职称英语考试 理工 概括大意考试重点 已按重要程度排序

1、more than 8 hours sleep too much of a good thing1although the dangers of too little sleep are widely known, new research suggests that people who sleep too much may also suffer the consequences.2investigators at the university of california in san diego found that people who clock up1 9 or 10 hours

2、each weeknight appear to have more trouble falling and staying asleep, as well as a number of other sleep problems, than people who sleep 8 hours a nightpeople who slept only 7 hours each night also said they had more trouble falling asleep and feeling refreshed after a nights sleep than 8-hour slee

3、pers.23these findings, which drdaniel kripke reported in the journal psychosomatic medicine3, demonstrate that people who want to get a good nights rest may not need to set aside4 more than 8 hours a nighthe added that “it might be a good idea” for people who sleep more than 8 hours each night to co

4、nsider reducing the amount of time they spend in bed, but cautioned that more research is needed to confirm this.4previous studies have shown the potential dangers of chronic shortages of sleep for instance, one report demonstrated that people who habitually sleep less than 7 hours each night have a

5、 higher risk of dying within a fixed period than people who sleep more.5for the current report, kripke reviewed the responses of 1,004 adults to sleep questionnaires, in which participants indicated how much they slept during the week and whether they experienced any sleep problemssleep problems inc

6、luded waking in the middle of the night, arising early in the morning and being unable to fall back to sleep, and having fatigue interfere with day-to- day functioning5.6kripke found that people who slept between 9 and 10 hours each night were more likely to report experiencing each sleep problem th

7、an people who slept 8 hoursin an interview, kripke noted that long sleepers may struggle to get rest at night simply because they spend too much time in bedas evidence, he added that one way to help insomnia is to spend less time in bed“it stands to reason6 that if a person spends too long a time in

8、 bed, then theyll spend a higher percentage of time awake,” he said. 练习：1.paragraph 2 _2.paragraph 4 _3.paragraph 5 _4.paragraph 6 _akripkes research toolbdangers of habitual shortages of sleepccriticism on kripkes reportda way of overcoming insomniaesleep problem of long and short sleepersfclassifi

9、cation of sleep problems5.to get a good nights rest, people may not need to _.6.long sleepers are reported to be more likely to _.7.one of the sleep problems is waking in the middle of the night, unable to _.8.one survey showed that people who habitually _ each night have a higher risk of dying.afal

10、l asleep againbbecome more energetic the following daycsleep less than 7 hoursdconfirm those serious consequencesesuffer sleep problemsfsleep more than 8 hours答案与题解：1.e第二段列举了睡眠时间多于或少于8小时而带来的多种sleep problems。2.b第四段阐述了长期睡眠不足所带来的严重后果。3.a第五段介绍了kripke的调查工具(tool)。他用的是有关睡眠的问卷。问卷包括两大内容：睡眠时间及睡眠困扰问题。4.d第六段最后两

11、句是：“. one way to help insomnia is to spend less time in bed.”和“it stands to reason that if a person spends too long a time in bed, then theyll spend a higher percentage of time awake.”这是选择d的依据。5.f选择f的依据是第三段第一句。原文是：“. people who want to get a good nights rest may not need to set aside more than 8 hou

12、rs a night.”6.e选择e的依据是第六段第一句。原文是：“. people who slept between 9 and 10 hours each night were more likely to report experiencing each sleep problem than people who slept 8 hours. ”7.a本题答案的依据是第五段第二句：“sleep problems included waking in the middle of the night, arising early in the morning and being unabl

13、e to fall back to sleep .”8.c本题答案的依据是第四段：“. one report demonstrated that people who habitually sleep less than 7 hours each night have a higher risk of dying within a fixed period than people who sleep more.”译文：每晚只需8小时，睡眠过多非益事睡眠不足带来的危害已经广为人知，而一项新的研究表明睡眠过多同样会使人们产生不良后果。圣地亚哥加利福尼亚大学的研究人员发现在入睡、保持睡眠等方面，每晚

