新世纪大学英语第二版综合教程1课文翻译及答案Unit2

1、一名语言教师的个人看法威尔皮德克罗夫特1    我每天都会在报纸上、公共汽车上看到各种广告，声称轻轻松松就能学好英语。按照这些广告的说法，学生不必费什么力气，要说一口流利的英语只需短短3个月,甚至10天就行。广告还常常提到威廉莎士比亚和查尔斯狄更斯等英语文学大师的名号进一步激励学生。每当看到诸如此类的广告时，我真是哭笑不得。如果学英语真像这些广告所说的那么轻松，我恐怕得另谋出路了，因为不需要那么多合格的英语教师了。但是肯定有许多人相信这些可笑的噱头，不然的话这些广告也不可能出现。2    学生们喜欢实惠的速成学习方

2、法也在情理之中，但要用浅显易懂的语言去解释为什么某一方法比另一方法更有效并不是一件简单的事，而且也无需装模作样地声称有什么人已经找到了一个万能的适合所有学习环境的教学方法。一些专家甚至认为，有多少个好老师就有多少种好的教学方法，因为每一个老师都有其自身的特点。这种说法无疑是有几分道理的，但对学生来说不是很有帮助。3    有很长一段时间，人们认为学好一门语言唯一的方法就是去使用那种语言的国家待上一段时间。当然去英国、美国、或者澳大利亚等国家学英语的学生肯定比那些不能去的学生具有很大优势，但是很多学生支付不起那笔费用。有些学生走向另一极端：他们认为可以借助

3、词典在家自学。如果你认为英语中的每一个词在另一语言中都有完全对等的词，那就错了，反之亦然。通过翻译法来给学生讲解口语的自然形式是不可能的，更不要说做到语音、语调地道了。4    现在大量的教学活动还是建立在行为主义心理学的基础之上。行为主义者热衷于让学生复述短语，不断做一些只需更换句中某个词的练习。假如我们是鹦鹉或黑猩猩，那这些方法或许能奏效，可惜我们不是，这似乎让很多理论家引以为憾，否则他们提出的那些方法用起来就会容易得多了。5    我个人认为，假如没有兴趣，任何人都不可能学好英语或其它任何语言。与鹦鹉或黑猩猩

4、不同，人类不会无缘无故地发出噪音，除非他们明白这些声音是什么意思，并且能将其与自己的生活联系起来。值得牢记的是：语言是一种交际手段，人们在母语中怎么说怎么写，用另一种语言表达时也大同小异。因此，人们所听所读的不应该是程式化的东西，听的读的材料必须真实自然。6    还有一个相关的问题值得一提：在交际时我们需要有交谈或倾听的对象。在学习较生疏的内容时，如果身边的其他学生能和我们在一起学习，一起练习那些陌生的语言形式，用真实的语言去谈论真实的生活，那一定会受益匪浅学会去读书约翰.霍尔特1    在我曾经任教的一个班上，

5、许多孩子学习起来非常吃力，尤其是阅读。因此我决定不惜任何代价消除他们对书籍的恐惧和厌恶心理，让他们能够多读些书，更勇于尝试。2    开学后没多久，有一天我对孩子们说：“我要跟你们说说读书的事，也许还没有哪个老师这样对你们讲过。今年我想要你们读许多书，但是我想要你们只需要为了寻求乐趣而读书，我不会提问题去检查你们读懂了没有。如果你们读懂了一点儿，觉得会喜欢这本书，并愿意把它读完，这就够了。我也不会去考你们词语的意思。”3    “最后，”我继续说道，“你们不要觉得读一本书就得把它读完。先读三、四十页，看看故事情节如

6、何发展。如果你不喜欢书中人物，或者对他们的经历不感兴趣，只管合上书，放到一边，去读另一本。你们读的书是难还是容易、篇幅长还是篇幅短，我都不在意，只要你们喜欢就行。另外，我会写信把我的意思告诉你们的家长，好让他们知道没有必要在家里查问或检查你们的读书情况。”4    孩子们都愣住了，坐着不出声。这真的是老师在说话吗？其中一个女孩，因为功课不好最近才转学到我们学校来，后来我发现她非常有趣、活泼、聪明，在我所有的学生中都算突出的。我讲完后，她盯住我看了很久。然后，她继续看着我，缓慢而严肃地问：“霍尔特先生，你说的话是真的吗？”我也同样严肃地回答：“真的，一点不

