【论文】楼宇智能化技术网络技术现状及发展趋势(中英版)

1、中文译文.1英文原文.7中文译文：楼宇智能化技术网络技术现状及发展趋势摘要：介绍楼宇向动化系统的概念，分析集散系统dcs、现场总线技术fcs、工业以 太网等计算机网络技术在楼宇自动化系统中的应用、研究现状及优缺点。讨论儿种现场总线 在楼宇口动化系统中的应用现状，分析存在的问题。展望楼宇口控系统及其网络应用的研究 方向和发展趋势，家居口动化有可能成为楼宇口动化系统集成的一个子系统，节能研究、新 能源开发利丿ij、无线网络等技术在智能楼宇领域的应川也将成为楼宇自动化系统的重要研究 方向。随着经济的发展,人们对生活环境的安全、高效、舒适提出了要求，应运而生的楼宇智 能化技术目前在我国各类建筑中得到了

2、广泛应用，它是集建筑技术、计算机技术、口动化技 术、通信技术以及系统集成技术为一体的一个新兴但发展又i分迅猛的技术领域。网络技术 发展更是突飞猛进,计算机网络技术已广泛应用于工业、商业、金融、科研、教育、农业及h常牛活等方面，已经在影响并逐步改变人们的工作牛活方式。1 楼宇智能化技术概况智能建筑在国际上又称为3a建筑,它包括以下几个部分:bas (building automationsystem)为楼宇自动化系统、cas (communication automation system)为通信自动化系统、oa s (0 f ice automation system)为办公自动化系统,通过s

3、cs (structured cabl ingsystem)结构化综合布线系统把上述三个系统有机结合起來。中国国家标准智能建筑设计标准(gb /t50314-2000)屮仞能建筑(1b)的定义是：它是以建筑为平台，兼备建筑设备、办公自动 化及通讯网络系统，集结构、系统、服务、管理及它们之间的最优化组合，给人们提供一个安全、高效、舒适、便利的建筑环境。楼宇自动化系统是智能建筑屮最基木和最重要的组成 部分，它利用计算机及其网络技术、白动控制技术和通信技术构建的高度自动化的综合管理 和控制系统，将人楼内部各种设备连接到一个控制网络上，通过网络对其进行综合的控制， 这些设备包括空调、照明设备、电梯、消

4、防设备、安防设备等等。它确保建筑物内的舒适 和安全的办公环境，同时实现高效节能的要求。2 楼宇智能化技术中网络技术的应用及研究智能建筑系统是将大楼内的若干个既相对独立乂相互关联的系统组成具有一定规模的 大系统。这其中计算机通信网络是智能建筑系统的神经系统，它把现有的分离设备、功能、 信息组合到一个和互关联的、统一的、协调的系统之中，实现语音、数据、图像的综合传输、 交换、处理和应用。楼宇自动化系统（bas）是智能大厦的各智能化系统中发展历史最长的子 系统，也是最核心的子系统。网络技术在楼宇智能化技术中的应用主要就体现在这一子系统 中，因此，下而主要围绕楼宇自动化这一子系统展开探讨。2.1 集散

5、型控制系统（dcs）在楼宇自动化系统中的应用集散型计算机控制系统（dccs）乂名分布式计算机控制系统，简称集散型控制系统（dcs） o集散型控制系统的实质是利用计算机技术对生产过程进行集中监控、操作、管理和分散控制 的一种新型的控制技术。采用三级结构模式，即控制（工程师站）、操作（操作站）、现场仪 表（仪表站）。dcs是由计算机技术、信号处理技术、测量控制技术、网络通信技术和人机接 口技术相互发展和渗透而产牛的。在楼宇口动化系统中，典型的产品有西门子公司的s600a pogee楼宇自控系统，它是由屮央工作站、各种ddc控制器及各类传感器、执行机构组成，能 够完成多种控制及管理功能。传统的dcs

