(完整版)middleEnglish(中时期英语演变)

1、middle english（11501500）刘宇林 17 数院three distinct periods! - the norman invasion （诺曼征服） -ascendance（支配） of english -triumph（凯旋）,period of chaucer（乔叟，第一位英国诗人）norman conquest (until 1204) the most cataclysmic（重大变动） event in the history of english. french invasion(politically and linguistically)ascendanc

2、e of english(1204-1348) norman-french lost status-mocked by parisian french speakers crusades brought speakers of various english dialects together.note：crusade 十字军东征triumph(1348-1509) black death:lower class english speakers gained economic clout. hunderd years war with france:all french holdings l

3、ost.note：black death黑死病（14 世纪蔓延欧亚两洲的鼠疫）resultenglish supplanted（代替） french - but with a massive influx（大量汇集） of french vocabulary.after knowing these,lets talk about the phonological（音韵学） processes during the middle english.1.homorganic lengthening vowels were lengthened before /ld/, /mb/, /nd/, /rd

4、/, probably also /, /rl/, /rn/, when not followed by a third consonant or two consonants and two syllables. 当/ld/, /mb/, /nd/, /rd/,/, /rl/, /rn/后面没有跟着第三个辅音 或者 两个辅音和两个音节时，他们前面的元音要延长读音。note：vowel元音 syllable音节 consonant辅音 homorganic 发音部位相同的 e.g.(remnants（残留） in todays english) child /tald/ children /t

5、ldrn/ old /ld/(bre) alderman /ldmn/ this probably occurred around ad 1000. later on, many of these vowels were shortened again; but evidence from the ormulum shows that this lengthening was once quite general.note：the ormulum is a twelfth-century work of biblical exegesis（注释）, written by a monk（僧人）

6、named orm and consisting of just under 19,000 lines of early middle english verse.（诗）2.stressed vowel changes / (from old english /, /) and / became / and /, respectively. / (from old english /, /) and / merged(合并） into /a/. new diphthongs（双元音） formed from vowels followed by /w/ or /j/.note:stressed

7、 重读attention：differ from todays diphthongs and vowels.3.trisyllabic laxing(松) define:shortening of stressed vowels when two syllables followed. 当后面跟着两个音节的时候，前面的元音缩短。note： tri-三的 trisyllabic三音节的 e.g.(remnants in todays english) south /sa/ southern /s()n/ divine(神圣) /dvan/ divinity /dvnt/ this results

8、 in pronunciation variants（变异） in modern english.4.reduction and loss some unstressed vowels merged into /.starting around 1400 ad, / is lost in final syllables. some consonant were lost in some syllables. e.g.(remnants in todays english) /sw/- /s/ sword /sd/ /mb/ - /m/ lamb /lm/ this can explain “the strange pr