2牛津高中英语模块一至四语法总结及练习

1、牛津英语模块 1 至模块 4 语法总结及练习第一单元一 定语从句：定语从句的介绍1. 就像是一个形容词或介词短语修饰名词一样，定语从句也可以修饰名词；定语从句所修饰的名词称为先行词；形容词：the green team介词短语： the team in green定语从句： the team who were wearing green2. 定语从句通常由关系代词来引导，如which,that,who,whom,whose, 或关系副词来引导，如 when, where, why ；关系代词可以在定语从句中担当主语，宾语，表语，定语；关系副词可以在定语从句中担当状语；如：做主语the tree

2、s which are on the school campus have lost their leaves. 做宾语 the student whom we saw just now is the best runner in our school. 做表语 jack is no longer the lazy boy that he used to be.做定语 she has a brother whosename i can t remember.做状语 the school where he studied is in shenzhen.二 定语从句：关系代词：that ，whic

3、h ， who， whom ，和 whose1. 在定语从句中，that 和 which 用来指代物；eg： this is the story that /which we wrote for our storytelling contest.2. 在定语从句中，who用来指代人；eg： i am going to see a friend who has just come back from the uk.3. 当 who 在定语从句中做宾语时，可以用whom 来取代，且whom 比 who 更正式；eg： i don t know the name of the teacher who

4、/whom i saw in the computer room theother day.4. 当关系代词在定语从句中做宾语时，who ， whom ， which 和 that 可以被省略；eg： he likes all the birthday presentsthat/whichhis friends gave him.5. whose 用来表示所属，它既可指人也可指物；eg： i sat next to a girl whose name was diane.the clubwhose members are music fans meet in the school garden

5、 every saturday afternoon.其次单元一 定语从句：介词提前的定语从句 （ preposition which; preposition whom ）1. 当关系代词（which/whom ）做定语从句中介词的宾语时，可以把介词提到关系代词的前面；eg： we thought you were a person from whom we could expect good decisions.2. 在非正式英语中，介词通常放在定语从句的最终；1eg： art is the subject which i know little about.3. 假如介词放在定语从句的最终

6、，which可以被 that 取代， whom 可以被 that 和 who 取代；eg： dad is a person whom/that/who i can easily talk to.4. 当关系代词做定语从句中介词的宾语，并且介词又放在定语从句的末尾时，我们通常省略关系代词who 和 that ；eg： the topic which eric is interested in is physics.daniel is the person whom i want to make friends with.5. 当先行词是way 时，我们用in which或 that 来引导定语从

7、句，这种情形下，in which或 that可以被省略；eg： i didn t like the way that /in which she talked to me.二 定语从句：关系副词：when， where， why1 我们通常用关系副词when引导先行词是time ， moment ， day ， season， year等的定语从句；eg： do you remember the day when we left you in charge.i often think of the moment when i saw the ufo.2 我们通常用关系副词where引导先行词是

8、place ， house， city ， country ， city ， world等的定语从句；eg： the police searched the house where the thief had stayed. this is not a family where bad behavior goes unpunished.3 我们通常用关系副词why 引导先行词是reason 的定语从句；eg： i don t know the reason why the house is so dyi.rt4 在更加正式的英语中，where ， when 和 why 能够被介词which所替

9、代；eg： the study is the place where/in which i often have talks with my father.this is the reason why/for which my parents got home earlier.it rained the whole day when/on which he traveled with his family.第三单元一 定语从句：非限制性定语从句1非限制性定语从句是一个为主句添加额外信息的从句，在非限制性定语从句前通常有个逗号；eg： amy, who took weight-loss pill

10、s, now realizes that health is important.my pills are in the bathroom, where i always keep them.2 当先行词是整个主句时，可以用which 来引导定语从句；eg： he missed the show, which was a great pity.3 我们可以用all whom/which来表示全部数量，用some of whom/which来表示部分数量；eg： i am doing different types of exercises, all of which are quite hel

11、pful to my health. many people, some of whom are not overweight, are going on diet.定语从句练习1. is this the factory you visited the other day.2a. thatb. where c. in which d. the one2. is this factory some foreign friends visited last friday.a. that b. where c. which d. the one3. is this the factory he w

12、orked ten years ago.a. that b. where c. which d. the one4. the wolves hid themselves in the places couldn t be found.a. that b. where c. in which d. in that5. the freezing point is the temperature water changes into ice.a. at which b. on thatc. in which d. of what6. the reason is he is unable to ope

13、rate the machine.a. because b. why c. that d. whether7. i ll tell you he told me last week.a. all which b. that c. all that d. which8. that tree, branches are almost bare, is very old.a. whose b. of which c. in which d. on which9. i have bought the same dress she is wearing.a. asb. thatc. whichd. wh

