浅谈小学英语测试命题技术

1、浅谈小学英语测试命题技术浅谈小学英语测试命题技术 房山区教师进修学校小学教研室陈玉香2007年3月13日测试的性质测试的性质n公平公正n练习题不等于测试题n评价是教学的一个环节n测试题目要有教育意义，但主要是评价意义n评价学生会了什么，能做什么n评价对教学的反拨作用考察？考查？the three periods 测试的三个阶段1设计阶段 designdesign2编制阶段 operationalizationoperationalization3 执行（实实施）施）阶段 administration administration the first period: design 设计阶段nwh

2、at do you want to test? what do you want to test? 测量什么？nwhat are your testing objectives?what are your testing objectives?测试的目的测试的目的 ?nhow many items can you involve in the test?how many items can you involve in the test?你你认为哪些方面是需要测量的？认为哪些方面是需要测量的？nhow do you want to balance your items?how do you w

3、ant to balance your items?你计划如何分布各个领域的权重？你计划如何赋分？nwhat is your construct validity?what is your construct validity?你如何体现你的构想效度？nwhat is the impact on your students?what is the impact on your students?nhow many students are to involve in the test? how many students are to involve in the test? 编制阶段编制阶段

4、operationalizationoperationalizationnwriting the test blueprintwriting the test blueprint编制测试蓝图编制测试蓝图nforming the structure of the testforming the structure of the test确定确定试试卷卷结构结构ndesigning the tasks designing the tasks 设计设计大大题题nwriting the itemswriting the items设计设计小小题题nrevising and constructing t

5、he whole testrevising and constructing the whole test整合整合试试卷卷nscoringscoring赋赋分分nediting editing 编辑编辑、修、修订订1编制测试蓝图编制测试蓝图a.试卷结构试卷结构 (test structure)(1)试题数量number of parts and tasks(2)试题重点salience of parts and tasks(3)试题顺序 sequence of parts and tasks (4)试题之间的相关性 relative importance of parts and tasks

6、(5)试题中小题的数量 number of tasks per part（6 6）试试卷形式卷形式the format of the test the format of the test （7 7）页码数页码数量量the number of pagesthe number of pages（8 8）试试卷的大小卷的大小the size of the test bookthe size of the test bookb. 试卷的具体特点试卷的具体特点featuresn目的 purposen构想的界定definition of constructionn施测的条件与环境settingn时间分配

7、time allotmentn指导语instructionn语言输入的特点characteristics of inputn预期学生反馈的特点characteristicsof expected responsesn计分方法scoring method2.搭建试卷框架搭建试卷框架n(1)试卷由几个部分( parts)组成 n(2)部分由几个大题(tasks)组成 n(3)大题由几个小题(items)组成 n(4)题型及其测试功能 n(5)知识目标分布 n(6)技能目标分布 n(7)综合应用目标分布 形式指标形式指标n1）文本的大小n2）文本成分（如试题，附表，附加题）n3）非文本形式（录音，录

8、像等）n4）版式n5）语言的形式n - 书面的测试输入信息 - 录音的测试输入信息n - 指导语的语种 - 指导语的年龄关照n - 指导语的明确程度n6）图文的配合3. 编写试题编写试题n(1)选择素材(即原始语料) (2)对应题型 n(3)改写素材 (4)编写试题 n(5)调整难度 (6)修改试题 n(7)整体平衡(各大题难度，内容分布等) n(8)版式设计(文字，图表，图画，注解) n(9)撰写绘图说明或提供草图 n(10)校对(含校对图表和图画)n(11)定第一稿 4.整合试卷整合试卷 (1)全面评价构想效度 (2)局部调整 (3)做题思路检验(试做试题) (4)发现问题 (5)局部改写