14、睡眠9或10小时的人比睡8小时的人存在更多问题。而每晚仅睡7小时的人则表示，他们在入睡及休息后精力恢复程度上不及8小时睡眠者。daniel kripke博士在心身医学杂志上报告的这些新发现表明，人们如果想晚上休息好，每天留给睡眠的时间只需8小时。他补充说，对于那些每晚睡8小时以上的人们来说，考虑减少在床上度过的时间“也许是个好主意”。不过他又提醒说这还需要进一步的研究证实。以往的研究证明了长期睡眠缺乏的潜在危机。有报告显示，睡眠经常少于7小时的人比睡眠充足者，在特定时期内死亡的机率更高。而在目前这份报告中，kripke考评了一份1004名成年人参与反馈的睡眠调查问卷。问卷内容涉及每周睡眠时间和

15、各种可能的睡眠问题，包括半夜惊觉，清晨早醒，无法重新入睡，以及白天疲劳，影响日常工作等。kripke发现每晚9至10小时睡眠者比睡8小时的人更容易出现各类睡眠问题。在次访谈中，kripke注意到睡眠时间长的人夜间可能难以入眠，正是因为他们睡得太多了。因此他补充说，治疗失眠最好的一种方法就是少睡点儿。“在床上花得时间过长，醒着的时间就会更多，这是理所当然的。”soot and sow：a hot combination1new research from nasa scientists suggests emissions of black soot alter the way sunlight

16、 reflects off snow. according to a computer simulation, black soot may be responsible for 25 percent of observed global warming over the past century.2soot in the higher latitudes of the earth, where ice is more common, absorbs more of the suns energy and warmth than an icy, white background. dark-c

17、olored black carbon, or soot, absorbs sunlight, while lighter colored ice reflects sunlight.3soot in areas with snow and ice may play an important role in climate change. also, if snow and ice covered areas begin melting, the warming effect increases, as the soot becomes more concentrated on the sno

18、w surface. “this provides a positive feedback, as glaciers and ice sheets melt, they tend to get even dirtier, said dr. james hansen, a researcher at nasas goddard institute for space studies, new york.4hansen found soots effect on snow albedo(solar energy reflected back to space)，which1 may be cont

19、ributing to trends toward early springs in the northern hemisphere, such as thinning arctic sea ice, melting glaciers and permafrost. soot also is believed to play a role in changes in the atmosphere above the oceans and land.5“black carbon reduces the amount of energy reflected by snow back into sp

20、ace, thus heating the snow surface more than if there were no black carbon2，” hansen said. soots increased absorption of solar energy is especially effective in warming the worlds climate. “this forcing is unusually effective, causing twice as much global wanning as a carbon-dioxide forcing of the s

21、ame magnitude, hansen noted.6hansen cautioned, although the role of soot in altering global climate is substantial, it does not alter the fact that greenhouse gases are the primary cause of climate warming during the past century.3 such gases are expected to be the largest climate forcing for the re

22、st4 of this century.7the researchers found that observed warming in the northern hemisphere was large in the winter and spring at middle and high latitudes. these observations were consistent with the researchers climate model simulations, which showed some of the largest warming effects occurred wh

23、en there were heavy snow cover5 and sufficient sunlight. 练习：1.paragraph 3 _2.paragraph 4 _3.paragraph 6 _4.paragraph 7 _asoots role in changes in the climate and the atmospherebobservations of warming in the northern hemispherecexplanation of increased warming effect caused by sootdeffort to reduce

24、snow albedoeways to reduce soot emissionfgreenhouse gases as the main factor of global warming5.in the twentieth century, soot _.6.hansen cautioned that greenhouse gases _.7.black soot covered snow and ice _.8.a soot forcing is unusually effective, which _.aproduces much more global wanning than a c

25、arbon-dioxide forcing of the same magnitudebcontinued to 25 percent of observed global warmingccan produce greenhouse gasesdabsorb more of suns energy and warmth than white backgroundestill surpass soot in warming the worlds climate during the last centryfcan be seen mostly in the northern hemispher