14、at10. we re talking about the piano and thepianist were in the concert we attended last night.a. whichb. whom c. whod. that11. anyone this opinion may speak out.a. that againsts b. that against c. who is against d. who are against12. didn t you see the man .i nodded just nowb. whom i nodded just now

15、c. i nodded to him just nowd. i nodded to just now13. is there anything to you.a. that is belongedb. that belongsc. that belongd. which belongs14. - “ how do you like the book.”- “ it s quite different from i read last month.”a. thatb. whichc. the one d. the one what315. mr. zhang gave the textbook

16、to all the pupils except who had already taken them.a. the onesb. onesc. somed. the others16. the train she was travelling was late.a. whichb. wherec. on whichd. in that17. it s the third time late this month.a. that you arrivedb. when you arrivedc. that you ve arrived d. when you ve arrived18. may

17、the fourth is the day we chinese people will never forget.a. whichb. whenc. on whichd. about which19. is it in that factory “ red flag” cars are produced.a. in which b. wherec. whichd. that20. he must be from africa, can be seen from his skin.a. thatb. asc. whod. what21. he has two sons, work as che

18、mists.a. two of whom b. both of whom c. both of which d. all of whom22. i, your good friend, will try my best to help you out.a. who is b. who amc. that isd. what is23. i don t like you speak to her.a. the wayb. the way in that c. the way which d. the way of which24. the two things they felt very pr

19、oud are jimwatch anddselglaold s hair.a. about which b. of which c. in which d. for which25. do you know which hotel .a. she is staying b. she is staying in c. is she staying d. is she staying in26. who can think of a situation this idiom can be used.a. whichb. that c. whered. in that27. the astrona

20、ut did many experiments in the spaceship, much help for knowing space. which we think it isb. which we think are ofc. of which we think isd. i think which is of28. the great day we looked forward to at last4a. comeb. camec. comingd. comes29. i like the second football match was held last week.a. whi

21、chb. whoc. thatd. /30. this is the very film i've long wished to see.a. whichb. thatc. whod. whom 31.the house the capitalist used to live in is now a nursery.a. thatb. wherec. whatd. when 32.the doctor did all to save the wounded boy.a. what he could b. he could c. everything which he could d.

22、for which he could do33. you know, he is a famous musician.a. asb. whichc. thatd. 34.he is the only one of the three got the new idea.a. who have b. whom have c. who has d. whose had 35.this is the baby tomorrow.a. after whom i shall lookb. whom i shall look afterc. whose i shall look afterd. after

23、whom i shall look after36. these students will graduate from the university next summer, they will have studied here for four years.a. by thenb. by that time c. by what timed. by which time37. this is the house the window faces the south.a. of whichb. whichc. of itd. whose38. it is five ock inthcelo

24、afternoon they arrived at the hotel.a. sinceb. beforec. whend. that39. in some countries, is called“ equality” does not really mean equal rights for all people.a. which b. what c. thatd. one40. - how about the games.-very interesting, and the ones the young men competed were really excitinga. whatb.

25、 for whom c. whered. in which二 附加疑问句51 附加疑问句是放在陈述句后面的短问句；它们通常被用在口语中来引出一段对话，以一个更加礼貌的方式来询问信息，温顺的发号施令或要求某人做某事；我们用附加疑问句来询问看法或征求同意；当我们用附加疑问句来询问看法时，为了期望对方能同意我们的观点，附加疑问句会用降调来表达；当我们用附加疑问句来征求同意时，我们实际上是在询问我们自己也不太能确信的事情，这时候附加疑问句会用升调来表达；2 附加疑问句的构成有以下几种：1）在确定的陈述句之后，我们会用否定的附加疑问句；在否定的陈述句之后，我们会用确定的附加疑问句；eg： we can

26、still be friends, can t we.he doesn t like ice cream, does he.当主句中有像neither ，none ，nobody ，nothing ，few ，little ，never ，hardly或 seldom这类词时，它们被认为是否定的，因此后面会跟个确定的附加疑问句；eg： neither of you will have coffee, will you.no one has found my cd, have they. nobody understood his speech, did they.his sister seld

27、om argues with people, does she.人称代词如i ，we ， you， he， she， it 或 they 会放在附加疑问句中；eg： i was pretty silly, wasn t i.everyone has advises you not to go on a diet, haven t you.助动词，情态动词或be 动词会放在附加疑问句中；eg： you like traveling, don t you.there is something wrong, isn t there. you can t speak itali,acnan you.祁

28、使句后用will you ， let s后用 shall we eg： post a letter for me, will you.let s have a break, shall we.反意疑问句1 he hurt his leg when playing football. he is very unlucky, he. a isbdidn t c isn t ddoes2 john is a diligent student who spends most of his time studying, he. a hadn t b hadc doesd isnt3 they don t

