happen?臼 which o

2、f the following statements is (not) correct?臼 which of the following statements is (not) mentioned in the passage?臼 which is the right order of the events given in the passage?臼 all the statements are true except臼该题型几乎都可以在文章中直接找到与答案有关的信息，或是其变体。所以，搜查信息在阅读中非常重要，它包括理解作者在叙述某事时使用的具体事实、数据、图表等细节信息。在一篇短文里大部

3、分篇幅都属于这类围绕主体展开的细节。做这类题一般采用寻读法，即先读题，然后带着问题快速阅读短文，找出与问题有关的词语或句子，再对相关部分进行分析对比，找出答案。臼 2解题思路与应试技巧 臼 细节题是针对文中某个细节、某句话或某部分具体内容设置问题，正确答案的根据一定可以在原文中找到，即原文的改写往往成为正确选项。臼通常细节题的正确选项有以下特征：臼 (1)对原文句子中的关键词进行替换。把原文中的一些词换成意义相近的词，成为正确选项。臼 (2)词性或者语态的变化。把原文中的一些词变换一下词性，或者改变原文句子的语态，给考生制造障碍。臼 (3)语言简化。把原文中的复杂语言现象进行简化，成为正确答案

4、。臼 (4)正话反说。把原文中的意思反过来表达而成为正确选项(适用于寻找错误选项的题目)。臼干扰项也是以文章中的某个细节设题，若不仔细辨别，很容易臼 把它当成正确选项。干扰项有以下特征：臼 (1)将原文内容扩大或缩小。把原文中的限定词去掉或替换，使该选项看似正确，实际上却是错误选项。臼 (2)把未然当已然。改变文中某句话的时态，如把将来时变成现在时，把未发生的事情当成已发生的事情。臼 (3)无中生有。即选项内容是根据主观想象或推测得出的结论，而文中并未涉及。臼 (4)偷换概念。把原来做该事的“张三”换成“李四”，所述细节确实与原文一致，一不小心就会误选。臼(5)文不对题。这类题最不容易辨别，选

5、项中的描述与原文完全一致，确属原文中的一个细节，这时要回到题干，看该选项是否能回答题干所提出的问题。臼 下面结合最新高考试题，对细节题的不同类型加以解读。臼 1直接信息题臼 对此类题型，考生可以首先从问题中找到关键词，然后以此为线索，运用略读及查阅的技巧在文中迅速寻找这一细节，找到后再把这一部分内容仔细阅读一遍，仔细比较所给选项与文中细节的细微区别，在准确理解细节的前提下，最后确定最佳答案。 臼例1 2011·课标全国卷 臼 wanted, someone for a kiss臼臼 were looking for producers to join us on the sound

6、of london kiss 100 fm. youll work on the stations music programmes. music production experience in radio is necessary, along with rich knowledge of modern dance music. please apply in writing to producer vacancies, kiss 100.臼 臼()who should you get in touch with if you hope to work in a radio station

7、?臼 aproducer vacancies, kiss 100.臼 bmrs oglivie, palmlace limited.臼 cthe enterprise shopping centre.臼 dwealden district council.臼答案：a臼例2 2011·北京卷 as a young girl growing up in the 1930s, i always wanted to fly a plane, but back then it was almost unheard of for a woman to do that. i got a taste

8、 of that dream in 2001, when my husband arranged for me to ride in a hot air balloon for my birthday. but the experience turned out to be very dull.臼()what happened to the author in 2001?臼 ashe flew an airplane. bshe entered a competition cshe went on a hot air balloon ride d. she moved into a retir

9、ement community臼答案：c臼2间接信息题臼做这类题目时，考生需要对原文信息进行加工处理，然后再进行进一步的推理或鉴别，这是介于事实细节题和推理判断题之间的一种题型，对考生来说有一定难度。 例3 2011·北京卷 臼 on occasion, i teach a course called history matters for a group of higher education managers. my goals for the class include a full discussion of historical themes and ideas. beca

10、use i want students to thoroughly study the material and exchange臼their ideas with each other in the classroom，i have a ruleno laptops, ipads, phones, etc. when students were told my rule in advance of the class, some of them were not happy.臼 臼 ()some of the students in the history class were unhapp

