初中英语三大从句讲解

1、中学英语三大从句讲解在英语中，主要有三大从句，即名词性从句（包括主语从句，宾语从句，表语从句，同位语从句）、形容词性从句（即定语从句）、副词性从句（即状语从句,包括时间、条件、结果、目的、缘由、让步、地点、方式等）；以下是一些基本的从句的语法学问点a、定语从句专项讲解与训练一、定语从句概念定语从句（ attributive clause），顾名思义，就是一个句子作定语从属于主句；定语一般是由形容词充当，所以定语从句又称作形容词从句；另外，定语从句是由关系代词或关系副词引导的，故又称作关系从句；定语从句一般放在它所修饰的名词或代词之后，这种名词或代词被称作先行词；请看示例：the woman w

2、ho lives next door is a teacher.先行词 定语从句在全部的从句中，算定语从句最难把握，由于汉语里没有定语从句，汉语里只有定语，而且总是放在名词之前来修饰名词；二、关系代词引导的定语从句关系代词代替前面的先行词，并且在定语从句中充当句子成分，可以作主语、宾语、定语等；常见的关系代词有： who, that, which；它们的主格、宾格和全部格如下表所示：格先行词主格 宾格 全部格人 who whom whose物 which which whoseof which人、物 that that1（一）关系代词who, whom和 whose 的用法who代替人，是主格

3、，在定语从句中作主语；例如：an architect is a person who designs buildings.建筑师是设计房屋的人； i will never forget the teacher who taught us chemistry in the first year of my senior middle school.我将永久不会遗忘在高一时教我们化学的那位老师；anyone who wants to apply for this job must send us the resume by email first.想应聘这个职位的任何人都必需先通过电子邮件向我们发

4、送简历；whom代替人，是宾格，在定语从句作宾语，在非正式英语常可省略；例如：do you know the gentleman whom we met in the school library yesterday.昨天我们在学校图书馆里遇到的那位先生你熟悉吗？this is the student whom my father taught ten years ago.这是我爸爸十年前教的同学； the girl who i saw is called mary.我见到的那个女孩名叫玛丽；（在非正式英语中，主格 who代替了宾格 whom，亦可省略）whose一般代替人，有时亦可代替物，是

5、全部格，在定语从句作定语；例如：the girl student whose father is a senior engineer used to study abroad.其父是一位高级工程师的那个女同学过去在国外留学；do you know the name of the hotel whose window we can see here.我们这儿能看到窗户的 那个宾馆叫什么名字， 你知道吗？（关系代词 whose指代先行词 hotel ，正式用法应当用of which ； whose window=the window of which，意思是： the window of the

6、hotel；）（二）关系代词which 的用法which 代替物，在定语从句作主语或宾语，作宾语时仍可省略；例如：i do not like stories which have unhappy endings.我不喜爱有不幸结局的小说；（which 可以换成 that ）tom works for a factory which makes watches.汤姆在一个制表厂工作；（which 可以换成 that ）（三）关系代词that的用法that既可指人又可指物， 在当代英语中大多指物， 在定语从句作主语或宾语， 作宾语时仍可省略；例如：is she the girl that sell

7、s newspapers.她是卖报纸的那个女孩吗？（that可以换成 who）2where is the ice-cream that was in the fridge.放在冰箱的冰激凌哪儿去了？（that可以换成 which ） is this the book that you want to buy.这是你要买的那本书吗？（ that可以换成 which ，在定语从句作宾语，仍可以省略）三、关系副词引导的定语从句常用的关系副词只有三个：when, where, why ，在定语从句中充当时间、地点和缘由状语；它们的用法大家不妨记住一个口诀：the time when the place

8、 where the reason why（一）关系副词when的用法关系副词 when代替的先行词表示的是时间，when在定语从句作时间状语；例如： in beijing july and august are the months when it rains very often.北京的七月和八月是常下雨的月份；（when先行词是 months） do you remember the day when we first went to the summer palace.你仍记得我们第一次去颐和园的那一天吗？（when先行词是 day， 当代英语里 when可以用 that替代，这时关系

