工程硕士论文选题及写作指导

1、2021-11-8yao zheng - lecture-11工程硕士论文选题及写作指导2021-11-8yao zheng - lecture-12纲要w研究选题w论文写作与文献综述w总体情况介绍2021-11-8yao zheng - lecture-13“研究”是什么w美国应用语言学家hatch与farhady给“研究”所下的定义是：n“用有系统的方法与步骤，找出问题的答案”n“a systematic approach to finding answers to questions”w“研究”与“问题”(questions)息息相关w运用一套有系统的方法和步骤(systematic a

2、pproach) w提出解决问题的答案(answer) 2021-11-8yao zheng - lecture-14研究类别 w研究的类别指的是研究问题本身的属性n1、重做（redo）w将别人的研究成果，试试看可否适用于其它的条件或环境，着重在实验的设计与验证工作上n2、实现w将研究成果（也许是别人所发展的成果）具体化成为可用的商品，强调的是产品的开发或工艺的改良与优化 n3、解决问题 w针对某一问题提出自已的解决方法，而这些问题也多半是已存在且具有相当的重要性w通常不鼓励学生自己提出新问题2021-11-8yao zheng - lecture-15研究 vs. 论文w研究的最终目的在成果

3、发表研究的最终目的在成果发表w完成研究成果的发表，才算研究历程完成研究成果的发表，才算研究历程的完整终结的完整终结工程硕士的研究和论文工作必须在给定期限内完成！!2021-11-8yao zheng - lecture-16关于项目的初步讨论w项目：是为完成某一独特产品或服务所作的一次性努力，它一般要涉及一些人员，并通过他们的活动，按时、按照要求用最少的成本完成项目需求n独特性、一次性、渐进且详细n项目例子：项目例子：质押监管系统质押监管系统w从项目中提炼研究从项目中提炼研究“课题课题”，将课题研究，将课题研究工作当作工作当作“项目项目”来推进来推进n课题例子：课题例子：1 1）质押监管业务软

4、件系统分析与质押监管业务软件系统分析与设计；设计；2 2）质押监管系统中的元数据应用）质押监管系统中的元数据应用2021-11-8yao zheng - lecture-17研究选题w选题是论文工作中最重要最困难最重要最困难的部分n选题必须是自己愿意倾注热情的n选题应当是适时的n最困难的是如何将问题消减至可解决的水平，同时规模又足以做一篇论文必须在你所知不多没有足够自信时就完成！2021-11-8yao zheng - lecture-18选题应服务于某个目标！w想致富n还是创业吧!w想变得更聪明n如果你还不聪明，请离开这个教室!n抱歉！只是开个玩笑 w想出名n是吗，哪位？w非常有用n选题的目

5、标不是拯救世界！选题的唯一唯一目标就是完成一篇论文2021-11-8yao zheng - lecture-19选题要旨w选题是一个渐进的过程，不是一个离散的事件，会持续到你宣布论文已经完成那一刻为止n不可能是 “先完成文献综述，然后开始研究”w“大题小做”是常见毛病n如 “客户关系管理研究”、“软件过程改进研究”，题目太大太虚了w“小题大做”需要不断的缩小题目的范围n如果目标的结构庞大，那么最核心的部件是什么，如何最大程度的了解核心部件？w这个过程实际上就是发展个人的独立思考能力的过程即研究素质培养研究素质培养！2021-11-8yao zheng - lecture-110研究题目的来源w

6、你自己的工作！w硕士论文和博士论文n论文的“将来的工作”部分，是很好的论文题目来源w学术和专业期刊上的文章w书籍和书评w与领域专家的交流w与研究成果潜在用户的交流w2021-11-8yao zheng - lecture-111选题的其他考虑w一个重要的因素是你可以忍受多大程度的风险。在最终的成功和风险之间需要权衡n好的选题有一个中心部分，你确信肯定可以完成，并且你和你的导师都同意这已经满足毕业要求了w选好题后，即使有点虚，你也必须能够回答下列问题：论文的论点是什么？你想说明什么？n一定要能够用简单的语言解释每一部分的理论和实现是如何为目标服务的n必须与导师就论文完成的标准达成清晰的一致意见2

7、021-11-8yao zheng - lecture-112不断发展选题思路w每周进行一次调查，利用internet或者图书馆寻找相关领域相关的论文或报告，选择性、批判性的阅读w要注意避免的方面：不要愚蠢的认为在你开始研究前应当读完所有的文献，而应该选择性的阅读。一开始从经典的文章（询问你的老师或者同学从而得到一些最有用的杂志和会议）和最近几年的杂志和会议开始w记住最初的想法和最后的论文题目会有很大差距记住最初的想法和最后的论文题目会有很大差距。如果你保持主动的读和听，需要的时候可以很容易的产生替代的主题2021-11-8yao zheng - lecture-113研究的基本功n如果抄袭一