11、y with_.臼 athe course material bothers misuse of technology 臼 cdiscussion topics dthe authors class regulations臼答案：d臼臼高考阅读-细节题臼3数字计算题臼 数字计算题也是近几年高考中常考的内容，此类试题是在文章中直接表现出来细节事实，有的要经过具体的计算才能够得出正确的答案。具体的计算题可以是对年代的计算、月份的计算或比例的计算等。文章中经常会出现许多数字，它们对解题产生一定的影响。解答此类试题的方法是先来理解文章的大意，然后经过对比、分析、计算等就能够得出正确的答案。臼 例4 2

12、011·辽宁卷 according to the coalitions studies, of over two hundred million people living in the united states, up to three million are homelessand the number is still growing臼()how many people are homeless in the us. according to the coalition studies?臼 a39% of the population. b200 million people

13、.臼 cabout 3 million people. dabout one fifth of the population臼答案：c臼4排列顺序题臼 这种试题要求考生根据事件发生的先后顺序和句子之间的逻辑关系，找出事件发生的正确顺序。做这种题时可采用“首尾定位法”，即最先找出第一个事件和最后一个事件，迅速缩小选择范围，从而快速选出正确答案。臼 例5 2011·山东卷 the researchers designed a special cap for the user. this head cover picks up the signals from the scalp (头皮)

14、 and sends them to a computer. the computer interprets the signals and commands the motorized wheelchair. the wheelchair also has臼two cameras that identify objects in its path. they help the computer react to commands from the brain.臼臼 ()which of the following shows the path of the signals described

15、 in paragraph 5?臼 ascalp computer cap wheelchair bcomputer cap scalp wheelchair臼 cscalp cap computer wheelchair dcap computer scalp wheelchair臼答案：c臼探究点二主旨大意题臼主旨大意题主要是测试考生对一篇文章或一段文字的深层理解程度以及在速读中准确把握文章主旨大意的能力。一般针对某一语段或某一语篇的主题标题或目的设题。这类题目考查的范围是：基本论点、文章标题、主题或段落大意等。它要求考生在理解全文的基础上能较好地运用概括、判断、归纳、推理等逻辑思维方法，

16、对文章进行高度概括或总结，属于高层次题。臼1题型特点与命题方式臼 【设题类型】臼 (1)概括文章大意； (2)选出最佳题目(标题) (3)概括人物特点。臼 【设问形式】臼 (1)标题类常见的标题型题干：臼 the best title / headline for this passage might be_.臼 the text (passage) could be entitled _.臼 what is the best title for the passage? 臼 which of the following would be suitable as a title for the

17、 passage? 臼 (2)大意类常见的主题型题干：臼 this passage chiefly deals with _.臼 whats the topic of the article?臼 what is the subject discussed in the text?臼 with what topic is the passage chiefly concerned?臼【命题趋势】臼 考查考生对文章的主题、标题、中心思想的理解程度及辨别主要信息和次要信息的能力。常见题型为最佳标题(title)或中心思想(main idea)等。主题思想是文章的核心，能否抓住文章的主题思想，是考生阅

18、读能力最主要的体现。高考中阅读理解的测试，自然也以此作为检验考生阅读理解能力最重要的标准。要准确地抓住文章的主题思想，就要十分留意文章的开头和结尾，要抓住文中具有概括性的信息，从上下文连贯的意思来理解全文，看作者主要谈的是什么，透过文字叙述的过程来归纳主题，再从选择项中找出最符合表达主题思想的选项。有些干扰项，从局部看也许不算错，但从全局看却又片面。这类干扰项与正确答案之差，其实是局部与全局之差。考生在做题时不要为局部现象迷惑，而忽略了文章的整体思想。臼 2解题思路与应试技巧 臼 做这类题时常用略读法。快速阅读文章找出各个段落的主题句。把各个段落的主题句联系起来着眼于全文结构安排，了解文章的重

19、心，就能概括出文章的中心。文章的标题是中心思想最精炼的表达形式，选择的标题意义范围要能涵盖全文，不能太大也不能太小。命题者在出这类题时，常常利用生活常识臼编造干扰项，把文中的细节当主旨，利用局部信息编造干扰项，编制超出文章范围的标题或不能涵盖文章中心意义的标题来考查考生的理解程度，考生要特别留意。臼 下面结合高考试题，谈谈标题类和大意类主旨大意题的解题技巧。臼 (1)标题类臼 标题是段落中心思想最精炼的表达形式。在阅读中不仅要求考生能够通过自己已知的信息概括出段落的中心思想，而且还要对概括出的中心思想加以提炼，拟定出段落的标题。在测试中能够迅速而准确地选择标题。 臼文章标题可以是单词、短语，也

