学术论文写作徐剑平

1、 Americans believe no one stands still. If you are not moving ahead, you are falling behind. This attitude results in us committed to researching, experimenting and exploring. Time is one of the two elements that American save carefully, the other being labor Being here on time No absence without go

2、od reasons Be responsible for your assignments -no final exam, no final score! Daily performance accounts for 30 % A. your presentation B. your assignment C. impression The score of the final test accounts for 70% Importance in our research -can you finish your research paper in English? Importance

3、in our future career. -can you speak English fluently in your future job? Can you communicate with foreigners? Importance in the improving the standard of living -Are you able to be a good translator or interpreter? 某研究生今天论文接收了，与大家交流一点经验。 第一次编辑的拒稿信： Dear *,Reviewers comments on your work have now be

4、en received. You will see that they are advising against publication of your work. Therefore I must reject it 我的回复：Dear Editor*Thank you for your kind attention to consider our work in*. I am terribly sorry for such a terrible conclusion made by the reviewer because of our minor fault about Thank yo

5、u for your patience and kind attention. May you have a nice day! Best Regards Yours Sincerely 编辑的回信Dear* I understand your explanation that you made a simple mistake in Fig. 1b. If you wish to submit your revised paper, I will send it to another reviewer. 今天收到的论文接收信（投稿两周）Dear *, I am pleased to conf

6、irm that your paper The * has been accepted for publication in *. Comments from the Editor and Reviewers can be found below. Thank you for submitting your work to this journal. With kind regards,*Editor Those who have a good command of English must have a bright future Are you able enough to be a go

7、od translator or interpreter? What does the English work/help us in the study of our majors? Namely, what is the proper relationship between the English learning and our majors? 1. listening VOA or BBC every day 2. watching a English movie every week 3. Reading newspaper every day 1. Telling student

8、s how to translate well 2. Introducing the practical information to students 3. Teaching students how to write a good writing/practical writing： 4. International conference, letters for academic communication, academic writing一、科技论文的结构一、科技论文的结构Title(标题标题)Abstract(摘要摘要)Keywords(关键词关键词)Table of conten

9、ts(目录目录)Nomenclature(术语表术语表)Introduction(引言引言)Method(方法方法)Results(结果结果)Discussion(讨论讨论)Conclusion(结论结论)Acknowledgement(致谢致谢)Notes(注释注释)References(参考文献参考文献)Appendix(附录附录)正正 文文一篇完整规范的学术论文一篇完整规范的学术论文结构如右所示，结构如右所示，其中：其中：Title，Abstract，Introduction，Method，Result，Discussion，Conclusion和和Reference八项内容是必不可少的

10、，八项内容是必不可少的，其他内容则根据具体需要其他内容则根据具体需要而定而定 学术文章的标题主要有三种结构：学术文章的标题主要有三种结构：名词性词组名词性词组(包括动名词包括动名词)，介词词组，介词词组，名词词组名词词组+介词词组。介词词组。间或也用一个疑问句作标题间或也用一个疑问句作标题(多用在人文社会科学领域多用在人文社会科学领域)，但一般，但一般不用陈述句或动词词组作标题。不用陈述句或动词词组作标题。一、名词性词组一、名词性词组名词性词组由名词及其修饰语构成。名词的修饰语可以是形容词、名词性词组由名词及其修饰语构成。名词的修饰语可以是形容词、介词短语，有时也可以是另一个名词。名词修饰名词

11、时，往往可介词短语，有时也可以是另一个名词。名词修饰名词时，往往可以缩短标题的长度。以缩短标题的长度。以下各标题分别由两个名词词组构成。以下各标题分别由两个名词词组构成。例如：例如：Latent demand and the browsing shopper (名词词组名词词组+名词词组名词词组)Cost and productivity (名词名词+名词名词)二、正文二、正文学术论文的正文一般包括学术论文的正文一般包括Method，Result，Discussion三个部三个部分。分。这三部分主要描述研究课题的具体内容、方法，研究过程这三部分主要描述研究课题的具体内容、方法，研究过程中所使用

