教育程度与被召入伍课件

1、Chapter 15The Elaboration ModelChapter OutlineIntroductionThe Origins of the Elaboration ModelThe Elaboration ParadigmElaboration and Ex Post Facto HypothesizingElaboration modelA logical model for understanding the relationship between two variables by controlling for the effects of a third.The Ori

2、gins of the Elaboration ModelPaul Lazarsfeld and Patricia Kendall used the logic of the elaboration model to present hypothetical tables regarding Samuel Stouffers work regarding education and acceptance in the army.The Elaboration ParadigmA relationship is observed to exist between two variables.A

3、third variable is held constant in the sense that the cases are subdivided according to the attributes of that third variable.The Elaboration ParadigmThe original two-variable relationship is recomputed within each of the subgroups.The comparison of the original relationship with the relationships f

4、ound within each subgroup provides a fuller understanding of the original relationship itself.Test/Control variableA variable that is held constant in an attempt to clarify further the relationship between two other variables.1 教育程度與被召入伍我被召入伍是否我被召入伍是否公平？公平？高教育高教育低教育低教育公平公平88%70%不公平不公平12%30%100%(1761

5、)100%(1876)2 教育程度與朋友已經被徵召朋友是否已被徵召？高教育低教育否19%79%是81%21%100%(1761)100%(1876)3 朋友已被召與公平認定我被徵召是否公平？我被徵召是否公平？朋友是否己被徵召？朋友是否己被徵召？否否 是是公平公平63%94%不公平不公平37%6%100%(1761)100%(1876)4. 3 way table我被召是我被召是否公平？否公平？有朋友被徵召有朋友被徵召高教育高教育 低教育低教育沒有朋友徵召沒有朋友徵召 高教育高教育 低教育低教育公平公平94 %95 %63%63 %不公平不公平653737 樣本數樣本數1426392335148

6、4Intervening Test VariableAntecedent Test VariableQuestionWhich of the following is a variable that is held constant in an attempt to clarify the relationship between two other variables?a coding schemea causal relationshipa test variableA.none of these choicesAnswer: CA test variable is a variable

7、that is held constant in an attempt to clarify the relationship between two other variables.Partial RelationshipIn the elaboration model, this the relationship between two variables when examined in a subset of cases defined by a third variable.Zero-order RelationshipIn the elaboration model, this i

8、s the original relationship between two variables, with no test variables controlled for.ReplicationA technical term used in connection with the elaboration model, referring to the elaboration outcome in which the initially observed relationship between two variables persists when a control variable

9、 is held constant, thereby supporting the idea that the original relationship is genuine.The Elaboration Paradigm淨關連-與簡單關連相較測試(控制)變項 先行先行 介中介中關係仍在複製複製；加入控制項後，先前關係仍被複製出來。顯著地弱化或甚至消失解釋解釋：測試項解釋了自變與依變詮釋詮釋：詮釋自依關係存在的機制半存(split)特定化特定化：自依關係在某些次樣本中存在；但不見於其他次樣本ExplanationAn elaboration model outcome in which t

10、he original relationship between two variables is revealed to have been spurious, because the relationship disappears when an intervening test variable is introduced.The Facts of Life about Storks and BabiesInterpretationA technical term used in connection with the elaboration model. It represents t

11、he research outcome in which a control variable is discovered to be the mediating factor through which an independent variable has its effect on a dependent variable.SpecificationA technical term used in connection with the elaboration model, representing the elaboration outcome in which an initiall

12、y observed relationship between two variables is replicated among some subgroups created by the control variable but not among others. 1、社會階級與宗教參與宗教參與程度社會階級 0 1 2 3 4 最低 最高平均參與率.63.58.49.48.452、社會階級與是否有公職社會階級 0 1 2 3 4 最低 最高擁有公職的%46475460833、社階、公職與宗教參與有否公職？平均宗教參與率社會階級 0 1 2 3 4 最低 最高有.46.53.46.46.46

13、沒有.62.55.47.46.40Question_ is a technical term used in connection with the elaboration model, referring to the elaboration outcome in which the initially observed relationship between two variables persists when a control variable is held constant.explanationreplicationmultiplicationA.none of these

14、choicesAnswer: BReplication is a technical term used in connection with the elaboration model, referring to the elaboration outcome in which the initially observed relationship between two variables persists when a control variable is held constant.Question _represents the elaboration outcome in whi

15、ch an initially observed relationship is replicated among some subgroups created by the control variable but not among others.multivariationinterpretationspecificationA.explanationAnswer: CSpecification represents the elaboration outcome in which an initially observed relationship is replicated amon

16、g some subgroups created by the control variable but not among others.Suppressor VariableIn the elaboration model, a test variable that prevents a genuine relationship from appearing at the zero-order level.1 工會資歷與對猶態度低於四年低於四年高於四年高於四年不在意猶太人是否為工會職員49.2%50.5%樣本數1262562 工會資歷與對猶態度(+年紀)不在意猶太人是否為工會職員工會資歷工

17、會資歷 低於四年低於四年 高於四年高於四年青年56.4%(78)62.7 %(51)中年 37.1 %(35)48.3 %(116)老年38.4 %(13)56.1 %(89)Distorter VariableIn the elaboration model, a test variable that reverses the direction of a zero-order relationship.淨係數也可能大於簡單係數，或甚至與簡單關係的方向剛好相反1 階級對公民權的態度公民意識公民意識中產勞工高高37%45 %低低63 %55 %樣本數1201202 階級與公民權意識公公民民意意

18、識識社會階級社會階級黑人黑人白人白人中階中階勞工勞工中階中階勞工勞工高高70%50 %30 %20 %低低30 %50 %70 %80 %樣本數樣本數2010010020Ex post facto HypothesisA hypothesis created after confirming data have already been collected. It is a meaningless construct because there is no way for it to be disconfirmed.Quick Quiz1. Researchers use the elabor

19、ation model to understand the relationship between _ variables through the simultaneous introduction of additional variables.432A.all of these choicesAnswer: CResearchers use the elaboration model to understand the relationship between 2 variables through the simultaneous introduction of additional

20、variables.2. _ variables are prior in time.antecedentinterveninginductiveA.deductiveAnswer: AAntecedent variables are prior in time.3. The logic of multivariate relationships is that the _ variable affects the _ variable, which in turn affects the _ variable.independent; intervening; dependentinterv

21、ening; independent; dependentdependent; intervening; independentA.all of these choicesAnswer: AThe logic of multivariate relationships is that the independent variable affects the intervening variable, which in turn affects the dependent variable.4. In _, the original relationship between two variab

22、les is revealed to have been spurious.explanationreplicationmultiplicationA.none of these choicesAnswer: A4. In explanation, the original relationship between two variables is revealed to have been spurious.5. A _ variable is a test variable that reverses the direction of a zero-order relationship.s

23、uppressordistorterex post factoA.none of these choicesAnswer: BA distorter variable is a test variable that reverses the direction of a zero-order relationship.6. _ is a form of fallacious reasoning.ex post facto hypothesizingdistorted reasoningdisconfirmationA.all of these choicesAnswer: AEx post f

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