7、假。”5    显然，她打算照我说的办。她读的第一本书是瑟斯博士写的格林奇偷走圣诞节，这本书对大多数三年级的学生都不算难，更不要说这个年级的孩子了。有一阵子，她读的都是这个难易度的书。也许她是在消除对阅读的一些困惑，而以前她没时间去做，因为老师总是催促她看这个年级“该看的书”。她在这个班上学习了大概六周后，我们成了好朋友。我试探地向她建议：既然她喜欢马，而且骑马的水平还不错，她可以读一读玉女神驹。我尽可能委婉地提出这个建议。我只告诉她那是一个关于一个热爱马并常常骑马的女孩的故事；如果她不喜欢读，她可以放回去。她去读了，也许她觉得这本书比她先前读的书要难点

8、，但是她读完了，而且挺喜欢。6    春季的那一学期，她的表现可真的让我吃惊了。一天，在我们的自习课上我看到她坐在课桌前看书。我瞥了一眼书中的插图就知道这是一本什么书了。我心想：“不可能吧。”我走过去仔细一看，她果然在读白鲸，是配有罗克威尔肯特木刻画的那个版本。我走近她的课桌，这时她抬起头来。我问她：“你真的在看这本书吗？”她说，是的。我又问：“你喜欢这本书吗？”“嗯，是的。这本书很好。”她答道。“你不觉得有些地方很难吗？”我又问道。“有啊，不过，看不懂就跳过去，挑有意思的地方看。”她这样回答。7    真正的阅读

9、就该如此。但是上学时，阅读不见得总是有趣或让人喜欢。拿上一本书，钻进去，读有趣的部分，跳过不好的部分，尽可能从书中得到点收获，然后再去读其它书。为什么非要让每个孩子读一样的书，作出同样没有意义的“理解”呢?Listen and RespondTask One Focusing on the Main IdeasChoose the best answer to complete each of the following sentences according to the information contained in the listening passage. 1) In this m

10、onologue Alberto tells us that _.A) he is interested in language researchB) he is good at Chinese and GermanC) he has a degree in political scienceD) he wants to be a language teacher 2) According to Alberto, he is not very good at _ in learning foreignlanguages.A) verb tenses B) reading speedC

11、) speaking D) spelling 3) To learn a foreign language well, Alberto strongly emphasizes _.A) watching TV in that languageB) reading extensively in that languageC) communicating with native speakersD) reading about the culture of that language 4) In this monologue Alberto talks about all of

12、 the following EXCEPT_.A) why he likes to learn foreign languagesB) when he first started learning a new languageC) why learning foreign languages is necessaryD) some helpful ways he finds in learning a new language 5) One of the reasons why Alberto learns multiple languages is that _.A) he has

13、 a natural talent in learning languagesB) he can study political science in greater depthC) he is attracted by the beauty of different languagesD) he can broaden his mind by knowing more languages Task Two Zooming In on the DetailsListen to the recording again and fill in each of the blanks acc

14、ording to what you have heard.1) Alberto has started learning English, French , Portuguese and Italian, and he would also love to learn Chinese and German in the near future. 2) Alberto is confident that with time and practice he can overcome the difficulties he encounters in learning new langu

15、ages. 3) According to Alberto, learning a new language besides ones mother tongue can be useful, especially in a world where distances are shortened and people from different countries communicate with each other more frequently . 4) He recommends(推荐)three good ways of language learning. T

16、hey are:a. read a lot ;b. watch a lot of television in that language; andc. listen to CDs . 5) He also mentions three other things that are helpful for learning a language.They are:a. good dictionaries ;b. vocabulary books; andc. the Internet . 6) Finally Alberto says learning a language m

17、ight seem a little difficult at first , or even strange, but one will get used to it. Though the learning process is long and it never ends, it is also highly enjoyable . Related InformationTask One Discovering the Main Ideas1 Answer the following questions with the information contained in Tex

18、t A.1) According to Will Pidcroft, the writer of this text, can English be mastered within a very short period of time? Does he provide any evidence to support his view?No, Will Pidcroft doesnt think that English can be mastered within a short period of time. He says that in fact English is not that

19、 easy to learn; otherwise, he wouldnt be working as an English teacher any more as there would be far less demand for trained English teachers. 2) Does he support the idea that a language is best learned where it is spoken?Yes, he does. 3) What is the belief held by behaviorists in terms o

20、f language learning?Behaviorists believe that language learning is a kind of habit formation. So they are fond of making students repeat phrases and do exercises where they continually have to change one word in a sentence. They assume that people learn things very much like parrots and chimpanzees.

