中国药科大学中药学专业英语课件甘草

1、甘甘 草草Radix GlycyrrhizaeEnglish Name Liquorice RootOriginslGancao is one of the most commonly used Chinese herbs, and classified as a superior herb in Shen Nong Ben Cao Jing. The Chinese name Gancao means the sweet herb, hence its name.lSince ancient times in China, it has been called the National Ve

2、nerable Master (国老) because it has the merit of harmonizing and mollifying drugs in a prescription and eliminating various toxicities.lIt is the dried root and rhizome of Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch. , Glycyrrhiza inflate Bat. Or Glycyrrhiza glabra L. , family Leguminosae.harmonize：调和：调和 mollify：缓和：

3、缓和Plant MorphologyGlycyrrhiza uralensis: 甘草甘草 A perennial herb , 30100 cm high, covered with white pubescences, glandular scars or glandular hairs throughout. Rhizome cylindrical ; main root relatively long, stout, outer bark reddish-brown to dark brown, taste sweet. pubescences: 软毛，绒毛，软毛，绒毛， 到达青春期；

4、到达青春期； glandular : 腺体的腺体的 lStem erect, branchelets with ridges. Leaves pinnately compound, alternate, leaflets 717, ovate or broadly ovate, entire; stipules deciduous.lFlowers in axillary racemes, dense; calyx campanulate, 5-lobed; corolla papilion-aceous (butterfly-like), purplish-red or bluish-pur

5、ple; stamens 10, diadelphous; ovary sessile, tapering upwards to become a style.Plant Morphologybranchlet羽状的羽状的托叶托叶总状花序总状花序花萼花萼花冠花冠雄蕊雄蕊子房子房花柱花柱lLegume (pod) curved to be sickle-like, densely covered with brown prickly glandular hairs. Seeds 28, black, smooth. Flowering season Jun.Jul. ; fruiting sea

6、son Jul.Aug.lIt is usually grown wild in sunny calcareous grasslands and along the sandy riverbanks, and now also cultivated. Distributed in Northeast China, North China and Northwest China. LegumeLegume：荚果：荚果 prickly: 多刺的多刺的 calcareous glasslands：钙质草原：钙质草原 Plant MorphologylGlycyrrhiza inflate Bat.

7、: Plant without glandular hairs; leaflets 3-7; Legume small, inflated. Distributed in Xinjiang and Gansu.lGlycyrrhiza glabra L.: Plant without glandular hairs; leaflets 19; Legume flat and straight, glabrous. Distributed in Xinjiang, Qinghai and Gansu.Plant MorphologyCollection and Preparation The d

8、rug is collected in spring and autumn, removed from stems and rootlets, cut into sections (about 1m long), sunned to be 6070% dried, the roots and the rhizomes being bundled into bales, and then preserved in a ventilated dry place until dried completely. Some of liquorice roots are deprived of the c

9、ork. It is called starchy liquorice(粉甘草).ventilated: 通风的通风的 bales：大包，捆：大包，捆 DescriptionlRadix Glycyrrhiza Uralensis: Roots cylindrical. 2100 cm long, 0.63.5 cm in diameter. Externally reddish-brown or grayish-brown, showing irregular longitudinal wrinkles and furrows, numerous transverse lenticel-li

10、ke protrusions and sparse rootlet scars. Sometimes the outer bark scaling off, the exposed surface appearing yellow. furrows：沟纹沟纹 sparse：稀疏的稀疏的 lTexture compact, fracture fibrous, yellowish-white, starchy, cambium ring distinct, rays radiate, some with clefts. Rhizomes cylindrical, externally with b

11、ud scars, pith present in the centre of fracture. Odour, slight; taste, sweet and characteristic.cleft：裂隙裂隙; bud scars：芽痕芽痕 ; pith：髓：髓Description纤维性纤维性的的uRadix Glycyrrhizae Inflatae: Roots and rhizomes woody and stout, some branched, the outer bark rough, greyish-brown, Texture compact, more lignifi

12、ed fibres and less starchy, Rhizomes with more and large advantitious buds.uRadix Glyvyrrhizae Glabrae: Texture of root and rhizomes relatively compact, some branched, the outer bark not rough, greyish-brown, lenticels small and indis- tinct. Description木化纤维木化纤维Microscopical characterslTransverse se

13、ction: Cork consisting of several layers of brown cells. Cortex relatively narrow. Phloem rays broad, mostly curved, frequently with clefts; most phloem fibres in bundles, unlignified or slightly lignified, surrounded by parenchymatous cells containing prisms of calcium oxalate; sieve tube tissue of