20、可以是句子。标题可帮助读者迅速推测出整篇文章的主要内容，抓住文章讨论的中心把握作者的观点和意图。它的特点是：短小精悍，多为短语；涵盖性强，一般要求能覆盖全文，其确定的范围要恰当，既不能太大，也不能太小；精确性强，不能随意改变语言表意的程度及色彩。臼例72011·课标全国卷臼cassandra feeley finds it hard to manage on her husbands income. so this year she did something more than a hobby: she planted vegetables in her yard. for her

21、 fist garden, ms feeley has put in 15 tomato plants, and five rows of a variety of vegetables. the familys old farm house has become a chicken bourse ,its residents arriving next month. last year, ms.rita gartin kept a small garden. this year she has made it much larger because, she said ,“the cost

22、of everything is going up and i was looking to lose a few pounds too; so its a win-win situation all around.”臼they are among the growing number of americans who, driven by higher living costs and a falling economy(经济), have taken up vegetable gardening for the first time. other have increased the si

23、ze of their existing gardens. seed companies and garden shops say no since the 1970s have there been such an increase in interest in growing food at home. now many gardens across the country hacek been sold out for several months. in austin, tex., some of the gardens have a three-year waiting list.臼

24、george c.ball jr, owner of a company, said sales of vegetable seeds and plants are up by 40%, over last year, double the average growth of last five years. mr.ball argues that some of the reasons have been building for the last few years. the big one is striking use in me cost on food like bread and

25、 milk, together with the increases in the price of fruit and vegetables. food prices have increase of higher oil price. people are driving less, taking fewer vacations, so there more time to garden.臼64. what does the word “residents” in paragraph 1 probably refer to?臼a. chickens b. tomatoes c. garde

26、ns d. people臼65. why is vegetable gardening becoming increasingly popular?臼a. more americans are dong it for fun. b. the price of oil is lower than before.臼c. theres a growing need for fruits. d. the cost of living is on the rise.臼66. which of the following might be the best title for the text?臼a. f

27、amily food planning b. banking on gardening臼c. a belt-tightening move d. gardening as a hobby臼答案：aaa臼(2)大意类臼 解答该题型最关键的是找出主题句，把握文章主旨。臼 概括主旨的方法是：先看首尾或各段开头再看全文找主题句，若无明显主题句，就通过关键词句来概括(如议论文中寻找表达作者观点态度的词句，记叙文寻找概括情节和中心的动词或反映人物特点的形容词。)。文中出现两种或两种以上的不同观点时，务必牢记作者的观点才是体现全文中心的。此时，要注意一些转折词，如but, yet, however, alt

28、hough, in spite of, by contrast, on the contrary等。当文章中表示相反的观点时，往往用到这些词。答题时要弄清哪个是作者的观点，排除迷惑性信息，准确归纳主旨大意。臼例82011·安徽卷they are the sort of friends who are so close they trust each other with their lives. if one fails the other is there to catch him.臼they are wellman ,whose legs were permanently inj

29、ured nine years ago in a rock-climbing accident. and corbett, an experi enced rock climber ,together ,they climed up half dome ,the famous 2,000-foot rock in the yosemite national park ,the medium of through the most different routes.( 路线 ) 臼during the climb, crorbett took the lead, hit in the metal

30、 spikes（尖状物）that guided the ropes and climbed up. then, after wellmanm pulled himself up the rope, corbett went down to remove the spikers and climbed up again. this process was repeated time and again, inch by inch, for 13 days.臼wellmans job was not easy either. he got himself up the rope through u

31、pper body stength alone. in all, wellman figured that he had done 5,000 pull-ups up the rope on the climb. 臼however, when the two men first met, they never talked about climbing . “he knew that was how i got injured.” wellman said. until one day wellman decided that he wanted to climb again and they

32、 started training.臼their climb of half dome was not all smooth. at one point, pieces of rock gave way, and corbett dropped down quickly. wellman locked their rope in place. stopping the fail at 20 feet. his quick action probably saved his friends life.臼“your partner can save your life - you can save

33、 your partners life,” wellman said as the pair received congratulations from friends. ”there are real close ties.” 臼64. which of the following was a challenge for corbett in climbing half dome?臼a. to climb up to remove the spikes. b. to climb it twice臼c. to do 5,000 pull-ups up the rope. d. to lock