6、系统存在的问题有：（1）其1/ 0信号采用传统的模 拟量信号，因此，它无法在dcs工程师站上对现场仪表（比如变送器、执行器等）进行远方 诊断、维护和组态；（2）由于各厂家产品自成一体，系统相对封闭，产品互换性能差，系统 扩展难。2.2 现场总线技术在楼宇自动化系统中的应用及研究现场总线控制系统fcs （fieldbus control system）是川丁现场仪表与控制系统和控制 室z间的一种全分散、全数字化、解能、双向、多变量、多点、多站的通信系统。现场总线控制系统技术上具有的特点是：（1）系统开放性，即通信协议公开，各厂家的设备z间可互联为系统并实现信息交换。（2）可互操作性与可互用性，不

7、同厂家类似产品可实现互换。（3）现场设备的智能化与功能自治性，即现场设备本身就能完成自动控制的皋木功能，并随时诊 断设备的运行状态。(4)系统结构高度分散，根本上改变了dcs集中与分散相结合的集散系 统框架，提高了可靠性和对现场环境的适应性。为克服dcs系统的不足，楼宇自动化系统引入了现场总线技术，1=1前，常用在楼宇自动化系统中常用的现场总线有lonworks现场总线、e1b现场总线等。针对楼宇口动化系统的特点推出的楼宇口动控制网络通信协议bacont的应 用也十分流行。2. 2. 1 lonworks 现场总线lonworks现场总线是口前楼宇自动化系统屮应川较多的现场总线技术。它是美国w

8、chelom公4于1991年推出的eon (local operrationgnetworks)ji术，乂称lonworksji术。lontalk网络协议和神经元芯片是lonworks的核心技术。11前，多种楼宇自动化控制系统都支持lonworks技术，如霍尼伟尔公司的ebt系统、西门子公司的apogee系统、江森公司的metasys系统lonworks技术的缺点是其所需要神经元芯片的工作温度范围较窄、操作复 杂、价格昂贵。2. 2.2 eib 现场总线eib是欧洲安装总线(european installation bus)的缩写。它在1990年被提出，经过十多年的发展，成为欧洲最有影响的建

9、筑智能化现场总线标准，在欧洲得到了进300家厂商的 支持。它主要通过电力电缆传输信号，避免了亜复布线带来的诸多麻烦，如abb i-bus eib系统。在国内智能楼宇中e1b技术也得到广泛应用。2. 2.3 其他现场总线can (controller area network)即控制器局域网络，主要用于过程检测及控制。80年代初由徳国bosch公司提出的一种串行通信协议。现已成为国际标准，在工业过程中得到 了广泛应川。在楼宇自动化化系统屮也得到应川，如s2000楼宇自控系统。can总线的特点是: 开发费用低，技术相对其他现场总线简单，但总线上挂的接点过少，满足不了楼宇系统的要 求。profibu

10、s现场总线，它是唯一全集成过程和工厂自动化的现场总线解决方案，是一种不 依赖于厂家的开放式现场总线标准，在智能楼宇中也得到了应用，其存在的问题是与高层的 广域网络的连接比较复杂，因而应用受到限制。2. 2.4 楼宇自动控制网络通信协议 bacent由丁各国及各大公司为维护口身利益，长期以來现场总线标准没有得到统一。楼宇口动化控制系统也同样面临类似的境况，楼宇自动化系统较为庞大，它包括供配电子系统、照明 子系统、空调与冷热源子系统、给排水子系统、电梯自控子系统以及安防子系统、消防子系 统等，各子系统其至可以再细分。而各个厂家则根据自身优势针对某个或某儿个子系统推出 了自己的产品。因此，在实际工程

11、应用中，楼宇口动化系统工程实际上是一项系统集成的工 作，各子系统一般都选用不同厂家的产品，这就存在不同的现场总线协议在整个系统中相互 兼容的问题。这样一个背景下，楼宇自动控制网络通信协议bacent应运而生。智能建筑控制 网络协议发展至今，bacnet标准以其先进的技术、完善的体系结构和开放的理念正式成为建 筑智能化系统领域中的唯一iso标准(iso 16484-5)。严格地说，bacnet并不是现场总线， 而是一种网络协议，即通信规则，它为不同商家产品的系统之间述行信息交流提供平台和支 持。参照ost标准模型，bacnet包含了应用层、网络层、几种数据链路层和物理层共四层协 议。bacnet

