专业英语作业new

1、PART1: ReadingHow to quickly read an English paper?要求：通过阅读提高英文词汇，掌握科技英文结构、写作方式8词汇：Metalworking Glossary Cutting Tool Engineering, November, 2000, 209-238The metalworking glossary defines terms common to those who cut and grind metals and other materials. The terms are divided into 11 categories: 1.

2、Manufacturing Definitions; 2. Machining Operations;3. Machine Tools and Ancillary Equipment;4. Cutting Tools and Related Terminology5. Coolants, Lubricants, and Related Terminology6. Accessories and Attachments;7. Alloys, Coatings, Material Compositions, and Related Terminology;8. Heat-treating and

3、Special Processes;9. Inspection, Measurement, and Quality Control;10. Robotics and Automated Assembly;11. Nontraditional MachiningHow to Make Use of the Linguistic Features of Scientific Papers(科技论文的语言特点)1. Linguistic Style(语体)科学技术领域，科技工作者的任务：描述自然现象分析自然现象产生的规律研究自然现象应用于人类生产实践的方法表达所取得的成果及其应用思维形式：概念、公式

4、或公式化的概念思维活动的语言表达：按照严格的逻辑程序导出的判断和推理，科技文体具有抽象性、概念性和高度的逻辑性内容：写实语言风格：准确严谨、合乎逻辑，非形象性(理性)、客观性、无明显感情色彩、简洁明快。Literature1. Conference paper2. Journal paper 3. Lecture4. Book (Dissertation or Thesis)5. Report (News)6. Manual and SpecificationPaper and Experimental Report: Title, Abstract, Introduction, Result

5、s and Analysis, Conclusion and DiscussionBook & Lecture: Title, Author(s), Name of the process or publisher, Name of the printing House, Name of the distributor, Date of publication, Date of printing, Synopsis, Note by the publisher, International Standard Book Number, Preface or Foreword, Ackno

6、wledgements, Contents, Text of the book, Appendix or Supplement, Index, EpilogueManual and Instructions, Directions: Principle, Operation, Maintenance2. VocabularyTypically Professionalized TermsWhenever a force acts on a body so as to make the body move through some distance, it is said to have don

7、e work.Body n. 身体, 肉体, 人, 尸体, 主要部分, 团体, 大量 vt. 赋以形体机械专业 n. 车身,机身船舶专业 n. 机身,水团,艇体地质专业 n. 体,岩体,车身电力专业 n. 物体,本体,壳体法律专业 n. 身体 ,本文 ,机关纺织专业 n. 布身,身骨,物体航海专业 n. 全体航空专业 n. 机身,船身 n. 体,物体化学专业 n. 身体,本文,支柱,质地 vt. 实现,使.稠化,使.具体化计算机专业 体，物体，机壳，机身，底盘，插座体，(正文)体 n. 身体(本文,支柱) vt. 实现(使.稠化,使.具体化)建筑专业 n. 基础,底盘,基底,体,岩体,车身经贸

8、专业 机关 n. 全体农牧林专业 n. 立木汽车专业 n. 车身商务专业 机关石油专业 n. 体水利专业 n. 本体,主体,物体冶金专业 n. 主体,机体医学专业 n. 躯体,体中医专业 n. 身体,肉体,躯体body 在机械工程方面，表示“壳体、机体；车体、车身”等Automobile external parts (汽车外设)front wheel 前轮rear wheel 后轮tread 轮距chassis 底盘bodywork, body 车身rear window 后窗玻璃windscreen 挡风玻璃 (美作:windshield)windscreen wiper 风档刮水器,风档

9、雨雪刷 (美作:windshield wiper)fender, wing, mudguard 挡泥板radiator grille 水箱wing mirror 后视镜bonnet 发动机盖 (美作:hood)boot 行李箱 (美作:trunk)roof rack, luggage rack 行李架license plate, number plate 车号牌wing 前翼子板hubcap 轮毂罩bumper 保险杠front blinker 前信号灯taillight, tail lamp 尾灯backup light, reversing light 倒车灯stoplight, stop

10、 lamp 刹车灯rear blinker 转弯指示灯trunk, boot 行李箱bumper 保险杠tailpipe 排气管work n. 工作, 劳动, 操作, 职业, 物功, 手工, 作品, 机件 v. (使)工作, (使)运转, 起作用, 造成, 产生, 经营, (使)渐渐移动, 煅制机械专业 n. 著作,功船舶专业 n. 工作,功 n. 劳动地质专业 n. 功,工作电力专业 n. 功,工作,操作电信专业 n. 功,工作法律专业 n. 工作,著者,著作,作品,作业 v. 劳动 航海专业 n. 工作航空专业 n. 工作,劳动产品 n. 工作,运行化学专业 n. 工作,劳动,操作,加工,