21、 4) What does Pidcroft say about ones interest in language learning?Pidcroft thinks that interest is a very important factor in language learning. No one can ever learn to speak English or any other language unless he or she is interested in it. 5) What distinguishes human beings from parr

22、ots and chimpanzees according to Pidcroft?Parrots and chimpanzees make noises that are meaningless while the speech sounds human beings make are meaningful and they can relate them to their own lives. In other words, human beings use language to communicate. 2 Write down the main idea of each p

23、aragraph in the space provided1) Para. 1:Advertisements often give the false impression that learning English is easy and does not need much effort. 2) Para. 2:There is no such thing as a good method that suits all students in every situation. 3) Para. 3:People used to believe that the onl

24、y way to learn a language was to spend a lot of time in a country where it was spoken. The other extreme is that some think that they can learn a foreign language at home relying solely on dictionaries. 4) Para. 4:Teaching methods based on the behaviourist theory may not work, as human beings a

25、re not parrots or chimpanzees.  5) Para. 5:Interest is the key to learning a language, which is a means of communication. 6) Para. 6:To learn a language well, it is important that we have other people to talk to and listen to. Task Two Reading Between the Lines1 Read the following sta

26、tements and then decide whether each of them is true or false based on the information in the text. Write T for True and F for False in the space provided before each  statement.1) T In order to catch the attention of potential learners, advertisements usually exaggerate(夸大)the fast pace and gr

27、eat ease of learning English. 2) T To be able to read the original works by great writers can be a motivation for people to learn the language of those great writers. 3) F People dont believe what advertisements say about language learning at all.(Lots of people must believe what advertise

28、ments say; otherwise, the advertisements would no longer exist.) 4) T Each individual teacher may have his or her unique way ofteaching a language. 5) F The only way to learn a language well is to go and live in acountry where it is spoken.(Living in a country where the target language is

29、spoken has advantages over many other methods.) 6) F Learning a language is just like how a parrot imitates a humanbeing.(Language learning must be meaningful. A parrot, however, makes meaningless noises by imitating human beings.) 2 Read the following sentences carefully and discuss in pa

30、irs what the author intends to say by the italicized parts.1) But it is difficult for anyone to explain in simple language why one method is better than another, and it is no use pretending that anyone has discovered a perfect way of teaching English in every possible situation. (Para. 2)There is no

31、 such thing as the best way of teaching English which suits all situations. 2) A large number of theorists seem to think it is a pity we arent, because it would make it easier to use their methods. (Para. 4)Many behaviorist theorists wish that human beings were just like parrots or chimpanzees,

32、 so that they could use their methods of teaching on human beings with ease. 3) Human beings, unlike parrots and chimpanzees, do not like making noises unless they understand what the noises mean and can relate them to their own lives. (Para. 5)Human beings are not like animals. When they talk,

33、 they make speech sounds that are meaningful and relevant to their lives. Task Three Voicing Your Views1)2) Is Chinese as difficult for a foreigner to learn as English is for a Chinese? Give reasons to support your view.Yes. Chinese is as difficult for a foreigner to learn as English is for a C

34、hinese. But for learners of a foreign language that belongs to the same language family as their mother tongue, some aspects may seem easier. But overall, all languages are equally difficult (or equally easy) to learn. 3) Do you think motivation is a very important factor in learning a foreignl

35、anguage? Are you highly motivated to learn English? Why or why not?Yes, it is. Motivation is always an important factor in learning a foreign language.Teachers may ask students to select some students in their class who are verygood in English and ask them to discuss if these students are motivated

36、or not inlearning English. Teachers may guide students to list all kinds of motivations intotwo general types: instrumental motivation and integrative motivation. 4) Do you believe what advertisements say about the fast pace and great easeof learning a foreign language? Why or why not? Che

37、cking Your VocabularyWord Detective1 Play detective and find the required word in Text B according to the clues given. Then, make at least two sentences with each of the words you have found. The number of the paragraph in which the target word appears is given in brackets.1) A verb meaning “to be w

38、orried, anxious, or concerned about sb. or sth.”: (Para. 3)Write down the target word here: carea. When her cat died, Mary did not seem to care at all.b. The only thing he cares about is money. That is why I dont like him. 2) A verb meaning “to fill with great surprise and perhaps disbelief”: (

39、Para. 6)Write down the target word here: astonisha. He was astonished to learn that he had won the first prize.b. My parents looked astonished when I told them the news. 3) A noun meaning “a journey, experience, etc. that is strange, exciting andoften dangerous”: (Para. 7)Write down the target

40、word here: adventurea. He spent almost two hours talking about his adventures in the Himalayas.b. We were all stunned by his adventures in the forest. 4) A noun meaning “the state of being mixed up or mistaken”: (Para. 5)Write down the target word here: confusiona. Theres still confusion about

41、the number of people who got killed in theaccident.b. There was some confusion as to whether we had won or lost the game. 5) A noun meaning “a quick look at or an incomplete view of sb. / sth.”: (Para. 6)Write down the target word here: glimpsea. To catch a glimpse of their movie star, some of