12、采川五种网络技术(ethernet, arenet, ms/tp, ptp, lontalk)进彳亍通信。选择多种 网络技术的优点是可根据不同系统的要求采用不同的通信速率和通信量的网络技术。其中，ptp (pointto point)是bacnet独有的，由bacnet制定的通信协议，它提供了通过modem和电话线的联网通信，采用现代modem协议，也支持e ta -rs232标准直接用电缆连接。ms/tp也是bac-net独有的，使用eta2485标准，这是一个屏蔽双绞线局域网。bacnet在我国建筑领域屮的应川范围还是相对较小，而h在工程屮采川的bacnet产品和技术也基本上全部是从国外引

13、进的，还没有真正意义上的国产化bacnet相关产品。但bacnet应是楼宇智能化发展趋势。目前，楼宇自动化集成也在这方面开展研究工作。2.3 fcs 和 dcs 综合技术在楼宇自动化系统中的应用fcs采用的是全分布式控制，上位机需要采用巡检的方式采集各个智能节点上的数据， 因此在上位管理机和节点间属于多对一通讯，容易引起网络的阻塞，口一旦发牛网络阻塞， 网络上的数据传输效率将显著降低。dcs系统通过弥补自身不足发展到了第四代，硬件结构 也得到丰富，rh工程师站、操作站、现场控制站、通信控制站、打卬服务站、系统服务器、 管理网络、系统网络、控制网络等组成。这一代dcs系统充分体现了信息化、集成化

14、的特点, 系统体系结构开放，其现场控制层支持多种现场总线标准。实际的智能楼宇工程系统庞大、 复杂，ddc控制器在很多楼宇系统中仍在广泛应用。因此，仔细分析目前楼宇自动化系统实 质上是现场总线技术和dcs系统的综合。该结构分为三层：管理层，采川某种网络协议进行 通信，这种开放性使得管理信息集成更加容易:自动化层，采用基于控制总线楼宇自动化系 统数据通信协议的ddc分站控制器，该层具有以dcs为基础的经验，各种控制功能、应川软件 比较完善，易于处理ddc分站之间的控制协调；现场层，釆用基于现场总线的i/o模块或现 场ddc控制器，在该层上控制功能相对简单，因此既能充分发挥现场总线的优点，乂能避免

15、复杂控制算法实现困难等问题。2.4 以太网络技术在楼宇自动化系统中的应用及研究一方面，由于现有的现场总线标准过多，不同类型的现场总线设备均配有专川的通信协议，互相之间不能兼容，无法实现互操作，成木高昂、并且需要专人维护。另一方而，由于 以太网具有全开放、成木低、带宽高、稳定性和可靠性高、应川广泛、共享资源丰富等优点, 将其应用到工业网络己经成为国内外工业控制领域研究的热点。工业以太网町以利用互联网 技术，给工业自动化领域中的每台设备赋了-个ip地址，将现场设备通过各种途径连接在互 联网上。这些设备可以通过网络互相传递信息和数据，因而具有了远程维护功能并能从internet获取信息。近年，企业、

16、科研机构祁在研究开发各种带以太网络接口的现场设备， 并且这些网络接口已应川于生产现场。很自然，以太网络技术也同样进入了楼宇自动化系统 的研究领域。目前，以太网多川于基于现场总线的楼宇白控网络集成到智能建筑信息管理网 络这一环节，即ethernet总线技术。在一些新开发的楼宇自控系统中，以太网直接进入了控 制层，如北京楼宇自动化中心开发的基于以太网的enc-200up智能建筑测控系统。在楼宇口动化系统中采用以太网的优点是实现了从管理层到现场设备控制层通信协议 的兼容和统一，这样，系统扩展起来也比较方便，与智能建筑中其它系统（通信自动化系统 和办公口动化系统）集成起來也更加容易。但它也存在缺点：首