8、个人的作品，那是剽窃；如果抄袭十个人的作品，那是做研究工作；如果抄袭一百个人的作品那就成为学者美国参议员葛伦n第一种人好比”蜘蛛结网”，其材料不是从外面找来的，而是从肚子吐出来的；第二种人好比”蚂蚁囤粮”，他们只是将外面的东西，一一搬回储藏起来，并不加以加工改造；第三种人好比”蜜蜂酿蜜”，他们采摄百花的精华，加上一番酿造的功夫，做成了又香又甜的糖蜜英国哲学家培根2021-11-8yao zheng - lecture-114研究工作推进w运用项目管理思想来推进研究工作n迭代式生命周期贯穿了阅读、思考、写作和探索开发等活动需要找到平衡w不断“升级”你的n问题描述n目标n方法n研究内容的一分钟版本

9、 (电梯原则) n研究内容的五分钟版本2021-11-8yao zheng - lecture-115学位论文 w学位论文是研究生从事科研工作取得的创造性成果或新的见解w格式规范（硕士论文要求3万字以上）n中文封面n学位论文独创性声明及使用授权说明n中文摘要nabstractn目录n插图和附表清单（必要时）n符号说明（必要时）n正文n参考文献n附录（必要时）n致谢n个人简历 在学期间发表的论文与研究成果2021-11-8yao zheng - lecture-116学位论文正文w正文是学位论文的主体和核心部分，包括：n绪论（第一章，即文献综述文献综述）w概述研究意义、目的、范围；国内外进展情况

10、、前人成果；本人设想、研究方法概述；论文安排w基本理论介绍现有的基本理论n各具体章节（60）w核心本部分是论文作者的研究内容：论文观点的理论分析（基本理论可放在综述部分）；系统方案及结果；本人的论点及讨论等n结论和展望（最后1章）w是学位论文最终和总体的结论，应明确、精练、完整、准确。着重阐述作者的独创性工作及所取得的研究成果在本领域的地位、作用和意义，并进一步提出需要讨论的问题和建议。2021-11-8yao zheng - lecture-117学位论文标题w言简意赅。不要超过15个字，可加副标题w避免太空洞、太广泛、太笼统的标题n“图像编码研究”题目太泛“基于walsh-hadanard

11、变换的图像编码研究”更好w少用问题型标题，通常采用非立论式标题n表明了论文作者研究的问题或论述的范围，但没有表达出作者的基本观点和见解n结构形式：一个短语或带定语的名词，如关于的研究、的探讨、的分析等等w尽量少用非标准化的缩略语2021-11-8yao zheng - lecture-118撰写论文注意事项w学位论文应愈早进行愈好w一致性与条理性w维持适当句长与段落w减少修饰，少用成语w不用第一人称w善用标点符号w引用原文要妥适w千万不要认为论文必须从第1页开始写到最后，重要的是立即着手开始写点什么2021-11-8yao zheng - lecture-119文献综述wa literatur

12、e review is an evaluative critique that summarizes and synthesizes the arguments and ideas of others, and also paves the way for future researchwexpected postgraduate literature review:nwho said what, when, why important, and what you think should be done about it!2021-11-8yao zheng - lecture-120文献综

13、述与研究/论文的关系w查找文献资料、撰写文献综述是研究选题与论文写作的第一步，是从事研究工作必备的基本素质w文献综述为正式写作学位论文奠定基础，是学位论文的重要组成部分nthe important idea to convey is that you really understand what others in your field have accomplished and how your work differs from the works of othersw只要你的文献综述起到了帮助你写学位论文的作用，它的历史使命也就完成了2021-11-8yao zheng - lectur

14、e-121从哪里开始？wthe first steps in writing a literature review are to clearly define your topic and decide on the main concepts.wnext, you need to compile a list of keywords and synonyms to base your initial literature searches on. nliterature reviews depend upon extensive literature searching2021-11-8y

15、ao zheng - lecture-122文献检索识别感兴趣的选题产生相关的问题明确未解决的问题发现或开发解决方案文献检索文档化结果2021-11-8yao zheng - lecture-123文献的类型wgood literature reviews draw on and evaluate a range of different types of reputable sourcesn零次文献w是未经发表和有意识处理的最原始的资料n一次文献（也称一级文献）w是人们直接以自己的生产、科研、社会活动等实践经验为依据生产出来的文献。如期刊论文、专利、科技报告、会议录、学位论文、标准等n二次文