9、代词that就变成了表示时间的关系副词）i haven t seen her since the year wheni left tokyo.自从我离开东京的那一年我就始终没见到过她；（when先行词是 year ，同样 when可以用 that代替）（二）关系副词where 的用法关系副词 where 代替的先行词表示的是地点，where 在定语从句作地点状语；例如： during the spring festival i went back to the town where i was brought up.春节期间，我回到了生我养我的家乡；（where 的先行词是 town）this

10、 is the place where li bai once lived.这是李白曾经生活过的地方；（where 先行词是 place ）上面这个句子不行以将where 改为 that ，由于 that不能作为表示地点的关系副词；试比较下句：this is the place that li bai once visited.这是李白曾经游玩过的地方；（that的先行词同样是place ，但这个 that是关系代词，在定语3从句中作宾语，可以省略，仍可以用which 替换）（三）关系副词why 的用法关系副词 why 代替的先行词表示的是缘由，why 在定语从句作缘由状语；例如： the r

11、eason why i am phoning you is to ask you whether you have got my email.我打电话给你的缘由是想问问你是否收到了我的电子邮件；（why先行词是 reason ， 当代英语 里 why 可以用 that替代，这时关系代词 that就变成了表示缘由的关系副词，仍可以将 why 省略） this is the reason why he came late to school.这就是他为什么上学迟到的缘由；（why 先行词是 reason ，why 可以用 that替代，仍可以省略）留意：假如上面的句子将the reason省略，那

12、么这个句子就变成了（this is why he came late to school.）表语从句，句子意思丝毫未变；四、特殊关系代词as 引导的定语从句as 是个比较特殊的关系代词，一是用在某些句型搭配里，二是独立于主句之外；下面分别讲解；（一）在固定搭配asas, soas, suchas, the sameas 中， as 引导定语从句you may take as many books as you want.你想要拿多少书就拿多少；（第一个as 是副词，修饰 many的；其次个 as 才是关系代词，代替先行词 books，在定语从句中作宾语）i have got such a co

13、mputer as yours.我有一台你这样的电脑；（as 是关系代词，代替先行词computer ，在定语从句中作表语，由于yours 后省略了 is）i have never seen so beautiful a place as guilin.我从未见过像桂林那样漂亮的地方；（as 是关系代词， 代替先行词 place ，在定语从句中作表语，由于 guilin后省略了 is）（二）独立于主句之外，as 引导定语从句 as we know,the earth turns around the sun.正如我们所知，地球环绕太阳旋转；as is known to us,（ as we k

14、now 和 as is known to us均为定语从句， as 分别作宾语和主语，替代后面的主句；） taiwan is, as you know, is an inseparable part of china.4你知道，台湾是中国不行分割的一部分；（关系代词as 指代整个主句，在定语从句中作宾语；）五、关系代词 who, which与 that的区分（一）关系代词who与 that的区分1. 当关系代词用作主语时，多用主格who；例如： he who loses hope loses all.失去期望的人就失去一切；（先行词为代词he, they, any, all, one等时，多用

15、 who）i met alice, who told me that she was learning chinese.我遇见艾丽斯，她告知我她在学汉语；（在非限制性定语从句中，用who）2. 当关系代词用作介词后的宾语时，用宾格whom，不用 that ；例如：the man to whom our headmaster talked just now is our english teacher.我们校长刚才与他谈话的那个人是我们的英语老师；（介词与关系代词紧密相连时，只能用宾格whom，不行用主格 who）留意：介词与关系代词不是紧密相连时，或者说介词放在句子后面时，这时可以用主格who

16、，也可用 that ，仍可以省略关系代词；因此，上面的这句话仍可以有如下四种说法：(1) the man whom our headmaster talked to just now is our english teacher.(2) the man who our headmaster talked to just now is our english teacher.(3) the man that our headmaster talked to just now is our english teacher.(4) the man our headmaster talked to j

17、ust now is our english teacher.第 4 句简洁、自然，所以口语中用得最多；3. 当关系代词泛指人时，多用that ；例如：he is a man that is never afraid of failure.他是个从不怕失败的人；（that用来泛指人）4. 当关系代词显现在who开头的疑问句时，应用that ；例如：who is the girl that is talking to tom in english.用英语同汤姆交谈的那个女孩是谁？（防止重复使用who，以免造成误会或语义含混不清）（二）关系代词which 与 that的区分1. 当先行词为 all