17、先，h前开发基于以太网的 控制系统产品的难度较人，开发费川和成本相对较高，川户可以选择的厂商也很右限，垄断 利润较高，研发成本还没有被消化，这些都导致产品价格过高；其次，以太网的实时性、可 靠性等方而还有待进一步完善。3 楼宇自动化控制系统发展趋势分析随着科技发展和经济的全球化趋势，企业间的竞争加剧，现场总线技术标准必将趋向统一，楼宇自动化系统屮的现场总线通信协议也必然随之趋于统一。bacnet标准在我国将得到 广泛应用。同时，以太网络技术由于其协议完全开放、成木低，随着研究工作不断深入，设 备的以太网络接口技术的成熟，工业以太网在楼宇自动化领域将得到广泛应用。n前，楼宇自动化系统的应川主要集

18、屮在建筑公共资源中，主要包括供配电、照明、空 调为冷热源、给排水、电梯自控、安防、消防、综合保安、车库管理、自动抄表等子系统。 随着网络技术应用的不断深入，安全、舒适、节能、快捷的工作牛活环境的内涵不断丰富， 楼宇自动化系统的研究将进一步深入，范围也将进一步扩展，将扩展到家庭生活空间。各种 以太网络接口的研究将推动家川电器的网络化使得家居口动化有可能成为楼宇口动化系统 集成的一个子系统。随着楼宇智能化技术的发展特别是以太网技术在楼宇自动化系统中的应用，传统的“3a”说法将淡化，系统趋于统一，oas、cas、bas界限将更加模糊。系统集成将更加简便，楼宇 御能化系统的成本也将进一步下降。能源危机

19、已经成为当代的急需解决的问题，也成了当前研究的热点。楼宇智能化系统可 对能源进行科学合理的分配达到节能的目的。因此，高效节能也将是楼宇自动化系统发展的 重要方向，这其中也包括新能源的利用，如目前的太阳能光伏建筑。如何在智能建筑中利用 光伏电能也将是智能楼宇自动化系统研究和发展的一个方向。无线网络可以省去布线，节约 资源，在楼宇口控网络系统中也有鮫大的研究和应用价值。楼宇自动化系统与网络技术结合紧密，dcs和现场总线在目前楼宇自控系统匕经得到应 川广泛，但也存在一些诸如没有统一协议标准以致集成成本过窩等问题。bacnet标准以其先 进的技术、完善的体系结构和开放的理念正式成为建筑智能化系统领域中

20、的唯一iso标准， 将得到广泛应用。工业以a网技术山于其全开放、成本低、带宽高、稳定性和可靠性高、应 用广泛、共享资源丰富等优点将成为楼宇自控系统研究应用的热点。家居自动化、家用智能 电器的网络化在不久的将來也将进入楼宇自动化控制系统的研究应用领域。节能研究、新能 源开发利川、无线网络等技术在智能楼宇领域的应丿ij也将成为楼宇自动化系统的重要研究方 向。英文原文:on networks status quo and development tendencyof building intelligence technologyabstract：this paper presents the co

21、ncept of building automation system, and analyzesthe application and research states of dcs, fcs and ethernet network in buildingautomation system, as well as the advantages and disadvantages. it discusses thecurrent applications of some kind of fcs in bas, analyzes the existent problems andgives ex

22、pectation of the research and application trend of the building automationsystem and network application. domestic automation system will be a subsystem ofbas, while the application of technologies such as the research of energy conservation,the development and usage of new energy, wireless network

23、in the field of intelligentbuilding system integration will become an important research direction of bas.with economic development, peoples living environment for the safe, efficient,comfortable and set forth requirements, the building came into being intelligenttechnology in all types of construct

24、ion in china has been widely applied, it is setconstructiontechnology,computertechnology,automationtechnology,communications technology and system integration technology for a new one but alsoa very rapid development of technology. the development of network technology isadvancing by leaps and bound

25、s, computer network technology has been widely used inindustrial, commercial, financial, scientific research, education, agriculture and dailylife, etc., have affected and will gradually change peoples working life1building intelligent technology overviewintelligent building in the international com

