测控技术外文文献

1、外文翻译Development of Sensor New TechnologySensor is one kind component which can transform the physical quantity, chemistry quantity and the biomass into electrical signal. The output signal has the different forms like the voltage, the electric current, the frequency, the pulse and so on, which can s

2、atisfy the signal transmission, processing, recording, and demonstration and control demands. So it is the automatic detection system and in the automatic control industry .If automatic Technology is used wider, then sensor is more important.Although there are exception ,most sensor consist of a sen

3、sing element diaphragms,bellows,strain tubes and rings, ourdon tubes, and cantilevers are sensing elements which respond to changes in pressure or force and convert these physical quantities into a displacement. This displacement may then be used to change an electrical parameter such as voltage, re

4、sistance, capacitance, or inductance. Such combination of mechanical and electrical lements form electromechanical transducing devices or sensor. Similar combination can be made for other energy input such as thermal. The Photo, the magnetic and the chemical,giving thermoelectric, photoelectric,elec

5、tromaanetic, and electrochemical sensor respectively.The relationship between the measured and the sensor output signal is usually obtained by calibration tests and is referred to as the sensor sensitivity increment measured increment. In practice, the sensor sensitivity is usually known, and, by me

6、asuring the output signal, the input quantity is determined from increment K1.In information age, the information industry includes information gathering, transmission, process three parts, namely sensor technology, communication, computer technology. Because of ultra large scale integrated circuits

7、 rapid development after having been developed Modern computer technology and communication, not only requests sensor precision reliability, speed of response and gain information content request more and more high but also requests its cost to be inexpensive. The obvious traditional sensor is elimi

8、nated gradually because of the function, the characteristic, the volume, the cost and so on. As world develop many countries are speeding up to the sensor new technologys research and the development, and all has obtained the enormous breakthrough. Now the sensor new technology development mainly ha

9、s following several aspects.Using the physical phenomenon, the chemical reaction, the biological effect as the sensor principle therefore the researches which discovered the new phenomenon and the new effect are the sensor technological improving ways .it is important studies to developed new sensor

10、s the foundation. Japanese Sharp Corporation uses the superconductivity technology to develop successfully the high temperature superconductivity magnetic sensor and get the sensor technology significant breakthrough. Its sensitivity is so high and only inferior in the superconductivity quantum inte

11、rference component. Its manufacture craft is far simpler than the superconductivity quantum interference component. May use in magnetism image formation technology. So it has the widespread promoted value.Using the immune body and the antigen meets one another compound when the electrode surface. It

12、 can cause the electrode potential change and use this phenomenon to be possible to generate the immunity sensor. The immunity sensor makes with this kind of immune body may to some organism in whether has this kind of ant original work inspection. Like may inspect somebody with the hepatitis virus

13、immune body whether contracts the hepatitis, plays to is fast, the accurate role. The US UC sixth branch has developed this kind of sensor.The sensor material is the important foundation for sensor technology, because the materials science is progressive and the people may make each kind of new sens

14、or For example making the temperature sensor with the high polymer thin film; The optical fiber can make the pressure, the current capacity, the temperature, the displacement and so on the many kinds of sensors; Making the pressure transmitter with the ceramics. The high polymer can become the propo

15、rtion adsorption and the release hydrogen along with the environment relative humidity size. The high polymer electricity lies between the constant to be small, the hydrogen can enhance the polymer the coefficient of dialectical loss. Making the capacitor the high polymer dielectric medium, determin

16、es the electric capacity cape city the change, then obtains the relative humidity. Making the plasma using this principle to gather the legitimate polystyrene film temperature sensor below, it has the characteristic.The ceramic electric capacity type pressure transmitter is one kind does not have th

17、e intermediary fluid the dry type pressure transmitter. Uses the advanced ceramic technology, the heavy film electronic technology, its technical performance is stable, the year drifting quantity is smaller than 0.1%F.S, warm floats is smaller than ±0.15%/10K, anti- overloads strongly, may reac

18、h the measuring range several hundred times. The survey scope may from 0 to 60mpa.German E+H Corporation and the American Kahlo Corporation product is at the leading position.The optical fiber application is send the material significant breakthrough, its uses in most early the optical communication

19、 techniques. In the optical communication use discovered works as environmental condition change and so on the temperature, pres-sure, electric field, magnetic field, causes the fiber optic transmission light wave intensity, the phase, the frequency, change and so on the polarization condition, the

20、survey light wave quantity change, may know causes these light wave physical quantity the and so on quantitative change temperature, pressure ,electric field, magnetic field size, uses these principles to be possible to develop the optical fiber sensor. The optical fiber sensor and the traditional s

21、ensor compare has many characteristics: Sensitivity high, the structure simple, the volume small, anti-corrosive, the electric insulation good, the path of rays may be curving, be advantageous for the realization telemeter and so on. Optical fiber sensor Japan is in the advanced level. Like Idec Izu