18、, much, little以及不定代词 anything, something, everything等时，关系代词多用 that ；例如：all that glitters is not gold.闪闪发光物，未必尽黄金；5she told me everything that she knew.她把她所知道的一切都告知了我；2. 当先行词的前面有形容词最高级、序数词或限定词theonly,the very,all,every,any, no等时，关系代词一般都用that ；例如：this is the best novel that i have ever read.这是我读过的最好的一

19、部小说；he is the only person that has been invited to the ball.他是惟一应邀参与舞会的人；3. 当关系代词显现在which 开头的疑问句时，应用that ；例如：which was the hotel that was recommended to the foreign guest.哪一个是举荐给外宾的宾馆？（这里使用that很明显是为了防止重复which ）4. 在非限制性定语从句中，关系代词一般只用which ；例如：beijing, which is the capital of the peoples republic of c

20、hina, will host the 2021 olympic games.北京是中华人民共和国的首都，将主办2021 年奥运会；5. 介词后的关系代词用which ，而不用 that ；例如：she has collected 600 stamps, 60% of which are german stamps.她收集了 600 张邮票，其中 60是德国邮票；六、定语从句的位置如前所述，定语从句一般总是直接置于所修饰的名词或代词之后；有时候，定语从句与先行词之间插入了其他的短语，这样它们被分隔了，这种情形下的定语从句被称作隔离定语从句；例如：there was a girl upstair

21、s who was shouting and crying, obviously mad.楼上有一个女孩，大喊大叫；很明显，她疯了；（定语从句who was shouting and crying修饰the girl，被 upstairs所隔开）a new master will come tomorrow who will teach you german.明天要来一位新老师教你们德语了；（定语从句置于句末以示强调）b、宾语从句宾语从句是英语复合句中的其中特别重要的从句之一；它是用一个句子做另一个句子的宾6语，将这个句子叫做宾语从句；宾语从句做介词或及物动词的宾语；现在从以下三个方面总结归纳

22、如下：一，引导词a,由 that 引导的陈述句性的宾语从句，在很多动词如say, think, wish , hope, see, believe, agree, expect, hear , feel等动词后；连词that 只起连接作用，在从句中不做句子的成分，也无词 汇意义，在口语中常被省略，但在大多数情形下仍是以不省为好，特殊是在笔语中；例： i told him that he was wrong.l 在 think,believe, suppose, expec等t动词引起的宾语从句中，有时谓语尽管是否定意义， 却不用否定形式，而将think等动词变为否定形式；例： i don t

23、think you are righ我t. 认为你做的不对 l 在很多带有复合宾语的句子中，that 引导的宾语从句常常移到句子的后面，而用it 做形式宾语；例： we think it wrong that he told a lie to everyone 我认为他向每一个人撒谎是错误的b,由连词 if 、 whether 引导的表示 “是否”的宾语从句； whether,if在从句中不做句子的成分，一般情形下， whether 和 if可以替换；例： i don t know if/whether he will come tomorrow.the teacher asked if/wh

24、ether we had finished the experiment.l 在介词后面的宾语从句中不用if 引导例： everything depends on whether we have enough mone；yl 宾语从句中有or not 时不用 if 引导.例： i don t know whether the movie star will come or not.l 和不定式连用作宾语时不用if 引导.例： whether to go there or not hasn t been decided.c,由 wh-引导的宾语从句；连接代词 who,whom,whose, wh

25、at, which,和连接副词 when, where, why, how 等连接的宾语从句，它们在句中即有连接从句的作用，又在句中充当句子的成分；例： do you know which film they are talking about. which 做定语 i don t know where he lives. whe做re地点状语 二，宾语从句的语序，宾语从句从句的语序必需是陈述语序，既连接词+主语+谓语+其他成分例： i believe that they will come soon.he asked me whether i was a teacher.7they want

26、ed to know what they can do for us.二，宾语从句的时态；宾语从句的时态受主句的限制，既：主句是一般现在时态，从句依据实际情形而定；主句是一般过去时态，从句用相应的过去的时态；假如从句的动作发生在主句之前，就从句要用过去完成时态；例:1) she says that she is a student. she said that she was a student.2) she says that she will fly to japan in a week. she said that she would fly to japan in a week.3)