42、the fans had waited 24hours outside the hotel before he showed up.b. I just caught a glimpse of the thief, so I cant really describe him now. 6) A noun meaning “a drawing or picture in a book, magazine, etc.especially one that explains sth.”: (Para. 6)Write down the target word here: illustrati

43、ona. She looked like a princess in a nineteenth-century illustration.b. As far as this book is concerned, the illustrations are better than the text itself. 7) A noun meaning “a number of copies of a book, newspaper, magazine, etc. that are produced and printed at one time”: (Para. 6)Write down

44、 the target word here: editiona. In his library he keeps some valuable first editions of well-known authors.b. The last edition of the newspaper comes out at midnight. 8) An adjective meaning “having or showing powers of learning, reasoning,or understanding, esp. to a high degree”: (Para. 4)Wri

45、te down the target word here: intelligenta. It is such an enjoyable experience to teach those intelligent boys and girls.b. He has read a lot and can ask intelligent questions and put forwardintelligent suggestions. 2 Rewrite each of the following sentences with a phrase that appears in Text B.

46、 Focus on the italicized parts. The number of the paragraph in which the target phrase appears is given in bracket.1) When I started learning English, I had some difficulty in pronouncing such sounds as /æ/ and /ai/. (Para. 1)When I started learning English, I had some trouble with such sounds

47、as /æ/ and /ai/. 2) We must protect our environment from pollution(污染)no matter what we have to do. (Para. 1)We must protect our environment from pollution at all costs. 3) Im glad that Ive finally freed myself from that annoying fellow. (Para. 1)Im glad to rid myself of that annoying

48、 fellow. 4) Youd better do it now, or you will feel sorry. Im serious about what I say. (Para. 4)Youd better do it now, or you will feel sorry. I mean every word of it. 5) Im assuming that the misunderstanding will be settled and an explanation will be given. (Para. 5)Im assuming that the

49、misunderstanding will be cleared up.  6) I said that he would be late for class, and as had been exactly expected, he did come to class 10 minutes late. (Para. 6)I said that he would be late for class, and sure enough he did come to class 10 minutes late. 7) As soon as he got hold of a boo

50、k about personality development, he started reading it keenly and whole-heartedly. (Para. 7)As soon as he got hold of a book about personality development, he dived into it. Checking Your Comprehension1 Answer the following questions with the information contained in Text B.1) Which grade were

51、the children in when John Holt was teaching them?No exact information is given in the text. The children must be at least fourth graders according to the clue in Para. 5 (not a hard book even for most third graders). 2) How many books are mentioned in the text? Arrange all the booksmentioned in

52、 the text according to their range of difficulty. Start withthe easiest one.Three.How the Grinch Stole Christmas National Velvet Moby Dick 3) Based on the information provided in the text, summarize what theteachers before John Holt might have said and done about reading andwhat John Holt actua

53、lly said and did about reading in his class. Writedown your answers in the space provided.What other teachers may haveWhat other teachers may have said and done about readinga. They might have emphasized understanding rather than reading for pleasure.b. They might have asked students questions to ch

54、eck if they understood the book they were reading or had read the book at all.c. They might have asked students to dig out every bit of meaning from what they were reading.d. They might have told students that once they started a book, they should finish reading it.e. They might have asked parents t

55、o check their childrens reading.f. They might have pushed students to read something equivalent to their level, which the students might find difficult to do.What John Holt said and did about readinga.     He encouraged students to read a lot, and read for pleasure.b.  

56、   He said that he would not check to see if the students understood the book they were reading.c.     He said that students could drop whatever they were reading if they were not interested.d.     He allowed students to make a choice as to what they

57、 should read.e.     He did not ask parents to check their childrens reading.f.      He allowed students to read what they were interested in and skip what they didnt like.g.     He said that students could start at a lower level and pr

58、ogress to a higher level at their own pace. 2 Give at least three suitable words to describe the feelings of the children when they heard what John Holt said about reading. Put the words in the space provided. 3 Write a short paragraph describing how the girl followed John Holts advice.The

59、 young girl mentioned in the text had had a hard time in her previous school and had recently moved to the school where John Holt was teaching. At John Holts suggestion, she started reading easier books like How the Grinch Stole Christmas and continued reading books on a similar level for a while. T

60、hen, following John Holts advice, she started reading a more difficult one, National Velvet. Very soon, to John Holts amazement, she was reading Moby Dick and she enjoyed it very much. Enhance Your Language AwarenessWords in ActionWorking with Words and Expressions1 2 In the box below are some of the words you have learned in this unit. Complete the following senten