11、著作,制品 vt. 工作,加工,研究,证实,劳动,运行会计专业 工件,运转计算机专业 工作；功 n. 工作(劳动,操作 vt. 工作(加工,研究经贸专业 工件 n. 工作能源专业 n. 功,工程农牧林专业 n. 工作汽车专业 n. 工作,加工,工厂,著作,功,工作商务专业 工件 石油专业 n. 工作 n. 功水利专业 n. 工作,功,工件冶金专业 n. 工作,功医学专业 n. 工作,功中医专业 n. 工作normal “正常”、“法线”(数学)、“当量”(化学)power “幂”(数学)、“电力，电源”(电学)、“动力”(机械学)Specifically Concentrated Meanin

12、g日常英语“动词+副词”，如come off, do for, make up等，这类短语动词往往不止一种含义，而且常常难以确定，在科技论文中，应用意义比较明确的单个动词来代替，这类动词较“正规”，学术气氛较强，简洁，用起来方便如：absorb take indiscover look attransmit pass onreciprocate move backwards and forwards in a straight line常见动词(effective verbs)：indicate, show, illustrate, demonstrate, review, report, o

13、utline, describe, explain, verify, prove, confirm, define, determine, enumerate, compare, contrast, investigate, develop, conclude, Highly Proportional Latin & Greek Words最普通英语单词中，46%直接或间接来源于拉丁语，7.2%来源于希腊语，科技词汇中这个比率会更高。Analysis, stimulus, focus, automation, formula, antenna, nucleus, radius, sym

14、posium, thesis, micro-, hydro-, auto-, multi-, -ion, -graph, -logy, -tudeUsually Used Compound Words由两个或两个以上的词(有时其中用连字符“-”)联合在一起的词称复合词。使用复合词来表示事物的特征、性质、数量、大小、程度等概念和意义。一般，复合词的核心是最后一个词。复合名词emitter region, magnetic field, speedometer, horsepower, blueprint, wavelength, engine noise, higher-than-average

15、复合形容词dust-free, water-proof, three-phase, cross-sectional, biophysical, wire wound, newly-designed, radio-active复合动词white wash, trial-produce, overcharge, self-design, underline, heat treat, short-circuit, electro-plate, induction hardenFrequently Encounter Contracted WordsC(°C) = degree of cen

16、tigrade mech=mechanics radar=radio detecting and rangingLaser=light amplification by stimulated emission of radiationSonar=sound navigation and rangingPixel=picture elemente.g. (例如)，cit. (在上述引文中)， i.e. (就是)，vs. (与.相对)， ibid. (出处相同)，etc. (等等)，ca. (关于)，et al. (等人)，shv. (在该字下)，viz.(即，就是)， vo.(左页，封底)，et

17、 seq.(以及下列等等)。Often Found Antonyms自然科学是研究自然界中客观事物所具有的矛盾，经常使用到反义词，从而深刻揭示事物的本质，反映事物的矛盾的两个方面。通常使用anti-, de-, mis-, ir-, im-, non-等表示否定的词缀positive-negative linear-nonlinear integration-differentiation regular-irregularfussion-defussion possible-impossible organic-inorganic connect-disconnectclockwise co

18、unter-clockwise divisible-indivisible understand-misunderstand wax-dewax metal-nonmetal professional-nonprofessionalProgressively Emerged New Word Meaningstree - tree circuit ball ball bearing bed test bed pecker automatic peckerbaby baby car daughter decay daughter trouble trouble shootingbug debug

19、 field magnetic fieldMore and More Noun Clusters 利用一个以上的名词作定语修饰名词的现象，在科技论文写作中，名词群有增多的趋势high precision instrument the instrument of high precisionthe nearby engine noise the noise of the engine that is nearbydata transmission systems systems for transmission of dadahall form design methodology the me

20、thodology for designing the form of halldistribution transformer loss evaluation methods the methods for evaluation of the loss of distribution transformer3. Sentence Structures (八多)More Indicative Sentences科技论文中，在描述试验、说明现象、明确定义、表达定量、定律和原理时，多用陈述句。Computer languages may range from detailed low level

21、close to that immediately understood by the particular computer, to the sophisticated high level which can be rendered automatically accepted to a wide range of computers.Gathering facts, confirming them, suggesting theories, testing them, and organizing findings this is all the work of science.作者较多

22、地从性质(quality)或属性(property)上来陈述事物，因此主系表结构占较大比重。“在所有的科技陈述句中大约1/3都是用is或are+表语作谓语的”- John Swales<Writing Scientific English>。如：Distillation is helpful to separating water from dissolved salts and other substances.This gas is clear of these impurities.Generally speaking, neither gold nor stone are

23、soluble in water.More Imperative Sentences科学论文所述理论具有可解释性，所做试验具有可重复性，研究结果应当是普遍可接受的真理，不论是谁照此去做都是可以做成的，因此，无必要指明主语，这就是科技论文常用祈使句的原因。命题、解题、顺序论证、实验指导、操作说明、工艺介绍、文献注释等部分常用祈使句。Now let K equal to zero, then we obtain the following equation.To put into full play of the incubation function of the high-tech devel

24、oped zone, we should pay enough attention to the following: first, cultivate a number of new high-tech enterprises; Second, promote a number of new high-tech products; third, train a group of entrepreneurs.Fill in a tube with cold water, and then heat the tube to 100°C.See Table 4.More Complex