26、e答案与题解：1.c第三段解释了为什么soot会增加地球升温效应。2.a第四段介绍了soot在两方面起的作用：(1)soot增加了雪吸收太阳能量和热量的能力;(2)soot导致海洋和陆地上空的大气层发生变化。3.f第六段的关键句子是：“. greenhouse gases are the primary cause of climate warming during the past century.”4.b第七段介绍了在研究北半球的纬度、雪覆盖面和日照诸因素与气温升高之间的关系方面取得的成果。5.b选择b的依据是第一段。有关的句子是：“. black soot may be responsi

27、ble for 25 percent of observed global warming over the past century.”选项b中用了过去式contributed，也是选b的一个线索，因为第五题的题干中有in the twentieth century，这个时间状语要求谓语动词用过去式，而4个选项中只有b项的动词用的是过去式。6.ehansen cautioned和greenhouse gases仅出现在第六段。该段的大意是：虽然煤烟在改变全球气候方面所起的作用相当显著，但是上个世纪气温上升的主要因素还是温室气体。选项e概括了第六段的意思。7.d本题答案的依据是第二段第一句。8

28、.a本题答案的依据是第五段的下列句子：soots increased absorption of solar energy is especially effective in warming the worlds climate. “this forcing is unusually effective, causing twice as much global warming as a carbon-dioxide forcing of the same magnitude，” hansen noted.译文：煤灰与白雪：“火热"的组合美国国家航空航天局的科学家的一项新调查显示，

29、黑色煤烟的排放改变了冰雪对阳光的反射。依据电脑模拟，上世纪观测到的的全球变暖有25%是黑煤灰引起的。地球高纬地区冰雪覆盖，那里的煤灰比白色的冰面吸收了更多的太阳热能。因为深黑色的炭或煤灰吸收太阳光，而浅色的冰面则反射阳光。冰雪地区的煤灰对气候变化可能起着至关重要的作用。而且一旦覆盖大地的冰雪开始融化，煤灰就会更加固着于冰面，从而加剧温室效应。“冰山、冰块一融化，就会变得更脏，”james hansen博士，一位来自纽约美国国家航空和航天局的goddard太空研究所的研究人员如此说。hansen发现，煤灰对冰雪反射率的影响，可能正是促使北半球春季提早的原因，引起北冰洋冰层变薄，冰山及冻土雪原融化

30、。据信煤灰对海洋和陆地上空大气层的变化也有一定影响。“黑炭减少了冰雪反射回太空的能量，比没有炭灰的条件下更强烈地加热冰面。”hansen说。煤灰对太阳热能的大量吸收是全球气候变暖的重要因素。hansen指出，“这种温室作用特别显著，是同量二氧化碳强度的两倍。”hansen又提醒说，尽管煤灰对全球气候变化的作用重大，但这并不能改变一个事实：温室气体是上世纪气候变暖的首要原因，而且它们还将是塑造本世纪气候的主力。研究人员发现北半球观测到的变暖现象大多发生在中高纬地区的冬春两季。这样的观测结果与气象模拟实验相吻合，表明部分大规模的温室效应发生在有厚雪覆盖层和阳光强烈的时期。icy microbes1

31、in ice that has sealed a salty antarctic lake for more than 2,800 years, scientists have found frozen bacteria and algae that returned to life after thawing. the research may help in the search for life on mars, which is thought to have subsurface lakes of ice.2a research team led by peter doran of

32、the university of illinois at chicago drilled through more than 39 feet of ice to collect samples of bacteria and algae. when dorans team brought them back and warmed them up a bit, they sprang back to life.3doran said the microbes have been age-dated at 2,800 years old, but even older microbes may

33、live deeper in the ice sheet sealing the lake, and in the briny water below the ice.1 that deeper ice and the water itself will be cautiously sampled in a later expedition that will test techniques that may one day be used on mars.4called lake vida, the 4.5-square-kilometer body is one of a series o