29、 answer the phone when i call.- there isn t any one at home then, . a isn t thereb is therec is itd isn t it4 it seldom snows in winter in shanghai, . a doesn t itb isn t itc is itd does it65 she has already plans for the summer holidays, .a hasn t sheb isn t she c doesn t shed hadn t it 6 mother lo

30、ves reading. she never spends time watching tv, . a does sheb will shec have shed doesn t she 7 it is the first time that she has been to the united states, .a isn t sheb isn t it c hasn t shed hasn t it 8 i don t think he is right, .a do ib don t ic is hed isn t he第一单元一 现在完成时态1 我们用现在完成时态来表示在最近的过去发生

31、的但跟现在有联系的事情；eg： the disappearance of justin has made kelly very unhappy.2 我们也用现在完成时态来表示在过去刚开头，并且现在仍没终止的事情；eg： i have not seen justin since last friday night.当动作发生的准确时间不清晰或不重要时，我们也用现在完成时态；常常连用的时间短语有： already, ever, for, just, lately, never, recently, since, yet, already用于确定句， yet用于否定句；eg： the boy has

32、 already come home.i havent heard anything from him yet.for+ 一段时间since+点时间eg： we havent seen him for two years.we havent seen him since 2002.注：当已给定详细的时间时，我们往往用一般过去时态，而不是现在完成时态；我们用现在完成时态来谈论刚刚完成的动作；eg： the police have just finished searching the area.我们也用现在完成时态来表示重复的动作；eg： some villages say that they

33、have seen ufos many times.现在完成时态的构成是：have/has+ 动词的过去分词二 现在完成进行时态1 我们用现在完成进行时态来表示在过去发生的并且仍将连续的动作；eg： i have not been sleeping well since i returned home.2 我们用现在完成进行时态来表示刚刚终止但以某种方式和现在有联系的动作；eg： - sorry i m late. have you been waiting long.- yes, i ve been waiting for an hour.3 现在完成进行时态的构成：have/has +be

34、en +doing注： for 和 since 和现在完成进行时态连用；7eg： i have been waiting for a long time.he has been waiting since nine o clock.三 现在完成时态仍是现在完成进行时态1我们用现在完成时态来谈论刚刚完成的动作，用现在完成进行时态来表示发生在过去并且现在仍在发生的动作；eg： li jia has read a book about stonehenge. she finished reading the book.li jia has been reading a book about ston

35、ehenge. she is still reading the book.2 我们用现在完成时态表示重复的动作，用现在完成进行时态来表示不停的动作；eg： i have visited egypt twice this month.i have been touring egypt for two months.现在完成时态用于回答how many/much的提问， 现在完成进行时态用于回答how long的提问；eg： how many times have you swum in the lake.how long have you been swimming in the lake.3

36、状态动词和动作动词都可以用在现在完成时态中，但只有动作动词可以用在现在完成进行时态中；eg： i have had this camera for five years.状态动词 i have taken photos of ufo with this camera.（动作动词）i have been taking photos of ufo with this camera.（动作动词）注：动作动词表示发生或变化的动作，如go， play ；状态动词表示保持不变的动作，如 like ， know ， exist4 当 never ， yet ， already ， ever 显现在句子中时，

37、只用现在完成时态，而不用现在完成进行时态；eg： i ve never visited paris.i ve already been to paris.其次单元一 将来进行时态1 我们用将来进行时态来：1） 谈论将来一段时间正在进行的事情；eg： toby will be climbing in the himalayas all next week2） 谈论从将来的某一点开头并且有可能要连续一段时间的事情；eg： toby will not be in london next tuesday. he will be climbing in the himalayas.3） 没有任何意图的表

38、达将来的事情；eg： the weather report says that it will be raining when we arrive in london.在这种情形下表示事情是很自然的发生的，没有人为的支配.4） 礼貌地询问有关其他人将来的方案；eg： will you be visiting your uncle in tanzania.82 将来进行时态的构成：1） 陈述句： willnot+v-ingeg： toby and his brother, colin, will not be flying to morocco.2） 疑问句： will提到主语的前面eg： wi

39、ll they be flying to morocco on 15th july.3） 回答： will （ not ）eg： yes, they will. /no, they will notwont二过去将来时态1 我们用过去将来时态和过去进行时态来：1） 表示过去的将来某一时间要发生的动作；eg： they set off at 9 a.m. and would reach the airport an hour later.2) 暗指一个过去的目的；eg： i was going to leave, but then it rained.3) 暗指一个过去的支配；eg： colin

