风险分析方法PPT课件

1、这是否安全？这是否安全？Is it safe?第1页/共14页哪一个更安全？哪一个更安全？Which is safer?第2页/共14页安全还是危险？安全还是危险？Safe or dangerous?第3页/共14页多安全才是安全？多安全才是安全？How much is safety?4为了确保设备更安全我们应该增加其它设施，在危险时进行控制和预先警示。To make an equipment safer we should add-on other equipment to control and warn in advance in case of danger.控制措施越多，设备越安全。

2、控制措施越多，设备越安全。The more the controls, the safer the equipment.当然，由于控制设施重量太大，飞机也许永远不能起飞.也许情况会更糟糕.Well, a plane would never take off due to the weight of the control instruments.may be it would be even worse.这意味着当我们执行我们的活动时，我们这意味着当我们执行我们的活动时，我们已经接受已经接受“已知的已知的”风险。风险。It means we have accept a “known” risk

3、 while performing our activity.第4页/共14页通常，我们可以使用确定的方法来评估活动或工艺中可能会有哪些错误。Usually we can use deterministic approach to evaluate what can be wrong with an activity or a process or.有时这些过程:Sometimes the processes are:用确定性的方法来处理太复杂 Too complicated to be treated with deterministic methods使用确定性的方法费用太高 The de

4、terministic method is too expensive to be used确定性的方法需要太长时间 The deterministic method requires too long time所以我们需要分解问题，引入另外的方法：概率性的/统计学方法So we have to break down the problem and introduce an additional approach: probabilistic/statistical。统计学的与确定性的统计学的与确定性的Statistic vs. Deterministic第5页/共14页dlFdlF对于自行车

5、的分析，全面的确定性方法是有用的，因为我们能够设想仅能分解为很少的模块A full deterministic approach can be useful for the bicycle as we can guess just a few modes to break down.一架飞机或者一座核电站有许多不同的可能有缺陷的模块An airplane or a nuclear power station has MANY different MODES to be defective统计学的与确定性的统计学的与确定性的Statistic vs. Deterministic第6页/共14页风

6、险=可能性x 结果的影响Risk = Probability x Effect可能性是统计学的部分Probability is the STATISTICAL part结果的影响是确定性的部分Effect is the DETERMINISTIC part例如：For example:1)某人假如碰巧踩到香蕉皮滑倒，风险是什么？What is the risk a person runs into in case she/he slips a banana peel2) 对于地球上一个人来说，一旦宇宙另外的星系发生核爆炸，风险是什么？What is the risk for a person

7、in our planet in case of a nuclear explosion in another galaxy of the universe什么是风险？什么是风险？What is Risk?第7页/共14页可能性可能性Probability 根据不同的模型计算（预先危险性分析，故障模型和失效影响分析，故障树分析）Calculated according to different methods (HAZOP, FMEA, Fault Tree Analysis) 建议从做简单的开始（通常是FMEA），然后如果需要，使用最精确的方法（故障树分析）。It is suggested

8、to start from the easiest (usually FMEA) then, if needed, use the most precise (Fault Tree Analysis) 最精确的方法也是成本最高的方法（需要时间和费用）。所以建议仅使用该方法用于评估非常复杂和危险的工艺。The most precise is also the most expensive (time and experts needed) so its use suggested only to evaluate the probability of very complicated and d

9、angerous processes.第8页/共14页后果的影响后果的影响Effect 首先，影响可以根据普遍的经验预测，例如人员摔倒；着火；粉尘爆炸，在没有精确计算下。The effects can, at first, be predicted according to the common experience, i.e. people falling down; fire; dust explosion, without calculating “how much” 可以根据数学模型评估，例如对于最复杂和最危险的工艺，火焰热辐射，爆炸超压。目的是计算影响有多大。Evaluated ac

10、cording to mathematical modeling, i.e. flame heat radiation, explosion overpressure, for the most dangerous and complicated processes. The scope is to evaluate how big can be the effect. 建议评估“多米诺模型”，例如经过检查后的影响可能只是导致很小的火灾。但是如果它发生在大的储罐旁边，就可能会演变成很大的火灾。It is suggested to evaluate “domino effects”, i.e.

11、the effect under examination may led to a small fire. But if it happens beside a big tank, the effect can evolve to a very big one.第9页/共14页故障故障Failure模型模型Mode影响影响Effect分析分析AnalysisPROCESS PARAMETERVARIATIONCAUSEEFFECTLevelhighvalve V101 closedoverflowlowNo feedpump running dryTemperaturehighV101P101

12、L101进料feed故障模型和失效影响分析故障模型和失效影响分析FMEA工艺参数变量原因影响第10页/共14页顶事件是最终的影响Top event is the final EFFECTP=Pev1xPev2 + Pev2xPev3xPev4 + Pev5顶事件Top eventEv 1.1Ev 2Ev 1Ev 5Ev 4Ev 3Ev 2Ev 1.2Ev 1.3andandorEv 2.1or故障树分析故障树分析Fault Tree Analysis第11页/共14页PROBABILITY OF THE EVENTHIGHMEDIUMLOWSEVERITY OF THE EVENTRISK C

13、LASSIFICATION=PROBABILITYx SEVERITYPROBABILTY OF THE EVENTLOWMEDIUM HIGHSEVERITYHIGHMedium RiskHigh RiskHigh RiskMEDIUMLow RiskMedium RiskHigh RiskLOWLow RiskLow RiskMedium Risk在考虑“有多少控制措施”的基础上，可能性可以凭经验估计。例如，Probability can be estimated empirically based on “how many controls” we perform on the even

14、t. I.e.控制措施1-我们有SOP，人员经过培训Control 1 we have an SOP and the personnel is trained - 高的高的HIGH -控制措施2-除了“控制措施1”，还有设施显示相关参数Control 2 in addition to “Control 1” there is an instrument to indicate relevant parameters- 中等的中等的MEDIUM - 控制措施3-除了“控制措施2”，一旦参数超出控制范围达到报警水平，就会有报警Control 3 In addition to “Control 2” t