26、munity also known as the 3a building,which includes the following sections: bas (building automation system) for thebuilding automation system, cas (communication automation system) for thecommunications automation systems, oas (o f ice automation system) for the officeautomation system, through the

27、 scs (structured cabling system) structured cablingsystem to the integrated systems combine the three. chinafs national standardintelligent building design standards (gb / t50314-2000) in the intelligent building(ib) is defined as: it is building as a platform, both construction equipment, officeaut

28、omation and communications network systems, set structure, systems, services，management and the optimization of their portfolio to offer a safe, efficient,comfortable and convenient built environment. building automation system is theintelligent building of the most basic and most important componen

29、t of its use ofcomputers and network technology, automatic control technology and communicationtechnology construction of the high degree of automation and integrated managementand control systems, building will house various equipment connected to the a controlnetwork, through its comprehensive net

30、work of control, including air-conditioningequipment, lighting equipment, elevators, fire-fighting equipment, security equipment,and so on. it ensures that the building of comfort and safety of the office environment,while achieving high efficiency and energy saving requirements.2building intelligen

31、t tech no logy in the application and networktechnology researchintelligent building systems is building both the number of relatively independentand interrelated systems of a certain number of large-scale systems. among thesecomputer communication network is intelligent building system of the nervo

32、us system,the separation of the existing equipment, functions, information to a combination ofinterrelated, unified, coordinated system, voice, data, images of the integratedtransmission, exchange, processing and application. building automation system(bas) is the intelligent building of the intelli

33、gent system the longest in the history ofthe subsystems, is the core subsystems. network technology in building the applicationof intelligent technology embodied in this major subsystems, therefore, below the mainbuilding automation around the start of this subsystem.2.1 the distributed control syst

34、em (dcs) in the building automationsystem of review distributed computer control system (dccs)，also known as distributedcomputer control system, called distributed control system (dcs). distributedcontrol system, in essence, is using computer technology to the production process tofocus on monitorin

35、g, operation, management and decentralized control of a newcontrol technology. a three-structure model, that is, control (engineers station),operation (operation points), field instrumentation (meters station). dcs by computertechnology, signal processing technology, measurement and control technolo

36、gy,network communications technology and human-computer interface technology andmutual development and the infiltration. in the building automation system, a typicalproduct of the s600a pogee siemens building automation system, it is from thecentral station, all kinds of ddc controllers and various

37、types of sensors,implementation bodies, to complete a variety of control and management functions .the traditional dcs system the problems are: (1) of its i / o signals using thetraditional analog signal, so it can not stand in dcs engineers on-site instrumentation(such as the transmitter, implement

38、ation, etc.) for remote diagnosis, maintenance andconfiguration, (2) as the self-product manufacturers, a relatively closed system, theexchange of products of poor, the system expansion difficult.2.2 fieldbus tech no logy in the building automation system and theapplication of researchfieldbus contr

39、ol system fcs (fieldbus control system) is used for fieldinstrument and control system between the control room and a fully distributed, all-digital,intelligent,bi-directional,multi-variable,multi-point,multi-stationcommunication system. fieldbus control system with the technical characteristics are

40、:(1) open system, open communication protocol, the manufacturers of equipment forinterconnection between the system and to achieve exchange of information. (2)interoperability and interoperability of different manufacturers can achieve similarproducts exchange. (3) equipment at the scene of the inte

41、lligent and functionalautonomy, that is, the equipment itself can be done at the basic functions of automaticcontrol and diagnostic equipment at any time the running(4) highly decentralizedstructure, fundamentally change the dcs combination of concentrated and disperseddistribution system framework

42、to improve the reliability and adaptability of theenvironment on the spot. dcs system to overcome the shortage of building automationsystem to introduce a field bus technology, at present, commonly used in buildingautomation systems are commonly used fieldbus lon works fieldbus, eib，such asfieldbus.