40、 called jennifer to say that he was seeing her later that afternoon.4) 指代实际已经发生过的将来的动作；eg： the journey that was to change toby s life started in july that year.2 陈述句中过去将来时态的构成：1） would + 动词原形eg： i told you colin and i would spend a few weeks traveling.2was/were going to ， was /were to , was/were abo

41、ut toeg： we were going to see the wild animals, but then we didn t have time.it was his last day at school-he was to leave the next morning. colin was about to get off the camel when a child ran towards him.第三单元一 过去完成时态1我们用一般过去时态来谈论一个过去的动作；当我们想要谈论比过去更早的时间里发生的事情时，就用过去完成时态；eg： upon entering the tomb,

42、carters lucky pet bird, which had led him to the place, was eaten by a snake.2在直接引语中，我们用过去完成时态来指代说话的时候就已经发生的动作；直接引语中的一般过去时态和现在完成时态在间接引语中改为过去完成时态；eg：“ we emptied the tomb of everything it contained, ”said carter.- carter said that they had emptied the tomb of everything it contained.3过去完成时态只是指在另一个过去的

43、动作之前发生的动作，并不是指发生在一长段时间以前的动作；eg： i had done my homework this morning before i went to the museum.4 过去完成时态常常跟以下引导的时间短语连用，如when, after, before, as soon as, until, since, by, for, already.9eg：then a few months after carter had opened the tomb, lord carnarvon fell ill with afever and died.5 过去完成时态的构成：had

44、+v-edeg： howardcarter had received money from lordcarnarvonbefore he made his most amazing discovery.二 现在完成时态仍是过去完成时态1. 当我们谈论一个与现在有关的过去的事情时，我们用现在完成时态；eg： howard carter is one of the most famous explorers the world has ever known.2. 当我们在谈论过去，并要说明一个更早发生的动作的时候，我们就要用过去完成时态；eg：not long after the tomb had

45、 been opened, people in carter s team began to fall ill and die strangly.语法复习模快二i1 alice s seco-hnadnd computer wrong although she used it only once. a goesb has gonec is goingdhad gone2 robert me his address the other day, but i m afraid i it.ahad given; lostbhas given; have lostcgave ; have lostdg

46、ives; lost 3 i nothing about it before you told me the newsa know b knew c had knownd has known4 -what these days. still busy writing your new book.-yes, i think i can finish it next week.a do you dobhave you been doingc have you doneddid you do 5 -what was the film like.-well ， i it very interestin

47、g.a thought; would beb thought; may bec think; is going to be d think; will be 6 it was the third time that he us about his story.a has toldb toldc is tellingd had told 7 i forget what i was taught, i only remember what i .a learnb learnedc have learnedd had learned8 my younger sister the youth leag

48、ue 2004.a has joined; in b has joined; since c had joined; since d joined; in 9 where my pen. icann t find it anywhere.-i it on this table, but now,it s gone. a did you put; have putb have you put; put10c had you put; was putting d were you putting; have put 10 she was praised for what she .a had do

49、neb has donec would dod does11 i he would help me with my english, in fact he didn t. a has thoughtb thoughtc thinkd had thought12 - tom, your shirt is so dirty.- mom, i our storeroom downstairs and i will wash it after finishing the cleaning.a cleanedb have cleaned c was cleaning d have been cleani

50、ng 13 they friends since they met in new york.a have made b have become c have been d have turned14 nobody but the twins some interest in the project till now. a showsb showc have shown d has shown15.the students don t want to have their supper until they their experiment.a finishedb have finishedc

51、had finishedd will finish16 by now students in grade one 1,700 english words and phrases. a should learnb have learnedc learnedd learn17 sorry to have kept you waiting.-i here for fifty minutes.a have arrivedb have got c have reached d have been 18 where have you been. i you the whole day.-i was in

52、the library reading magazines.a have been telephoningb had telephonedc telephonedd was telephoned 19 hi, tracy , you look tired.-i am tired. i the living room all day.a paintedb had paintedc have been paintingd have painted 20 why didn t you come yesterday.-i ,but i had an unexpected visitor. a hadb

53、 wouldc was going tod did21 will you be free at three ock tomorrowcloafternoon.-no, i a meeting at that time.11awill haveb was going to havec will be havingd would have 22 what were you doing when i phoned you yesterday.-i just finished my homework and to watch tv.ahave; am goingb have; was goingcha

54、d; was goingd had; am going 23 my father will be here tomorrow.-oh, i thought that he today.a was comingb is comingc will comedcomes 24 when we reach new york, it .a probably will rain bwill probably be raining c is probably raining d has probably rained25 is this the last exam we have to take this term.-yes, but there another test three months from now.a hasb isc wasd will be26 it was said that the machine sometime the next week.a had been repairedb would repairc was to be repairedd needs repairing 27 why did you buy this paint so