34、f lakes located in the mcmurdo dry valleys of antarctica, some 2 ,200 kilometers due south2 of new zealand. this lake has been known since the 1950s, but people ignored it because they thought it was just a big block of ice. while at the site for other research in the 1990s, doran and his colleagues

35、 sent3 radar signals into the clear ice covering the lake and were surprised to find that 62 feet below there was a pool of liquid water that was about seven times more salty than seawater.5that prompted the researchers to return in 1996 with equipment to drill a hole down to within a few feet of th

36、e water layer. at the bottom of this hole, researchers harvested specimens of algae and bacteria.6the researchers will return in 2004 equipped with instruments that are sterilized. they will then drill through the full 62 feet of ice and sample some of the briny water from the lake for analysis. the

37、 water specimen will be cultured to see if it contains life. specimens from the water are expected to be even older than the life forms extracted from the ice covering.注释：1. live deeper in the ice sheet sealing the lake, and in the briny water below the ice：in the ice sheet sealing the lake和in the b

38、riny water below the ice是介词短语，用作状语，修饰live。2.due south：正南3.while at the site for other research in the 1990s, doran and his colleagues sent . ：while at the site for other research in the 1990s是省略句，写全了就是：while doran and his colleagues were at the site for other research in the 1990s .练习：1.paragraph 2

39、_2.paragraph 3 _3.paragraph 4_4.paragraph 6_asignificance of testing techniques for sampling microbes in the deep ice sheetbspecial features of lake vidaclater expedition on marsd2004 revisit planned for collecting lake water specimenseantarctic frozen life sampled and revivedfaccidental disovery of

40、 ice-sealed lake water in antarctica5.scientists ignored lake vida because they thought that a lake of ice _.6.scientists expect that the life, if found in deeper water below the ice sheet, _.7.what the scientists will do in 20q4 _.8.the salt concentration in the liquid water of lake vida _ais found

41、 to be a great deal higher than that of seawaterbwas of little scientific valuecmay be older than that collected below 39 feet of icedmight have come from marseis to collect some briny lake water for analysisyfmay return to life sooner than microbes frozen in the surface ice答案与题解：1.e本段谈及doran考察队在南极冰

42、块上钻洞深达39英尺，获得微生物和水藻的样本。解冻后这些微生物和水藻又复活了。选项e概括了本段的大意。2.a本段的大意是试验冰层深处提取生命样本的技术可能有一天会用于火星生命的探索。3.f本段要表达的意思是：冰下湖是科学家在做other research时偶然发现的。4.d本段说的是科学家2004年还要对布下湖再次进行考察。5.b选b的依据是第四段第二句。little scientific value是根据科学家当时认定lake vida只是a big block of ice而推论出来的。6.c选c的依据见第三段第一句。7.e选e的依据见第六段第二句。8.a第四段最后一句是选a的依据。译文：

43、冰冻微生物在一个南极咸水湖封冻了 2800多年的冰块中，科学家发现，冰冻的微生物和水藻在解冻后又复活了。该研究成果可能会有助于寻找火星上的生命，人们认为火星的地表下面有冰湖。由芝加哥的伊利诺伊大学的 peter doran率领的考察队在南极冰块上钻洞深达39英尺，采集了微生物和水藻的样本。 doran的考察队将其带回并给其温暖环境，这些样本竟又复活了。doran说，这些微生物有 2800年的高龄，但是或许还有更老的微生物生存在封湖冰块的更深层和冰块下面的咸水中。在以后的深险中，还会谨慎地对更深的冰层和水提取样本，对将来或许会用于火星的技术进行检测。这个湖名叫 vida湖，面积为 4.5平方公里

44、，是南极洲上位于 mcmurd干谷的湖群中的一个，位于新西兰正南约2200千米处。该湖在 20世纪 50年代已为人知，但过去人们认为这只不过是一个巨大的冰块，所以不曾引起足够的重视。但是在 20世纪 90年代，在进行其他考察的地方， doran和同事们往覆盖湖面的清澈的冰层中发出雷达信号，惊奇地发现在62英尺深处居然有一个水潭，这里的水其咸度大约是海水的 7倍。于是，1996年，考察人员带着设备再次来到南极。钻出一个深及水层数英尺的洞。在洞底，考察人员采集到了水藻和微生物的样本。2004年，考察人员将携带经过杀菌的仪器再次回到南极。他们将在 62英尺的冰层上钻洞，对从湖中提取咸水的样本进行分析