9、 (6)局部更换(在成稿后，此步往往被忽略) (7)完成试卷 (8)制备附件(录音稿，答案)5. 细化赋分系统细化赋分系统n(1)总分 n(2)大题分值及整体权重 n(3)小题分值 n(4)高分值的细分 n(5)不可细分的高分值限度(如写话总分的控制) n(6)最小分值(避免0.5分) n(7)细化赋分与试题总量的关系 试题命制的基本原则试题命制的基本原则n试题命制的基本程序试题命制的基本程序n试题命制的基本要求试题命制的基本要求试题命制的基本程序试题命制的基本程序1确定全卷的难度和考点2根据考点编写确定题干和选项3写选项（以受试者环绕本题的考 点可能会产生的反应为依据）4修整题干和选项（简洁

10、、排列）5调整全卷的难度和答案的分布elements of multiple choice 1）多项选择题的结构）多项选择题的结构 look! nancy is _ a kite in the park.a. fly b. flies c. flying stemstem题干题干optionsoptions选项选项distractor干扰项the keythe key答案答案2）题干设计）题干设计 - 语境设置：图画、图表、语段- 要素分析（语言、逻辑、语用）- 测试点:一题一个 - 题干调整：简洁，不给暗示 situational and meaning. ( (题干调整)look! nan

11、cy is _ a kite in the park.a. flyb. flies c. flying look! nancy _ a kite in the park.a. flyb. flies c. is flying _ is it? its my mothers._ is it? its my mothers.a. whata. whatb. whob. who c. whose c. whose_ it? its my mothers._ it? its my mothers.a. whatsa. whatsb. whosb. whos c. whose is c. whose i

12、s题干中可能重复出现的单词不要出现在选项中whats the matter with him?a. his arm hurts b. his shoulder hurts c. his finger hurtswhats the matter with him? his _ hurts. a. arm b. shoulder c. fingerpicture 1题干中应避免泄露答案nlook! the monkey has a long _ . a. short b. tail c. legn在编写试题时，除了避免试题本身泄露答案以外，还应注意一套试题中前后是否泄露前后题答案之处避免暗示或错误

13、答案1.the car is _ than that one.a. bigb. more bigc. bigerd. bigger2.they are _ the floor.a. sweep b. sweeping c. sweeps d. sweepping选项要简洁where is ann going? a. she is going to the zoo. b. she is going to the park. c. she is going to the museum.listening 试题命制的基本要求试题命制的基本要求1语言正确、地道、得体、简洁 语言测试以何为纲？ 意义（信

14、息），还是形式（语码）？2避免由于文化等造成的偏颇性3考点明确4 避免出诡题（tricky items）5 避免透露答案线索 避免由于文化等造成的偏颇性 its one of the biggest cities in america. a. new york b. beijing c. toronto情景与语言的得体周末妈妈要带你去溜冰,在商场买溜冰鞋时,售货员问你a. how big are your feet?b. how tall are you?c. how big are your hands?情景与语言的得体when you are doing shopping for skat

15、ing, the sales girl asks：a. whats the size of your shoes?b. where did you get the coat?c. how big are your bags?考点明确考点明确n考点应属于本大题的测试领域考点应属于本大题的测试领域 n立足于每题只考一个考点，或考能够糅合为一立足于每题只考一个考点，或考能够糅合为一的多个考点（考点因素），但必须避免牵扯不的多个考点（考点因素），但必须避免牵扯不相关、互相干扰的考点相关、互相干扰的考点n每题无论是一个或几个考点，但考点必须明确每题无论是一个或几个考点，但考点必须明确 lucy _ to

16、 school by bus. _mother goes to work on foot. a. goes, his b. goes, her c. is going, shenlucy goes to school by bus，and _ mother goes to work on foot. a. his b. her c. theirnlucy _ to school by bus, but her mother goes to work on foot. a. goes b. go c. is going考点？ jacks uncle is _astronaut. _ is 40.