34、the rope in place.臼65. why did the two men never talk about climbing when they first met?臼a. corbett was poorly trained. b. wellman had lost interest in climbing.臼c. corbett didnt want to hurt wellman.臼d. wellman hadnt decided whether to climb again.臼66. what do we know about wellman?臼a. he climbed

35、half dome by himself. b. he was disabled in a traffic accident.臼c. he stopped rock-climbing for some time.臼d. he was saved by corbett during the climb.臼67. the main idea of the text is that_臼a. two beads are better than one b. friendship is precious in life臼c. the disabled should never give up 臼d. a

36、 man can be destroyed but cannot be defeated臼答案：bccb臼探究点三语义推测题臼猜词悟义是应用英语的重要能力，也是高考阅读理解中必考的题型。它不但需要准确无误地理解上下文，而且要有较大的泛读量，掌握或认识较多的课外词汇。考生应学会通过构词、定义、同位、对比、因果、常识、同义、反义及上下文线索等确定词义。臼1题型特点与命题方式臼 此类题型有逐渐增加的趋势，尤其是猜测词语、句义题，因为猜测词语、句义题涉及题材背景、句子结构、文章主旨、作者的观点态度等。联系主旨、整合上下文信息是解答这类题的关键。近几年阅读理解的生词率略有上升，加大了猜测力度。命题者着重

37、考查考生利用同义或反义关系、构词法、语法和语篇文脉等理解生词的能力。臼【命题趋势】臼 (1)要求根据阅读材料所提供的信息，结合中学生应有的常识和经验，正确判断生词短语的含义或熟词在特定语境中表达的具体含义以及一些句子的意思。臼 (2)要求猜测词义的词一般为实词及其短语，通过构词、定义、对比、因果、联想、上下文等线索确定词义的具体内容。臼 (3)代词复指理解题也是猜测词义的常考类型。用“逻辑关系梳理法”、“递向寻踪法”理清人物及事物之间的逻辑关系是关键所在。臼【设问形式】臼 (1)the underlined word “” in the second (third) paragraph ref

38、ers to (means) _.臼 (2)by saying “” in the first (second) paragraph, the author means that _.臼 (3)in paragraph ， “” can be replaced by “_ ”臼 (4)the meaning of “” in paragraph is related to _.臼 臼(5)which of the following has the closest meaning to(paragraph)?臼(6)the underlined sentence in the paragrap

39、h probably means that _.臼 2解题思路与应试技巧 臼做这种类型的题，要根据词、短语、句子所在的语境上下文来判断其意义。因此熟练掌握一些猜词技巧是做好这类题的关键。命题者在出这类题时惯用常规词义来麻痹考生，我们要特别注意熟词生义，切不可脱离语境主观臆断。臼下面结合近几年高考试题，对猜词悟义的技巧加以解读。臼 (1)根据定义或上下文解释进行猜测臼有时短文中出现一个需要猜测其意义的词或短语，下面接着出现其定义或解释，这就是判断该词或短语意义的主要依据。例如：臼 it will be very hard but also very brittle that is, it wil

40、l break easily.臼 从后面that is(也就是说)的解释中我们可以了解到brittle是“脆”的意思。臼the herdsman,_ who looks after sheep, earns about 650 yuan a year.臼 定语从句中 looks after sheep 就表明了herdsman的词义为“牧羊人”。 臼例9 2009·福建卷 in his book, he had challenged readers to make deep cuts in personal emissions to keep the world from reach

41、ing extremely important tipping_ points,_ such as the melting(融化)of the ice sheets in greenland or west antarctica臼 ()the underlined words “tipping points” most probably refer to “_”臼 afreezing points bburning points cmelting points dboiling points臼答案：c臼(2)根据同位关系进行猜测臼阅读中出现的难词有时后面紧跟一个同位语，对前面的词进行解释，这时

42、可利用同位关系对前面或后面的词义或句意进行猜测。例如：臼 they traveled a long way, at last got to a castle,_ a large building in old times.臼 同位语部分a large building in old times 给出了castle 的确切词义，即古时候的“城堡”。臼we are on the night_ shiftfrom midnight to 8 am. this week.臼 两个破折号之间的短语很清楚地表明night shift 是“夜班”的意思。臼 the “chunnel”， a tunnel(隧

43、道) connecting england and france, is now complete.臼 此句中a tunnel connecting england and france是chunnel的同位语。因此，the “chunnel”就是英法之间的海底隧道。臼例10 2011·辽宁卷 the coalition for the homeless is an organization that seeks to address the needs of the homeless population in the united states. it is a network