43、 building automation system for the launch characteristics of the buildingautomation network communication protocol bacent the application is also verypopular.2.2.1 lonworks fieldbuslon works field bus is the building automation system in the application of morefieldbus technology. it is wchelom com

44、panies in the united states in 1991 launchedthe eon (local operrationgnetworks) technology, also known as lonworkstechnologylontalk network protocols and neurons lonworks chip is the coretechnologyat present, a variety of building automation control systems are insupport of lonworks technology, such

45、 as huo ni wei seoufs ebi system, the siemensapogee system, johnsons metasys system. lonworks technology they need isthe shortcomings of neurons chip temperature range is narrow and complicated tooperate, more expensive.2.2.2 eib fieldbuseib is the european installation bus (european installation bu

46、s) acronym. it wasproposed in 1990，after 10 years of development, become the most influentialeuropean fieldbus intelligent building standards in europe, has been into the 300manufacturers for their support. it is mainly through the power cable transmissionsignals, to avoid a repeat of the wiring man

47、y troubles, such as abb i-bus eib system.intelligent buildings in the country in the eib technology has been widely used.2.2.3 other fieldbuscan (controller area network) that the controller local area network, mainlyused for detection and control of the process . in the early 1980s by the germancom

48、pany bosch a serial communication protocol. has now become the internationalstandard, in the industrial process has been widely used. in the building automationsystem has also been applied, such as the s2000 building automation system. canbus is characterized by: the development of low-cost, technol

49、ogy compared with otherfieldbus simple, but the bus hung the contact is too small, can not satisfy therequirements of building systems. profibus fieldbus, it is the only fully integratedprocess and factory automation of field bus solutions, which is not dependent onmanufacturers of open-field bus st

50、andards, in the smart buildings have been applied,the existence of the problem w让h the high level of wide-area network connections ismore complicated and therefore application is limited.2.2.4 building automation network communication protocol bacentas all countries and all major companies to protec

51、t their own interests, for a longtime fieldbus standards are not uniform. building automation control system is alsofacing a similar situation, a huge building automation system, which includes powersupply systems, lighting systems, air conditioning and cold and heat source system,water supply and d

52、rainage systems, elevators and security of automatic control systemssystems, fire systems, subsystems or even the subdivision. the various manufacturersunder their own advantages against one or several subsystems launched its ownproduct. thus, in practical engineering applications, building automati

53、on systemsengineering is actually a system integration work, the subsystems of differentmanufacturers generally choose the products, which are different agreements in thefield bus system as a whole in the issue of compatibility such a background, buildingautomation network communication protocol bac

54、ent came into being. intelligentbuilding control network protocol development so far, bacnet standard with itsadvanced technology, improve the architecture and the idea of opening a formalconstruction in the field of intelligent system only iso standard (iso 16484-5). strictlyspeaking, bacnet is not

55、 the fieldbus, but a network protocol, communications rules, itis the product of different business systems provide a platform for informationexchange and support. osi reference standard model, b acnet include the applicationlayer, network layer, several data link layer and physical layer has four s

56、toriesagreement. bacnet network technology used in five (ethernet, arcnet, ms / tr ptp,lontalk) communication. choose a variety of network technology is based on themerits of the requirements of different systems using different communication rate andthe traffic network technology. one, ptp (point t

57、o point) is a unique bacnet,enacted by the bacnet communication protocol, which provides telephone linethrough the modem and networking communications, the introduction of modernmodem agreement, and also supports e ia-rs232 standard direct cable connection.ms / tp bac-net is unique, the use of eia24

58、85 standards, this is a unshielded twistedpair lan.bacnet in china in the field of construction or the application of relatively small,but also in the works in a bacnet products and technologies are basically allintroduced from abroad, but also no real sense of the localization of bacnet relatedprod

59、ucts. however, bacnet is the development trend of intelligent buildings. atpresent, the building automation integration is also carrying out research work in thisarea.2.3 fcs and dcs integrated technology in the building automationsystem of applicationfcs is the use of distributed control, the need

60、for a toppolling in all the waycollecting data on the smart nodes, in the upper-management and communicationsnodes of an duodui yi, easily lead to network congestion, and in case of networkcongestion , on the network data transmission efficiency will be significantly reduced.dcs system through their