14、ten pressed to be collapsed. Fascicular cambium distinct. Xylem rays 35 cells wide; vessels frequent up to 160 m in diameter; xylem fibres in boundless, surrounded by parenchymatous cells containing prisms of calcium oxalate. Roots without pith at the centre; rhizomes possessing pith at the centre.p

15、helloderm【显微特征】【显微特征】w横切面：横切面：w(1)木栓层细胞红棕色；木栓层细胞红棕色；w(2)韧皮部由韧皮纤维束、韧皮薄壁细韧皮部由韧皮纤维束、韧皮薄壁细胞及筛管群等胞及筛管群等间隔排列间隔排列；w(3)形成层环不甚明显；形成层环不甚明显；w(4)木质部导管直径大，单个或木质部导管直径大，单个或23个个成束；成束；w(5)韧皮部和木质部均有韧皮部和木质部均有晶纤维晶纤维；(6)薄壁细胞含淀粉粒。薄壁细胞含淀粉粒。lPowder: Brownish-yellow. Fibres in bundles, 814m in diameter, thick-walls,slightly

16、 lignified, surrounded by parenchymatous cells containing prisms of calcium oxalate, forming crystal fibres. Prisms of calcium oxalate frequent. Bordered pitted vessels large, reticulated vessels rare. Cork cells reddish-brown, polygonal, slightly lignified. Microscopical characters多角形甘草粉末甘草粉末w粉末：粉末

17、：w(1)晶纤维晶纤维细长，壁极厚，细长，壁极厚，微木化；含晶细胞壁增厚；微木化；含晶细胞壁增厚；(2)木栓细胞木栓细胞棕红色棕红色，壁壁薄薄，微木化。，微木化。Chemical Constituentsu Triterpenoidal saponins: 614% glycyrrhizin （甘草甜素），甘草甜素），which upon hydrolysis yields glucuronic acid （葡萄糖醛酸）and glycyrrhetinic acid（甘草次酸） u Flavonoids: liquritin（甘草苷）, liquiritigenin（甘草苷元）(the agl

18、ycone of liquiritin) （甘草苷的苷元），isoliquiritin（异甘草苷）, isoliquiritigenin（异甘草苷元）。三萜皂甙类化合物三萜皂甙类化合物OOOCOOHOHOHOHCOOHORHOHO甘草酸 R=甘草次酸基HOOHCOOH18-甘草次酸黄酮类化合物黄酮类化合物OOROOR1甘草苷元 R=R1=H甘草苷 R=H, R1=glc新甘草苷 R=glc, R1=HOHOHOOR异甘草苷元 R=H异甘草苷 R=glc(1) Anti-ulcer effect: The drug is effective for the treatment of gastri

19、c ulcer, probably because of the flavonoids it contains. 抗溃疡作用：它治疗胃溃疡的作用，可能因为它所含的黄抗溃疡作用：它治疗胃溃疡的作用，可能因为它所含的黄酮类化合物。酮类化合物。 (2) Adrenocortical hormonelike actions. 肾上腺皮质激素样作用。肾上腺皮质激素样作用。 Pharmacology(3) Detoxifying effect: Glycyrrhizin possesses detoxifying action on drugs, poisonous foods and toxins of

20、 metabolic metabolic products. Glycyrrhizin when degraded yields glucuronic acid, which in the liver will combine with toxic materials to form glucuronide to produce a detoxifying action. 解毒作用：甘草对多种药物中毒、食物中毒和代谢产物中毒等都解毒作用：甘草对多种药物中毒、食物中毒和代谢产物中毒等都有一定的解毒作用。甘草甜素降解时产生葡萄醛酸，在肝脏中它有一定的解毒作用。甘草甜素降解时产生葡萄醛酸，在肝脏中它

21、与毒物结合成葡萄醛酸类物质而起解毒作用。与毒物结合成葡萄醛酸类物质而起解毒作用。 Pharmacology(4) Antitussive, expectorant and antiasthmatic effects. 镇咳，去痰和平喘作用。镇咳，去痰和平喘作用。 (5) Anti-inflammatory and anti-allergic effects. 抗炎作用和抗变态反应作用。抗炎作用和抗变态反应作用。PharmacologyActionlTo reinforce the function of the spleen and replenish qi, to remove heat and counteract toxicity, to dispel