17、 a. a, she b. the, she c. an, hewe _ be good to wild animals. we _ hunt them.a. shouldnt should b. should shouldnt c. should should答案的唯一do you have _water? yes, i do.a. some b. any c. a- do you have _water? - yes, i do.a. some/any b. little c. few干扰项的命制干扰项的命制（mcmc）n选择项不能互相牵连、覆盖n选择项尽可能一致（长短、结构、类属、难度）

18、 选择项的一致3. how do chinese people celebrate the mid-autumn festival? a. they have a big dinner with their family, enjoy the moon and the moon cakes and tell the story of change .b. give thanks to god.c. people eat turkey and pumpkin pies. listen and choose（根据录音选择正确答案，读三遍）1. after you play some sport,

19、you feel_. a. thirsty b. hungry c. tired2. so you want to _. a. have a meal b. drink some water or juice c. have a rest3. anything cold is _for your stomach. a. good b. warm c. bad4.if you are ill, your parents will _you. a. worry about b. talk to c. look at5.if you are ill, you cant _. a. go to sch

20、ool b. play outside c. a and ba or b选项的牵连、覆盖、穿帮选项排列方式要适当na. b. c. d.n a. c. a. b. b. d. c. d.na. b. c. d. 4）设计失误分析）设计失误分析n- 题干无语境n- 题干过短，题支过长n- 随意干扰n- 干扰性过弱n- 各干扰项的内容交叉：无法选n- 选项长度失衡n- 题干包含多余信息不同题型试题的命制不同题型试题的命制n试题的指示语n听力理解试题n语言知识考查试题n阅读理解试题n书面表达试题试题的指示语试题的指示语n听力部分听力部分n笔试部分笔试部分n听力部分听力部分n语言知识部分语言知识部分n

21、语言综合运用部分语言综合运用部分试题的指示语试题的指示语n看图听短文，想一想大家在做什么，将人物与事情用线条连接。短文读三遍。nlisten and choose (听对话，想一想对话中人物谈论了什么事情，根据问句选择相应的答语，将标号填写在括号内。每段对话读三遍。) 简洁、明晰简洁、明晰试题的指示语试题的指示语n看图听短文，想一想大家在做什么，将人物与事情用线条连接。短文读三遍。n看图听独白，将人物与事情连线。短文读三遍。简洁、明晰简洁、明晰试题的指示语试题的指示语nlisten and choose (听对话，想一想对话中人物谈论了什么事情，根据问句选择相应的答语，将标号填写在括号内。每段

22、对话读三遍。)n听对话回答问题。每段对话读三遍。 将答案的标号填写在括号内简洁、明晰简洁、明晰试题的指示语试题的指示语 听短文，根据短文内容选择正确答案。短文读三遍。 ( )1. name a. johnb. jackc. joe( )2. agea. 8b. 9c. 10明晰？明晰？听5段对话，回答5个问题听第二段对话，回答2、3题。试题的指示语试题的指示语将左右两边相关联的词用线连接起来。 visit the flowers cook the violin play the phone water dinner answer grandparents a组b组试题的指示语试题的指示语将a、

23、b栏中的动词与名词搭配连线。a b visit the flowers cook the violin play the phone water dinner answer grandparents 试题的指示语试题的指示语nameagefavorite foodhow many brothers does she have?what do they often do after school?play一致性一致性试题的指示语试题的指示语nameagefavorite foodhow many brothersafter school activitiesplaynameagefavorite

24、一致性一致性listen and number(根据你听到的单词为下面的图标出顺序号，读两遍10%)明确？听力理解试题听力理解试题n选材的多样化与语言的真实性n设计在倾听中能够解决的问题n听力理解试题的难度与区分度设计听力理解微技能听力理解微技能n理解主旨和要义n获取具体的、事实性的信息n对所听内容作出判断n理解说话者的意图、观点和态度听力理解试题听力理解试题n边听边选n听后答题n听后做事n边听边记笔记直接性还是间接性的考题？直接性还是间接性的考题？一判断下列单词的划线部分的发音是否相同，把与其它三个不同的字母代号填在括号里。(每题1分，共5分) ( ) 1. a. name b. take