22、mi Corporation and Sun x Corporation. The optical fiber send receiver and the integrated path of rays technology unify, accelerates the optical fiber sensor technology development. Will integrate the path of rays component to replace the original optics part and the passive light component; enable t

23、he optical fiber sensor to have the high band width, the low signal processing voltage, the reliability high, the cost will be low.The sensors development is changing day after day since especially the 80's humanities have entered into the high industrialization the information age, sensor techn

24、o-logy to renewal, higher technological development. US, Japan and so on developed country sensor technological development quickest, our country because the foundation is weak, the sensor technology compares with these developed countries has the big disparity. Therefore, we should enlarge to the s

25、ensor engineering research, the development investment, causes our country sensor technology and the foreign disparity reduces, promotes our country instrument measuring appliance industry and from the technical development.传感器新技术的发展传感器是一种能将物理量、化学量、生物量等转换成电信号的器件。输出信号有不同形式，如电压、电流、频率、脉冲等，能满足信息传输、处理、记录

26、、显示、控制要求，是自动检测系统和自动控制系统中不可缺少的元件。如果把计算机比作大脑，那么传感器则相当于五官，传感器能正确感受被测量并转换成相应输出量，对系统的质量起决定性作用。自动化程度越高，系统对传感器要求越高。除特例外，大多数的传感器都由敏感元件、转换元件或控制元件组成。如振动膜、波纹管、应力管和应力环、低音管和悬臂都是敏感元件，它们对压力和力作出响应把物理量转变成位移。然后位移可以改变电参数，如电压、电阻、电容或者感应系数。机械式和电子式元件合并形成机电式传感设备或传感器。这样的组合可用来输入能量信号。热的，光的，磁的和化学的相互结合产生的热电式、光电式、电磁式和电化学式传感器。 我们

27、在各种场合看到了继电器连接的控制，那已经是时代的过去，如今的继电器只能作为低端的基层控制模块或者简单的设备中使用到，而 PLC 的出现也成为了划时代 的主题。通过极其稳定的硬件穿插灵活的软件控制，使得自动化走向了新的高潮。通过校正测量系统获得的被测物理量和传感器输出信号的关系叫做传感器灵敏度K1，也就是K1=输出信号增量/测量增量。实际中，传感器的灵敏度是已知的，并且通过测量输出信号，输入量由下式决定，输入量=输出信号增量/K1。PLC 的内部包含了具有中央处理器的 CPU 并带有外部 I/O 口扩展的 I/O 接口地址和存储器三大块组成 CPU 的核心是由一个或者多个累加器组成，它们具有逻辑

28、的数学运算能力，并能读取程序存储器的内容通过计算后去驱动相应的存储器和 I/O 接口 I/O 口将内部累加器和外部的输入和输出系统连接起来，并将相关的数据存入程序存储器或者数据存储器中，存储器可以将 I/O 口输入的数据存入存储器中，并在工作时调转到累加器和 I/O 接口上，存储器分程序存储器 ROM 和数据存储器 RAM，ROM 可以将数据永久的存入存储器中而 RAM 只能作为 CPU 计算时临时计算使用的缓冲空间。PLC 的抗干扰是极其优秀的，我们根本不用去关心它的使用寿命和工作场合的恶劣，这些所有的问题已不再成为我们失败的主题，而留给我们的是关心如何来利用 PLC 的内部资源为我们加强设

29、备的控制能力，使我们设备更加柔性。PLC 的语言并不是我们所想象的汇编语言或 C 语言来进行编程，而是采用原有的继电器控制的梯形图，使得电气工程师在编写程序时很容易就理解了 PLC 的语言。而且很多的非电气专业人士也对 PLC 很快认识并深入。以上仅仅是 PLC 的优点之一，这也是人们比较容易理解的一部分。在很多的设备中人们已不再希望看到太多的控制按钮，它们不但容易损坏而且极易产生人为的失误。小的并不是主要的失误也许你还能够接受，但过大的甚至是致命的失误是我们无法容忍的。新的技术总是为了给我们带来更安全和便捷的操作使得我们面临的一大堆问题一扫而光。你有了解过 HMI 吗？这里说 HMI 你根本

30、不清楚它是什么，也没有兴趣了解，换一个中文把它说明为触摸屏或者人机界面你就知道了，它和 PLC 的结合给了我们更大的空间。HMI 控制不仅仅是减少了控制按钮，增加控制的灵活性，更主要的它是可顺序性的，而且在能够改变数据输入和数据输出反馈。在温度控制曲线的模拟也能直观的显示出来。并且能够通过编写功能帮助程序来提供各种力所能及的帮助， 使得操作者减少不必要的失误。HMI 的厂商目前也越来越多，功能也越来越强，价格也越来越低，使用的面越来越广。HMI 的前景可以说十分的看好。在很多场合，单靠单机的控制是无法保证设备的顺畅运行。而通过设备与设备的信息交流达到我们想要的效果。比如在前包装和后工序的检测，