12、的设备、仪器、条件，并如实公布有关数据和研究结中所使用的设备、仪器、条件，并如实公布有关数据和研究结果等。果等。Conclusion是对全文内容或有关研究课题进行的总体性讨论。是对全文内容或有关研究课题进行的总体性讨论。它具有严密的科学性和客观性，反映一个研究课题的价值，同它具有严密的科学性和客观性，反映一个研究课题的价值，同时提出以后的研究方向。时提出以后的研究方向。为了帮助说明论据、事实，正文中经常使用各种图表。为了帮助说明论据、事实，正文中经常使用各种图表。最常用最常用的是附图（的是附图（Figure）和表（）和表（Table），此外还有图解或简图），此外还有图解或简图（Diagram）

13、、曲线图或流程图（）、曲线图或流程图（Graph）、视图（）、视图（View）、）、剖面图（剖面图（Profile）、图案（）、图案（Pattern）等。）等。三、结论三、结论在正文最后应有结论（在正文最后应有结论（Conclusions）或建议）或建议(Suggestions)。(1) 关于结论可用如下表达方式：关于结论可用如下表达方式： The following conclusions can be drawn from (由由可得出如下结论可得出如下结论) It can be concluded that (可以得出结论可以得出结论) We may conclude that或或We

14、come to the conclusion that(我们得出如我们得出如下结论下结论) It is generally accepted (believed, held, acknowledged) that(一般认一般认为为)(用于表示肯定的结论用于表示肯定的结论) We think (consider, believe, feel) that(我们认为我们认为)(用于表示留有商量用于表示留有商量余地的结论余地的结论)(2) 关于建议可用如下表达方式。关于建议可用如下表达方式。 It is advantageous to (do) It should be realized (empha

15、sized, stressed, noted, pointed out ) that It is suggested (proposed, recommended, desirable) that It would be better (helpful, advisable) that 四、结尾部分四、结尾部分1、致谢、致谢 为了对曾给予支持与帮助或关心的人表示感谢，在论文之后，作为了对曾给予支持与帮助或关心的人表示感谢，在论文之后，作者通常对有关人员致以简短的谢词，可用如下方式：者通常对有关人员致以简短的谢词，可用如下方式：I am thankful to sb. for sthI am g

16、rateful to sb. for sthI am deeply indebted to sb. for sth Thanks are due to sb. for sthThe author wishes to express his sincere appreciation to sb. for sth. The author wishes to acknowledge sb.The author wishes to express his gratitude for sth.四、结尾部分四、结尾部分3、参考文献、参考文献在论文的最后应将写论文所参考过的主要论著列出，目的是表示对别人成在

17、论文的最后应将写论文所参考过的主要论著列出，目的是表示对别人成果的尊重或表示本论文的科学根据，同时也便于读者查阅。果的尊重或表示本论文的科学根据，同时也便于读者查阅。参考文献的列法如下：参考文献的列法如下：如果是书籍如果是书籍，应依次写出，应依次写出作者、书名、出版社名称、出版年代、页数。作者、书名、出版社名称、出版年代、页数。如如:Dailey, C.L. and Wood, F.C., Computation curves for compressible Fluid Problems, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. New York, 1949, pp.37-3

18、9如果是论文如果是论文，应依次写出作者、论文题目、杂志名称、卷次、期次、页数。，应依次写出作者、论文题目、杂志名称、卷次、期次、页数。如：如：Marrish Joseph G.,Turbulence Modeling for Computational Aerodynamics, AIAA J.Vol-21,No.7, 1983, PP.941-955如果是会议的会刊或论文集如果是会议的会刊或论文集，则应指出会议举行的时间、地点。，则应指出会议举行的时间、地点。如：如：Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Fracture D