44、of offices, some of which provide food and houses for the homeless population, and some of which fight for the passing of laws that would give every american the right to a place to call home臼 ()the word “address” in the first line probably means_.臼 atalk about bdeal with cfight for dwrite to臼答案：b臼(

45、3)根据构词法(合成、派生、转化等)进行猜测臼 在英语中，有很多词可以在前面加前缀，在后面加后缀，从而构成一个词，乍看起来，这个词可能是新词，但掌握了一定的构词知识，就不难猜出它的词义。例如：臼 “our parties are aimed for children 2 to 10，” anaclerio said, “and theyre very interactive and creative in that they built a sense of drama based on a subject.”臼 文中interactive是由前缀inter(相互的)和active(活动的，活

46、跃的)而构成的，同时根据上下文的意思可以判断，该词的含义应是“互动的”。臼例11 the new type of pineapple was selling fast, and the del monte gold pineapple rapidly became a fixture in the shopping basket of the healthy eater臼 ()the underlined word “fixture” in paragraph 3 probably refers to something _.臼 athat people enjoy eating bthat

47、is always present臼 cthat is difficult to get dthat people use as a gift臼答案：b臼(4)根据因果关系进行猜测： 在一篇阅读文章中，根据原因可以预测结果，根据结果也可以找出原因。例如： （1） the lack of movement caused the muscles to weaken. sometimes the weakness was permanent. so the player could never play the sport again臼（2）the low test score, they thin

48、k, will make it impossible for them to get into a good college. and without a degree from a prestigious_ university,_ they fear that many of lifes doors will remain forever closed臼例12 2011·福建卷 the problem is that if we invest little time in a person, our engagement with that person will decline

49、(减弱)until eventually it dies into “someone i once knew”臼()the underlined word “engagement” in the second paragraph probably means “_”臼aappointment bconnection cinterview dagreement臼答案 b臼(5)根据上下文的指代关系进行猜测臼文章中的代词it, that, this, he, him 或them可以指上文提到的人或物，其中it和that还可以指一件事。有时代词指代的对象相隔较远，要认真查找；有时也需要对前面提到的内

50、容进行总结，才能判断出代词所指代的事。例如：臼however, the question that “moon people” asked is still an interesting one. a growing number of scientists are seriously thinking about it. 臼例13 2011·福建卷 to get rid of alcohol from the body is a very slow process and it is not possible to speed it up with any measures lik

51、e taking a shower or having a cup of tea or coffee臼()the underlined word “it” in the second paragraph refers to “_”臼aalcohol babsorption cblood dprocess臼答案：d臼(6)根据同义关系进行猜测臼当词或短语之间有并列连词and 或or时，其连接的两项内容在含义上是接近的或递进的，由此确定同等关系中的某个生词所属的义域，由此可推知其大致意思。臼although he often had the opportunity, mr. tritt was n

52、ever able to steal money from a customer. this would have endangered his position at the bank, and he did not want to jeopardize his future.臼例14 2011·福建卷 when things are getting hard, a voice inside my head tells me that i cant achieve something. then, there are other distractions,_ such as fam

53、ily or hobbies臼()what does the underlined word “distractions” probably refer to? 臼aways that help one to focus. bwords that help one to feel less tense.臼cactivities that turn ones attention away. dhabits that make it hard for one to relax.臼答案；c臼(7)根据转折或对比关系进行猜测臼根据上下句的连接词，如but, however, otherwise等就可以

54、看到前后句在意义上的差别，从而依据某一句的含义，来确定另一句的含义。另外，分号也可以表示转折、对比或不相干的意义。例如：臼she is usually prompt for all her class, but today she arrived in the middle of her first class.臼but一词表转折，因此but 前后的意思正好相反。后半句的意思是她今天“第一节上了一半才来”，因此反向推理，可得出她平时一向“准时”的结论。臼(8)通过上下文理解猜测词义臼通过上下文的具体信息猜测词义是目前高考阅读理解题中最常见的一种命题形式。臼例15 the familys old

55、 farm house has become a chicken house, its residents arriving next month臼()what does the underlined word “residents” refer to? 臼asmall chicken. bunusual actions. csurprising looks. danxious feelings.臼答案：a臼探究点四推理判断题臼1题型特点与命题方式臼既要求考生透过文章表面文字信息推测文章隐含意思，又要求考生对作者的态度、意图及文章细节的发展作出正确的推理判断，力求从作者的角度去考虑，不要固守自己的看法或观点。 臼这类试