45、。水的样本将会受到培育，看其是否含有生命。据预测，水中提取样本的历史甚至会比冰层中提取的生命形式的历史还要长。compact disks1if someone says to you your music cds don't really hold any music on them, and they only have numbers recorded on them, you may not believe it. in fact, he is right in that sound is actually recorded onto the cds as special num

46、bers a digital code.1 the code is pressed onto the cd as bumps on a long spiral track almost five kilometers long. these bumps are an average of 0.5 microns wide.2a small laser beam shines onto the bumps as the cd turns. the light is reflected back to a receiver that records how the laser light boun

47、ces back. this lets the cd player2 turn the reflected light back into the original code. this means you can hear the original code as music.3digital codes are used with many technologies. e-mail needs these kinds of code numbers. space probes communicate with their ground station on earth using digi

48、tal codes. bar codes are read as digital codes in computer systems. digital communications with cell phones need digital codes. weather radios also tune into specific signals using these codes.4there are many types of compact disks. one format is called cd-rws. they can be recorded on and re-recorde

49、d on(rewritten on)as you would do with a floppy disk3. another format is the cd-rom. the technology for recording on these disks is different from other cds. these cds have a dye layer that the cd writer can darken or leave clear. the clear and dark spots are the digital code. cd-rom stands for comp

50、act disc read only memory4. this disk is like a "super" floppy disk that can hold lots of information. one cd-rom can hold the same amount of data as 500 floppy disks. information is permanently recorded onto it. computer games and other programs are considered to be cd-roms.5cds were firs

51、t sold to the public in 1982these cds still play well and sound fine. current cds are expected to last between 70 to 200 years. of course, you can make sure your cds last a long time by taking care of them.6science keeps on developing. it may not be many more years before a completely new technology

52、 is invented5 and introduced to the public for music recording. in the meantime, there is no doubt you will continue to enjoy listening to your favorite music on cds6 and playing your favorite computer games on cd-roms.词汇：bump / b?mp/ n.隆块，隆起spiral / spa?r?l / adj.螺旋形的probe / pr?b/n.探测器floppy / fl?p

53、?/ adj.松软的floppy disk软(磁)盘format / f?:m?t/ n.格式dye / da?/ n.染色permanently / p?:m?n?ntl? / adv.永久地注释：1. he is right in that sound is actually recorded onto the cds as special numbers a digital code：他说的对，因为实际上声音以特殊的数字形式，即数码，刻录在cd碟片上。in that是“因为”，如：water is essential in that without it all living thing

54、s would die.水是基本要素，因为没有水，所有生物都要死亡。2.cd player：cd播放机3.as you would do with a floppy disk：就像你使用软磁盘一样4.cd-rom stands for compact disc read only memory：cd-rom是compact disc read only memory这五个词首字母组成的缩写词。5.it may not be many more years before a completely new technology is invented：过不了几年，说不定又会发明一种全新的技术。ma

55、ny more years是“再过许多年”。6.“there is no doubt you will continue to enjoy listening to your favorite music on cds”语法上可以理解为“there is no doubt(about the fact that)you will continue to enjoy listening to your favorite music on cds”。练习：1. paragraphs l & 2 _2.paragraph 3 _3.paragraph 4 _4.paragraph 5 _ad

56、igital code has wide applicationsbfloppy disks are outdatedccds are durabledcd's working principle is explainede. cd-rws play better than cd-romsf. cds are of many formats5.one advantage of cd-rws is that they can _ like floppy disks.6.the author predicts it will not _ before a new technology is invented for music recording.7.the laser beam-emitting device and the receiver are considered to _ of a cd player.8. space probes could not _ without usin