19、ec.4-10,1984, New Delhi, India如果作者不止一人，可列出第一作者，其后加上如果作者不止一人，可列出第一作者，其后加上et al。如：如：Wagner, R.S. et al, . The internet and the world 1.Internet Search Engines in the world wide web http:/ http:/ http:/ http:/ http:/ http:/ http:/ http:/ http:/ 2.Meta-search Tools(元搜索引擎，即可搜索相关搜索引擎) http:/ http:/ http:/

20、 3. Webs for translating a. http:/.tw/ b. http:/ 4. the best webs for dictionary A. http:/ B. http:/ C. http:/ D. http:/www.m- E. http:/ Dwell on one or two Learning to write the sadness on sand and the benefaction 恩泽on the stone 1. 英汉句子结构最主要区别在于英语重形合（英汉句子结构最主要区别在于英语重形合（hypotaxis），汉语重意），汉语重意合（合（para

21、taxis）由于距离远，又缺乏交通工具，使农村社会与外界隔绝，而这种隔绝，又由于通讯工具不足而变得更加严重。Because there is a great distance and there are not enough transport facilities, the rural world is isolated. This isolation has become more serious because there are not enough information media.The isolation of the rural world, because of dista

22、nce and the lack of transport facilities, is compounded by the paucity of the information media. 2.英语句子中，名词与介词占优势英语句子中，名词与介词占优势农民缺乏训练，许多农场生产率很低，这就使得大多数农民处于贫穷的困境 Farmers have no enough training.Inadequate training for farmers and the low productivity of many farms place the majority of country dwelle

23、rs in a disadvantageous position in their own countries.3.英汉句子重心比较英汉句子重心比较学习外语离不开一本好词典学习外语离不开一本好词典A good dictionary is indispensable for learning a foreign languageBe an absolute necessity for as well as,.自我们别后自我们别后没发生什么事情。没发生什么事情。Nothing has happened since we parted.他身体很弱不能动手术。他身体很弱不能动手术。He cannot

24、be operated upon as he is very weak. 4.英语句子中，英语句子中，There + be结构与虚词结构与虚词it的的结构用得结构用得比较广泛比较广泛 碰巧屋里没有人。碰巧屋里没有人。 There happened to be none but Mary in the room. Nothing but money I have nothing as a gift to offer you but a piece of advice. In the research alone Enclosed are and 5.英汉语态比较英汉语态比较 附上新的通知及回信信

25、封。附上新的通知及回信信封。 A renewal notice and return envelope are enclosed for your convenience. 应该理解，犯错误是人之常情。应该理解，犯错误是人之常情。 It should be understood that to err is human. 中文以下三种情况应该用被动语态 1. 中文句式里动作执行者省略了 2. 中文句式里主语是泛指 It is generally accepted that It is well known that 3.中文句式里宾语比主语更重要时，想突出宾语时 英语 主语突出 常用无灵主语

26、叙述多呈静态 组句多焦点透视 句式呈树式结构 思维重逻辑 句式严谨规范 汉语 主题突出 有灵主语 叙述多呈动态 组句多散点透视 句式呈竹状结构 思维重语感 句式灵活多变 The weather is fine, we go out for The weather being fine, we go Because the , we The , so we The experiment done, We come here, and hope that We come here, hoping that We come here with the hope that科技文章文体的特点是：清晰、准

27、确、精练、严密。那么，科技文章的语言结构特色在翻译过程中如何处理，这是进行英汉科技翻译时需要探讨的问题。现分述如下： 当代英语语法（A Grammar of Contemporary English）在论述科技英语时提出，大量使用名词化结构（Nominalization）是科技英语的特点之一。因为科技文体要求行文简洁、表达客观、内容确切、信息量大、强调存在的事实, 而非某一行为。 Carbon dioxide retention is a major restriction to the use of sedatives，tranquilizers，or narcotics in heart