16、献（也称二级文献）w二次文献是对一次文献进行加工、整理后的产物，主要用于管理和利用一次文献，如各种书目、索引、题录、文摘等，为读者查找文献资料提供路径n三次文献（也称三级文献）w是指利用二次文献，选用一次文献的内容而编纂出的成果，如图书、词典、手册、年鉴、百科全书、综述、评论、进展等2021-11-8yao zheng - lecture-124文献的宝库w图书馆图书馆w计算机检索文献数据库计算机检索文献数据库wevery researcher needs to become familiar with the use of the libraries available to them an

17、d to make good use of the information available on the internet2021-11-8yao zheng - lecture-125陌生领域的文献搜集wif you are unfamiliar with your assigned topic, dont begin your search looking for research articles in bibliographic databasenresearch articles often have a very narrow focus and may not provide

18、 enough background information for you to be comfortable with the topicnin addition, there may be hundreds of articles that fall under your topic, making it difficult to decide how to focus your search2021-11-8yao zheng - lecture-126信息生命周期一次/二次文献三次文献零次/一次文献2021-11-8yao zheng - lecture-127从二次文献和三次文献开

19、始w从二次文献和三次文献开始查起ninvesting 20 or 30 minutes reviewing background information on your topic may dramatically reduce the time you spend searching databasesnthey often include bibliographies of classic or important articles on the topicw最后，再查阅一次文献 neffective searching is usually a matter of finding the

20、 right combination of search terms2021-11-8yao zheng - lecture-128关于零次文献 w零次文献示例n*使用技巧集锦 http:/www.*.com 作者：老怪(laoguai)点击：2333次n这些文献属于未经权威部门认可的“零次文献”，其科学性完全要靠读者自行判断n有的学位论文参考文献不少是http:/www，使人很难判断你所引用的文献水平有多高n除非特别必要，一般不宜以这样的文献作为参考文献w没有一次文献支持的学位论文，其科学性是非常值得怀疑的2021-11-8yao zheng - lecture-129using searc

21、h engineswgood when have specific questions, e.g.nwhat research are ibm doing in ubiquitous computing?nwhat papers has professor blah blah from the university of dilly dally published recently?wbut.nno search engine covers the whole of the webwgoogle is the bestnsearch engines will not retrieve arti

22、cles held within on-line databases2021-11-8yao zheng - lecture-130wreliable: what are the authors credentials ? is the publication accredited ?wvalid: is the information up to date or is it outdated ?waccurate: is the information presented objectively ? check for supporting evidence of claims e.g. r

23、eferences. be wary of misquotes or misrepresentationswauthoritative: check for information on the author & the publication is it academic or popular ?wtimely: check publication dates. is the information current ?wbiased: does the work consider all viewpoints and use material from many and varied

24、 sources, or is it narrow, unbalanced and biased ?文献鉴别2021-11-8yao zheng - lecture-131文献阅读w1st pass:nskim read for relevancew2nd pass:nread for information (content). annotate and highlight as you read. write a summary for each workw3rd nth pass:nread critically and with increasing attention to deta

25、il. read with specific questions in mind. record what you are learning in memos. analyze your memos (e.g. search for common themes/trends/issues)2021-11-8yao zheng - lecture-132成为一名主动的读者和听众wtitle-abstract-introduction-conclusionstitle-abstract-introduction-conclusions在掌握所有细节之前，浏览整个文章，尽量找到那些关键点。如果还觉得

26、它是有关和值得的，就回去继续看跳过你已经知道的部分（比如背景和动机）w总结所读的每个主题（在读完几篇相关文献后）关键问题所描述问题的不同表达形式 不同方法之间的关系 替代的方法 w用笔记录自己读过和听过的东西自己的思考（speculations）、感兴趣的难题、可能的解决方法、要查看的参考书目、笔记、文章的概要，有趣的印证阶段性的复习可以发现这些思想是不是开始收敛2021-11-8yao zheng - lecture-133由量变到质变w对于初次进入一个领域的新手，必须阅读大量的文献，才能把握本领域的动态和方向w对新手而言，应当重视阅读文献的数量，积累多了，自然就由量变发展为质变了n每个作者

27、的研究方法多少有所区别，读得多了，渐渐就会比较出研究方法的优点和缺点，对自己今后的研究大有裨益2021-11-8yao zheng - lecture-134常见错误1. carrying out a hurried review of the literature in order to get started on the research project. 2. relying too heavily upon secondary sources.3. over-relying on internet sources or accepting them uncritically.4. c

28、oncentrating on the findings when reading research articles, and overlooking valuable information about methods, measures, and so forth5. failing to define satisfactorily the topic limits of the review of the literature2021-11-8yao zheng - lecture-135organizing the literature wthe large amount of li

29、terature that you need to report on can be better handled if it is well organized. whowever, at the graduate level it is not sufficient to simply summarize all that has been said. student writers need to demonstrate some authority within the field: nthe summarizing approachnthe authoritative approac