25、Sentences由于科学技术所研究的事物互相关联、互相制约，为了准确反映事物之间的内在联系，就需要严密的逻辑思维，而这种思维的内容反映在语言的形式上，就必然是并列关系和多种主从关系的长句增多，并大量使用非谓语动词短语，出现复杂的句子结构。An electric current which reverses its direction at regular intervals, and which is constantly changing in magnitude is called an alternating current, which is usually abbreviated

26、to a. c. .Numerical control machines made on the principle of mechatronics are most useful when the quantities of the products to be produced are low or medium; the tape containing the information required to produce the part can be stored or modified when required, thus bringing about further savin

27、gs and higher productivity. More Sentence Patterns of “It be +adj. or participles+that .”It is evident from the foregoing discussion that basic research is applicable to the facts upon which a science is developed, and the principles or laws of science as compared to applied research directed toward

28、 using knowledge gained by basic research to make things that will serve a practical purpose.It is concluded that the behavior of a fluid flowing through a pipe is affected by a number of factors, including the viscosity of the fluid and the speed at which it is pumped.It has been shown through the

29、experiment that the charges of the nucleus and electrons are equal so that the atom is electrically neutral. More short Form Sentences Led by “as”英文科技论文中常用由“as”引出的多种主动、被动、简略形式，如as the illustration shows, as has been stated above, as in figure 2, as follows等等。More Present, Past and Present Perfect Te

30、nses科技论文所描述的主要对象是客观存在的事实、现象或真理，谓语动词的时态主要采用一般现在时。在表示过去的时间状语，或叙述过去发生过的事实时，才用一般过去时。若强调过去发生的事实对现在仍有影响，则用现在完成时。The solar system consists of the Sun and many smaller bodies that revolve around the Sun.With the acceptance of the Copernican system, the Earth was added to the number of planets revolving arou

31、nd the Sun, and the Moon was recognized as the Earths satellite.Uranus, which is barely visible to the unaided eye, was discovered in 1781.Based on these facts, it has been theorized that the Moon has a crust perhaps a few kilometers thick and a mantle about 70 kilometers thick.More Passive Voice英语科

32、技论文中的被动语态较多，这是因为：第一， 被动结构比主动结构的主观色彩更少，描述客观事物，进行逻辑推理，正需要这种特性；第二， 被动结构更能突出要论证、说明的对象，把它放在句子主语的的地位上，就更能引人注目；第三， 被动结构比主动结构在很多情况下更简短。目前，科技论文中主动语态有增多的趋势， 如This paper reports., The author concluded., We made the analysis., The researchers have carried out.等等。在侧重被动语态的同时，最好是主动语态交替使用，意使句型多样化。More Subjunctive M

33、ood科技论文内容很多是对事物和现象的论证和讨论，因此，常常涉及到各种条件，所以有必要应用虚拟语气。另外，表达对问题的看法时，为了使口气委婉，也往往采用虚拟语气。It would then appear that a better compromise could have been achieved.In a frictionless machine, the inequality of the above equation would become an equality.For example, it would be better to use four 2-volt cells in

34、 parallel. In this case, each cell would deliver 5-ampare current which would reasonably be carried by one cell.还有如suppose, suggest, assume, let, to(为了 .目的)等科技领域中经常用到的词，都必须伴随虚拟结构。4. Figures, Table & Formulae, etc. 这类非语言符号具有叙述简明、形象、直观的特点，特别是在国际科技界具有统一性和通用性，因此越来越受到人们的重视。General Principles for Coll

35、ecting Information1、 远近兼顾新文献：接触最新的发展，最新的成果旧文献：了解历史，启发新的研究思路2、 大小并重注意某些短小、零碎的信息，如国际会议中展示的资料，免得日后“踏破铁鞋无觅处”3、 一视同仁阅读不同见解的文章、著作，可以了解双方的论点和论据，明确其优缺点，以取人之长补己之短4、 先粗后精运用速读方法抓住文献的纲领和主要结论，然后再重点精读有关章节和结论，以便点面结合，在广度和深度两方面采集信息5、 鉴别分析The fool collects data and the wise man select dataWays of Fast ReadingMethods

36、of Guessing and Awakening1. Definition CluesPhilatelist is a person who collects stamps.A micropyrometer means an optical instrument to measure the temperature of small glowing bodies.2. Synonym CluesThe events and games are of several different types. There are individual contests, where each athle

37、te competes alone.Most of us are afraid of something at least one in our life. And not all fears are bad.3. Antonym CluesEveryone has strong points as well as drawbacks.Few women are professional, most of them are spare-time players.The desert is hot and dry, but the coast areas are warm and humid.4

38、. Explanation CluesTo go into effect, the act had to be ratified or approved, by 38 states by 1979. Every human being needs sodium chloride (salt).You may have what is called a phobia a great fear of something.Suites, which include two or more rooms connected together perhaps a bedroom and a living

39、room, are for people who are very rich or every important. 5. Correlation CluesRanchers raise cattle for the meat that people eat. Most ranchers are located in flat open country where there is plenty of grass for the cattle to feed on.If we introduce into the device first one number and then another, the result will give the sum of these numbers. Subtraction is essentially the addition of negative numbers