28、failure. (二氧化碳蓄积是对心力衰竭限制使用镇静、安定或麻醉等药物的主要原因。) The rotation of the earth on its own axis causes the change from day to night. 地球绕轴自转，引起昼夜的变化。 火箭是用来探索宇宙的 Rockets have found application for the exploration of the universe. 本篇论文着重强调。 In the study, there is a lot of emphasis on . Lay emphasis on Put stres

29、s on Emphasize Attention-pay attention to 这些小工厂大量消耗了和浪费了许多原材料 These small factories are also lavish consumer and waster of raw materials. 仔细研究原文会翻译得更好 A careful study of the original text will give you a better translation. Crude oil Social support consists of the exchange of resources among people

30、based on their interpersonal ties. 电视通过无线电波发射和接受活动物体的图象。 Television is the transmission and reception of images of moving objects by radio waves. 根据英国利兹大学John Swales 的统计，科技英语中的谓语至少三分之一是被动语态。这是因为科技文章侧重叙事推理，强调客观准确。第一、二人称使用过多，会造成主观臆断的印象。因此尽量使用第三人称叙述，采用被动语态。 应当注意机器的工作温度。 Attention must be paid to the wo

31、rking temperature of the machine. 而很少说：You must pay attention to the working temperature of the machine .你们必须注意机器的工作温度。此外，如前所述，科技文章将主要信息前置，放在主语部份。这也是广泛使用被动态的主要原因。 We can store electrical energy in two metal plates separated by an insulating medium. We call such a device a capacitor, or a condenser,

32、and its ability to store electrical energy capacitance .It is measured in farads. 电能可储存在由一绝缘介质隔开的两块金属极板内。这样的装置称之为电容器，其储存电能的能力称为电容。电容的测量单位是法拉。 这一段短文中各句的主语分别为： Electrical energy Such a device Its ability to store electrical energy It (Capacitance ) 它们都包含了较多的信息，并且处于句首的位置，非常醒目。四个主语完全不同，避免了单调重复，前后连贯，自然流畅

33、。足见被动结构可收简洁客观之效。 大量地运用被动语态，是因为：大量地运用被动语态，是因为： 第一，被动结构比主动结构更少主观色彩，k科技论文注重客观事实，正需要这种特性; 第二，被动结构更能突出要论证、说明的对象，把它放在句子主语的地位，就能吸引人的注意， 第三，在很多情况下被动结构比主动结构更简短。 The problem to be discussed in the next chapter is. The problem discussed The problem being discussed is a current flowing in the same direction如前所述

34、，科技文章要求行文简练，结构紧凑，为此，往往使用分词短语代替定语从句或状语从句；使用分词独立结构代替状语从句或并列分句；使用不定式短语代替各种从句；介词十动名词短语代替定语从句或状语从句。这样可缩短句子，又比较醒目。试比较下列各组句子。直流电是一种总是沿同一方向流动的电流。A direct current is a current flowing always along the same direction.热量由地球辐射出来时，使得气流上升。Radiating from the earth, heat causes air currents to rise.A body can move

35、uniformly and in a straight line,there being no cause to change that motion.如果没有改变物体运动的原因，那么物体将作匀速直线运动。Vibrating objects produce sound waves ,each vibration producing one sound wave. 振动着的物体产生声波，每一次振动产生一个声波。 Truth is beauty and beauty truth. consists of .and of 大量使用后置定语也是科技文章的特点之一。常见的结构不以下五种： 1、介词短语

36、由于摩擦而产生的力称之为摩擦力。 The forces due to friction are called frictional forces. A call for paper is now being issued . 征集论文的通知现正陆续发出。 2、形容词及形容词短语。Alone,available, asleep,awake, alive 该厂唯一可用的燃料是煤 In this factory the only fuel available is coal. In radiation ,thermal energy is transformed into radiant energ