27、she says that she has finished her homework already. she said that she had finished her homework already.4) she says that she can sing a song in english. she said that she could sing a song in english.l 假如宾语从句说的是客观真理、自然现象或事实时，这时宾语从句要用一般现在时态；例： the teacher said that the earth goes round the sun. he t

28、old me that japan is an island country.lcould you tell me是用来征询对方的看法，语气委婉，并不表示过去；例： could you tell me when we will visit the histury museum.留意事项：u 由陈述句变成宾语从句时，要留意人称的变化；例： she said:“ i have been to england before.”she said that she had been to england before. she asked me:“ do you like maths.” she ask

29、ed me if i liked maths. u 宾语从句与简洁句的交换；由连接代词和连接副词引导的宾语从句，假如宾语从句的主语和主句的主语是同一个人时，可以用 “疑问词 +不定式”做宾语的简洁句结构；例： i don t know what i should do next.8i con t know whtoatdo next.he didn t know where he would live. he didn t know where to live.do some exercises:1. can you see .a. what he s reading b. what is h

30、e readingc. what does he read d. he reads what2. does jack come from japan. do you know.合 并成一个句子 do you know jack from japan.3._what did your son say in the letter._he told me that he the disney would the next day a.will visit b. has visitedc. is going to visit d. would visit4. he didnntokw a. what

31、s the matter b.what the matter isc. what was the matter d. what the matter was5. somebody called you just now,but i didn t know a.who were they b. who they werec. who was it d. who it was6.i want to know a.what is his name b. what s his namec. that his name is d. what his name is7.-could you tell me

32、 she is looking for.-her cousin,susan.a. that b.whose c .who d.which8.-what are you searching the internet for.-i m trying to find out .a.what is the difference between sars and birdflu b.how many persons have died in iraqc.how to protect our environmentd.why is our chinese team be able to beat kore

33、a99. do you know .谁正在唱歌 10. do you know .她正在和谁谈话 11. do you know .昨天发生了什么事 the keys: 1 a.2 if ,comes.3d. 4 c. 5 d. 6 d. 7 c. 8 b 9 who is singing10 who she is talking with11 what happened yesterdayc、同位语从句一 概念一般来说，在主从复合句中,用作同位语的从句叫同位语从句；它通常跟在某些名词之后，用以说明或说明该名词表示的详细内容； 可以跟同位语从句的名词通常有： advice, decision,

34、 fact, hope, idea, information, message, news, promise, proposal, reply, report, suggestion, wor（d 消息）， problem， question, doubt, thought等；例如：they were delighted at the news that their team had won.当听到他们队获胜的消息时，他们欣喜如狂；where did you get the idea that i could not com？e你从哪儿听说我不能来？有时同位语从句可以不紧跟在被说明的名词后面，

35、而被别的词隔开；如：the thought came to him that tom might have returned the book.他突然想起汤姆可能已经仍了书了；（二）引导词 寻规找矩 请认真观看以下句子，留意从句引导词的用法；1. the news that mr. li will be our new english teacher is true.2. he hasn t made the decision whether he will go there.3. the question who should do the work is being discussed a

36、t the meeting.4. i have no idea what the boy is doing in the next room now.105. we haven t yet settled the question where we are going to spend our summer vacation this year.6. i have no idea how i can get to the railway station.7. i have no idea when he will be back 小结归纳 that 引导同位语从句时无词义，也不充当任何成分，但

37、通常不行以省略，如句1； whether 引导同位语从句时意为 “是否”，通常不能用 if 来代替 ,如句 2; 连接代词 who, what 等可以引导同位语从句，如句3， 4； 连接副词 where, how, when等可以引导同位语从句，如句 5， 6， 7；三 that 引导的同位语从句和定语从句 意义不同：同位语从句用来进一步说明前面名词的内容；而定语从句用来修饰、限定前面的先行词；试比较：1. the news that our team has won the final match is encouraging.2. the news that you told us is

38、really encouraging. 分析句 1 中 that 引导同位语从句，说明 “ news的”内容：我们队取得了决赛成功；句 2 中 that 引导定语从句，对 “ news加”以限定：是你告知我们的，而非来自其他渠道； that 的功能不同： that 引导同位语从句时是一个纯连词，不充当任何成分；而引导定语从句时，不仅起连接作用，而且仍指代先行词并在从句中充当主语、宾语等成分；试比较：1. dad made a promise that he would buy me a cd player if i passed the english test.2. dad made a p