30、h2021-11-8yao zheng - lecture-136the summary approach woften the first attempt at writing a literature review a tendency to contain paragraphs, each devoted to one particular reading, but all of which often constitute little more than a list of summaries from texts that have been read. a tendency no

31、t to interpret any of the material that has been read. very often confidence in ones own point of view or existing knowledge is undermined by the experience of reading what the experts have to say. there is a tendency to factor out any personal perceptions about the material, and to avoid any questi

32、oning of expert knowledge2021-11-8yao zheng - lecture-137a summary approach: unlinked, unintegrated summaries of research2021-11-8yao zheng - lecture-138improving on a summary approach2021-11-8yao zheng - lecture-139the authoritative approach wto take an authoritative approach to what the experts ar

33、e saying requires taking what you already understand of the field from your readings as a framework and addressing those readings in the context of your own new found knowledge. wto write with authority you need to be able to look at not just at what the authors are saying but how they are saying it

34、. ntake a stance where knowledge becomes a product of contrast and values the knowledge-maker as an individual with a critical perspective 2021-11-8yao zheng - lecture-140a model of the authoritative approach for a literature review2021-11-8yao zheng - lecture-141the basic elements of the literature

35、 revieww1. introduction: introduces and defines the topic or theme of the review. establishes the writers reasons for reviewing the literaturew2. body: contains your discussion of sources. can be organized eithernchronologically - according to when the material was publishednthematically- according

36、to a particular topic or issuenmethodologically - according to the methods of the researcher or writernor any structure that is logical and fits the content wgeographically, by findings, .w3. conclusions & recommendations: summary of the research opportunities and objectives that emerge from the

37、 review2021-11-8yao zheng - lecture-142chronologicalwby publication norder your sources by publication chronology, then, only if the order demonstrates a more important trend wby trend na better way to organize the above sources chronologically is to examine the sources under another trend, such as

38、the history of research. then your review would have subsections according to eras within this period2021-11-8yao zheng - lecture-143thematic worganized around a topic or issuenprogression of time may still be an important factor wthe only difference here between a “chronological” and a “thematic” a

39、pproach is what is emphasized the most: the development of the topic or certain specific technology of the topicwbut more authentic thematic reviews tend to break away from chronological orderna review organized in this manner would shift between time periods within each section according to the poi

40、nt made. 2021-11-8yao zheng - lecture-144methodologicalwfocuses on the “methods” of the researcher or writerndoes not have to do with the content of the materialwa methodological scope will influence either the types of documents in the review or the way in which these documents are discussednhave t

41、hey used qualitative or quantitative research methods?nhave they used surveys/questionnaires, interviews etc?nhave they used observations?nhave they themselves reviewed the field and made classifications which will help you?2021-11-8yao zheng - lecture-145geographicallywa rather simplistic classific

42、ation on its ownnhave scholars in your field focused on situations overseas (us, uk etc) or australia wide etc?n*remember when describing research to always mention where it was done so that the reader knows the context.wonce youe decided on the organizational method for the body of the review, the

43、sections you need to include in the review should be easy to figure out. they should arise out of your organizational strategy. na chronological review would have subsections for each vital time period. na thematic review would have subtopics based upon factors that relate to the theme or issuen2021

44、-11-8yao zheng - lecture-146文献综述举例w文献综述是 “绪论”的重要组成部分n学位论文的第1章n从本质上说，第1章是作者文献工作的成果。也就是说，第1章也是研究，不研究完不成第1章的写作w“绪论”目的：一要写好研究背景和意义,二要写好课题的历史和现状,三要说明论文的主要研究内容w常用的绪论章节标题举例n(1) 研究背景与意义n(2) 本课题的历史与现状n(3) 本文主要研究内容文献综述2021-11-8yao zheng - lecture-147文献综述举例（2）w第1节要突出“背景”与“意义”，内容全面、不丢不漏，分析科学、准确n(1) 极大多数学生会按惯例，特

45、别是按文献上的做法，在叙述之中，反映出想要说的“背景”与“意义”n(2) 用归纳式的语言，一条一条数“背景”和“意义”，体现论文的总结能力和归纳能力w第2节要突出本课题的研究进展，以及当前的科学和技术水平n有些论文此处的标题是“本课题的研究进展”n围绕历史与现状，突出进展与水平，是这一节的基本写法w切勿在综述最后加这一句：“到目前为止，关于这个问题，国内（国外）很少有人研究”2021-11-8yao zheng - lecture-148纲要w研究选题w论文写作与文献综述w总体情况介绍2021-11-8yao zheng - lecture-149论文工作大事件w2004-3-20 第一次学位论文选题报告会及导师见面会 w2004-4-4 “软件工程硕士研究与论文指导”沙龙 w2004-5-22 “信息技术与行业应用”征文报告及学术交流w2