37、y ,similar in nature to light. 热能在辐射时，转换成性质与光相似的辐射能。3、副词向上的力与向下的力相等，所以气球就保持在这一高度。The force upward equals the force downward so that the balloon stays at the level.4、单个分词，但仍保持较强的动词意义。The results obtained must be checked .获得的结果必须加以校核产生的热量等于浪费了的电能。The heat produced is equal to the electrical energy was

38、ted5、定语从句During construction, problems often arise which require design changes.在施工过程中，常会出现需要改变设计的问。 分子相互间都存在着力的作用，该力的大小取决于它们之间的距离 The molecules exert forces upon each other, which depend upon the distance between them. 我们几乎没有注意的很奇异的物质变化每天都在眼前发生 Very wonderful changes in matter take place before our

39、 eyes every day to which we pay little attention. (定语从句to which we pay little attention 修饰的是changes,这是一种分隔定语从句。) 科技文章中经常使用若干特定的句型，从而形成科技文体区别于其他文体的标志。例如例如It-that-结构句型结构句型；被动态结构句型；结构句型，分词短语结构句型，省略句结构句型等。 显然，润滑好的轴承，比不润滑的轴承容易转动。 It is evident that a well lubricated bearing turns more easily than a dry o

40、ne . 看来看来这两个科学分支是相互依存，相互作用的 It seems that these two branches of science are mutually dependent and interacting . 已经证明，已经证明，感应电压使电流的方向与产生电流的磁场力方向相反。 It has been proved that induced voltage causes a current to flow in opposition to the force producing it. 直到十九世纪人们才才认识到热是能量的一种形式。 It was not until the 1

41、9th century that heat was considered as a form of energy.善于使用非谓语结构善于使用非谓语结构 氧与氢比较，重量大约是它的十六倍。 Compared with hydrogen, oxygen is nearly 16 times as heavy . 由于电阻(resistance)很大，电路中通过的电流就小。 The resistance being very high ,the current in the circuit was low. 冰在溶化时，其温度保持不变。 Ice keeps the same temperature

42、while melting . 物体一旦运动，就会因惯性而持续运动 An object, once in motion ,will keep on moving because of its inertia. 一切物质，不论是气态、液态，还是固态，都由原子组成。 All substances ,whether gaseous ,liquid or solid ,are made of atoms . 为了表述一个复杂概念，使之逻辑严密，结构紧凑，科技文章中往往出现许多长句。 The efforts that have been made to explain optical phenomena

43、 by means of the hypothesis of a medium having the same physical character as an elastic solid body led, in the first instance, to the understanding of a concrete example of a medium which can transmit transverse vibrations ,and at a later stage to the definite conclusion that there is no luminifero

44、us medium having the physical character assumed in the hypothesis. 为了解释光学现象，人们曾试图假定有一种具有与弹性固体相同的物理性质的介质。这种子尝试的结果，最初曾使人们了解到一种能传输横向振动的具有上述假定所以认为的那种物理性质的发光介质。 英语 主语突出 常用无灵主语 叙述多呈静态 组句多焦点透视 句式呈树式结构 思维重逻辑 句式严谨规范 汉语 主题突出 有灵主语 叙述多呈动态 组句多散点透视 句式呈竹状结构 思维重语感 句式灵活多变 3 动态与静态 表示动作意义时，汉语多用动词，英语多用名词（特别是抽象名次）和介词短语，

45、同时使用形容词、副词及表示状态的弱式动词（be, have, become, grow, feel, go, come, get, do等）和虚化动词（have a look, take a walk, make an attempt, pay a visit, do harm to sb, do shopping, do some reading等）等各种手段表示动作意义。另外，英语句子的谓语动词在句中一般只有一个，其他的动词通常变成非谓语形式、或名词化等使整个叙述呈现静态 1.Motorola is the pre-eminent supplier of equipment to a gl

46、obal industry with some 1 billion users 2. Everyone recognizes the importance of speaking English well. In school one of the chief things to learn and to practice may be the reading and writing of English, but in everyday life we convey our thoughts to other people by speaking far more often than by