31、我们就要将包装的信息反馈到检测处，而检测处的信息也要反馈到包装来。这样通过信息共享来使得两者之间链接起来，形成一个共体，从而使的两者间的配合更加的紧密，在彼此间达到映影相挥的效果。PLC 的发展已经从单一的模式进入了通信的网络时代，并同其它的工控网板和 I/O 卡板轻易的进行共享。组态软件可以将所有的这些硬件连接起来，通过更直观的动画图片来进行控制，并可以通过互联网在异地进行控制，像神舟五号的发射就是采用这种办法来使飞船升空。更高层次的发展需要我们不断的努力来取得。PLC 的出现已经足足影响了几代人。我们也从上一辈的经验中获取了更多的知识和教训来不断的发展 PLC 技术将它推向更高浪潮。了解可

32、用的 PLC 网络的最佳选择，其应用将确保有效率和灵活的控制系统设计。 可编程逻辑控制器 PLC 的能够支持多种通信方法的范围，使之成为一个理想的控制和工业自动化和控制应用各种设施数据采集装置。然而有一些混乱，因为这么多的可能性存在。为了帮助消除这种混乱，让我们的通讯名单什么时候他们会是最好的应用。 主机电脑联系也可连接的 PLC 与计算机或其他智能设备。事实上，大多数的PLC从小到非常大的，可直接连接到电脑或下降一个多主机通过RS232C或 RS422端口的计算机网络的一部分。这种电脑组合最大限度的控制功能的PLC控制和数据采集，以及计算机数据处理文件和操作界面。在一个PLC /计算机网络，

33、所有通信都是由主机电脑控制，它是连接在一个菊花链方式对所有的PLC。这台计算机的网络地址单独的PLC和每一个具体的信息要求。该处理的PLC然后发送该信息的存储和进一步分析的计算机。这个周期发生每秒数百次。主机电脑也可以帮助编程的PLC；强大的编程和文档软件方案可供开发。然后程序可以写在接力阶梯逻辑的PLC电脑并下载。这样你可以创建，修改，调试 并通过计算机终端显示器PLC程序。除了主机 PLC 的接口往往必须与其他设备如大型建筑物的安全和管理系统操作界面终端。虽然很多智能设备可以通过传统的 RS232C 通信端口和串行 ASCII 码的PLC直接一些没有能力的软件接口与个人的PLC型号。相反它

34、们通常在固定的传送和接收的数据格式。它的PLC程序员有责任提供必要的软件接口。最简单的方法来提供这种接口的固定格式的智能设备是使用PLC的一个 ASCII /基本模块。这个模块基本上是一个小型计算机插入PLC的巴士。配有 RS232 端口和基本程序，该模块可以很容易处理与周边设备的ASCII通讯数据采集功能，编程序列“数字运算 ”报告生成和显示和其他要求。访问，协议和调制功能的局域网通过使用标准的接口和协议，允许局域网的设备组合（可编程控制器，个人电脑，电脑主机，操作界面终端等），从许多不同的供应商进行通信与网络上的其他人。 调制：调制是指网络邮件的方式传输编码的电缆进行测试。两种最常见的类型

35、是宽带和基带。网络传输接口PLC 的通信绝大部分都是通过 RS232C 及双绞线电缆。大多数的 PLC 有一个 RS232 端口 并处理与东道国电脑 打印机 终端通信能力 以及其他设备。最大传输速度为19.2Kbps。 距离和数据传输率是各种接口标准。他们的实际表现是传动装置制造商之间的功能和显着变化。因此 你应该征询实际距离和数据传输速率能力的制造商的规格唯一的限制是真正的RS232C 50英尺的距离设备之间的建议。虽然 RS232C 装置往往可以达到比，这更大的布线距离的“不平衡”在更大的敏感性结果的界面设计 周围的电噪音和降低数据完整性。尤其是这样的地方电磁干扰 EMI 和射频干扰 RF

36、I 是已知的存在。 当传输距离更长，还需要的 RS422 是一个更好的选择。不过不同的却是 RS422 接口 是“平衡”。其主要方面包括各信号的信号地面两条电线是在相反的逻辑电平始终。因此，该接口可以实现更长的传输距离4000英尺和更高的数据90Kbps的传输速率。运行在较短少于50英尺，数据传输可以达到10Mbps的。光纤通信正在赢得更多人的接受，并正在越来越多的设备使用。光纤电缆是几乎不受恶劣的环境条件和电气噪声。此外，这些链接可以跨越很长的距离和传输数据非常高的速度。例如，在一些局域网系统中，这些链接可以在相对高的传输速度和范围之前需要一个中继距离长。当中继器的使用几乎无限的距离可以达到。在今天的信息时代里，信息产业包括信息采集、传输、处理三部分，即传感技术、通信技术、计算机技术。现代