25、c. same d. map( ) 2. a. word b. short c. world d. workwhen? why?设计不同层面的问题where is the man? a. he is in a restaurant. b. he is in a hospital. c. he is in a shop.设计不同层面的问题nwhere is the man? a. in a restaurant. b. in a hospital. c. is in a shop.nwhat are they talking about?nwhat are they going to do ne

26、xt? look at this boy. he is from england. and he lives in london. his name is tom and he is 12 years old. tom is an active boy. he is crazy about basketball and he can play it very well. sometimes he plays basketball with happy his pet dog. toms favourite colour is blue. so he always wears a blue t-

27、shirt or blue jeans. he wants to make new friends with chinese children. you can write e-mail to him. this is his e-mail address: . nameagehobbypet animalfavorite colore-mail addresshappy*2 spot dictation mr. green is our _ teacher. he is from america. hes _. hes over thirty years old. he likes_ ver

28、y much. after _ he often plays it with us. he is _. he usually tells us stories in class. he can speak a little _. we like him very much.spot dictation mr. green is our english teacher. he is from america. hes tall. hes over thirty years old. he likes football very much. after class he often plays i

29、t with us. he is funny. he usually tells us stories in class. he can speak a little chinese. we like him very much.语言知识考查试题语言知识考查试题n测什么？测什么？ 知道知道 理解理解 应用应用“人们日常说的、写的英语语法人们日常说的、写的英语语法”“有意义的、真实的语法有意义的、真实的语法”“产出性的语法产出性的语法”语言知识考查试题语言知识考查试题n如何测？如何测？不是再现语法知识，而是考查考生不是再现语法知识，而是考查考生是否理解和运用在特定的社会交际是否理解和运用在特定的

30、社会交际情境中说话人所要运用语言和所要情境中说话人所要运用语言和所要表达的意义、态度等。表达的意义、态度等。学会了，能做什么？读单词，将单词根据字典中的顺序，用数读单词，将单词根据字典中的顺序，用数字排列出来。字排列出来。pipe， hole, fire, visit, animal ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) banked mca. good morning! b. can you tell me the way to the post office?c. can i take your order, please? d. can i help you? e. whos that

31、?a: hello.b: hello. may i speak to lucy?a: this is lucy speaking. _b: its sam here. 五组对话五组对话1. this _ is fat. 2. he has to _.3. the ball is _the chair.4. i have a pink _.5. she has to_.6. he is _.7. she is a _. 8. i have to _.a. walk the dog b. make his bed c. dress d. teacher e. swimming f. panda g

32、. under h. feed the fish 学会了什么？能做什么？考点？答案的惟一？-what is your favorite subject? why?-_a. english. its the most interesting subject. b. science. its the most difficult subject.阅读理解试题阅读理解试题选材n阅读量的要求n语篇质的要求n语言和文体的要求n内容要求可读性信息可读性信息阅读理解试题阅读理解试题试题命制n考点的以信息为目标n以未知信息为考点n探问多种层次，多种范畴的信息生词标注原则阅读理解微技能阅读理解微技能n理解主旨和

33、要义n理解文中具体信息n根据上下文推断生词的词义n作出判断和推理n理解文章的基本结构n理解作者的意图、观点和态度试题示例true-false items是非题（是非题（1）背景信息的设置）背景信息的设置听觉信息听觉信息 n足够的事实 n具体事实之间的细微差异 n时间和空间的信息 n参与人的信息 n情景的具体要素 n听时可能发生的误解 文字信息文字信息n信息分布 n单位信息的异同 n语言表述的差异 n深层信息 图表设置图表设置 n信息的有序安排 n重要信息和次要信息的比例 n图表中的语言形式 图画信息图画信息 n信息分布 n图画中不同类型的信息 n构图要素 n文字与图画的关系与整合(2)是非陈述的设计是非陈述的设计n语言正误判断 n局部信息错误点的设置n整体信息错误点的设置n正误比例数量的设置 she has a cat. she likes playi