47、 writing.1）物称表达法）物称表达法 It can be concluded that the experiment was a failure. 2）大量使用名词化结构；）大量使用名词化结构；3）广泛使用被动句；）广泛使用被动句；a.The directional motion of vehicle is controlled by a steering system. b.Attention must be paid to the working temperature of the electric machine. c.When ignited, the exothermic

48、reaction reaches the welding temperature within a few seconds. d. Cylinder sleeves are used in engine blocks to provide a hard wearing material for pistons and piston rings. 1.语言结构特点语言结构特点4）后置定语很常见；）后置定语很常见； The connecting rod, in essence, is a bar or strut with a bearing at each end, whose purpose

49、is to transmit the piston thrust to the crankshaft(机轴机轴 ).5）名词连用名词连用a. computer programming teaching device manual 6）使用复合句与缩略词；）使用复合句与缩略词；7）经常使用长难句；）经常使用长难句； An automobile body is a sheet metal shell with windows, doors, a hood, and a trunk deck built into it. It is quite plausible that it is becaus

50、e of this attitude that the United States continues to lag behind Japan in improving manufacturing productivity. 8）用图标和公式等非语言因素表达思想。）用图标和公式等非语言因素表达思想。9）有时采用日常用语。）有时采用日常用语。 A paradox of manufacturing parts is that the faster the parts are made, the less accurate they are-and vice versa. 1.1. classifi

51、cation of professional papers “research paper”, “course paper”, “thesis paper” or “library paper” A professional paper can never be written in a random format, rather it should be written in a specific one 1) Report Paper The report paper summarizes and reports the findings of author(s) on a particu

52、lar subject 2)Research Paper A research paper can be intelligent, well-informed, interesting, and original in its conclusions. 3) Course Paper a course paper mainly refers to the paper written after a specific course is learned or at the end of the term. 4) Thesis Paper (Dissertation) A thesis paper

53、 is usually written and submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MA/ Master of Engineering or MS (or Ph.D) in a specific discipline. 1.2 General Characteristics of English Academic Writing Style is complex Spoken Whenever Id visited there before, Id ended up feeling tha

54、t it would be futile if I tried to do anything more. Written Every previous visit had left me with a sense of the futility of further action on my part. Spoken Because the technology has improved its less risky than it used to be when you install them at the same time, and it doesnt cost so much eit

55、her. Written Improvements in technology have reduced the risks and high costs associated with simultaneous installation. 2.2 Formality Academic writing is relatively formal. Formal writing doesnt use contractions, or colloquialisms(口语化口语化) and slang. In general this means that in an essay you should

56、 avoid colloquial words and expressions. For instance, you should avoid: colloquial words and expressions: “stuff”, “a lot of”, “thing”, abbreviated forms: “cant”, “doesnt”, “shouldnt”; Contraction Uncontracted phrase isnt is not itll be completed it will be completed theyve they have Slang or collo

57、quial words or phrases okay pretty reliable dead easy really difficult-be no easy task 2.3 Objectivity Written language is in general objective rather than personal. Which is more objective? In general, avoid words like “I”, “me”, “myself”. Dont write: “In my opinion, this is a very interesting stud

58、y.” Write: “This is a very interesting study.” Avoid “you” to refer to the reader or people in general. Dont write: “You can easily forget how different life was 50 years ago. Write: “It is easy to forget how different life was 50 years ago.” More examples: This is where the disagreements and contro

59、versies begin . The data indicates that . This is not a view shared by everyone; Jones, for example, claims that . . very few people would claim . It is worthwhile at this stage to consider . Of course, more concrete evidence is needed before . Several possibilities emerge . A common solution is . 2

60、.4 Explicitness Academic writing is explicit about the relationships in the text if you want to tell your reader that your line of argument is going to change, make it clear. If you think that one sentence gives reasons for something in another sentence, make it explicit. If you think two ideas are al