39、romise that excited all his children. 分析句 1 中 that 引导 同位语从句，其中that 无词义，也不充当任何成分；替换；句 2 中 that 引导定语从句， that 指代 promise，又在从句中充当主语， 且 that 可以用 which 可否省略： that 在引导同位语从句时，通常不行省略；在引导定语从句时，如在从句中作宾语，通常可以省略，如作主语就不行以省略；11 即学即用 i 请用适当的词填空，使以下句子意思完整；1. they expressed the hope they would come over to china soon

40、.2. the fact he didn t see tom this morning is true.3. word has come some american guests will come to our college for a visit next week.4. he can t answer the question he got the money from his home yesterday.5. do you have any idea is actually going on in the classroom.6. the problem we should hav

41、e the meeting in the hall now must be decided at once.ii.以下各句中均有一处错误，请改正；1. our team has won the game, that made us very happy.2. i ve come with a message from mr wang how he won t be able to see you this afternoon.3. he must answer the question if he agrees with what she said or not.4. i ve rehaed

42、bt ook where you gave me the day before yesterday.5. one of the men held the pinion when what the book said was right.iii 把以下句子翻译成英语；1. 我向他许诺说我一到北京就给他写信；2. 他常常问我这个问题，那就是这个工作是否值得做；3. 他什么也不说，这一事实使大家都感到诧异；4. 在我看来，他刚才告知我的这个消息是真实的；5. 他突然想起他原来应当去接儿子的；key:i. 1. that2. that3. that4. how5. what126. whetherii

43、. 1 that whic2h. how that 3. if whether4. where that / whic或h 省略 where5. when that 6. that howiii. 1. i made a promise that i would write to him as soon as i got to beijing.2. he often asked me the question whether the work was worth doing.3. the fact that he had not said anything surprised everybod

44、y.4. in my opinion, the news that / which he told me just now is true5. a thought suddenly came to him that he should have picked up his son.d 、 状语从句的种类§1 状语从句的种类用来修饰谓语动词、其它动词、定语、状语或整个句子的从句叫做状语从句；状语从句可分为：1.时间状语从句 2.地点状语从句； 3.缘由状语从句； 4.条件状语从句； 5. 目的状语从句； 6.让步状语从句； 7.比较状语从句； 8.程度状语从句； 9. 方式状语从句；

45、10.结果状语从句；§2 状语从句的时态特点一般情形下， 时间和条件状语从句的谓语动词一般用“一般现在时 ”表示“一般将来时 ”，用“现在完成时”表示“将来完成时 ”；二 时间状语从句§3 时间状语从句（ adverbial clause of time）1.由 when, while, as引导的时间状语从句；【区分】when, while和 as 的区分： when 引导的从句的谓语动词可以是连续性的动词，又可以是瞬时动词；并且when 有时表示 “就在那时 ”；13while 引导的从句的谓语动作必需是连续性的，并强调主句和从句的动作同时发生（或者相对应）；并且 wh

46、ile 有时仍可以表示对比；例如：while my wife was reading the newspaper, i was watching tv. was reading是连续性的动词，was reading和 was watching同时发生 as 表示“一边一边”，as 引导的动作是连续性的动作，一般用于主句和从句动作同时发生；as 也可以强调 “一先一后；as we was going out, it began to snow.当我们出门时，开头下雪了；（as 强调句中两个动作紧接着先后发生，而不强调开头下雪的特定时间）2.由 before 和 after 引导的时间状语从句；留

47、意before 引导的从句不再用否定式的谓语，并且当 before 引导的从句位于主句之后，有时译成“就，才”；仍要留意主句和从句之间的时间关系；当主句用将来时，从句总是用现在时；假如before 引导的从句谓语用的是过去时，就主句动词多用过去完成时，这样以便表达动作发生的先后；after 表示主句动作发生在从句动作之后；主句和从句的动作的时间关系正好与before 引导的从句相反；3.由 till 或 until 引导的时间状语从句； till 和 until 一般情形下两者可以互换，但是在强调句型中多用 until ；并且要留意的是：假如主句中的谓语动词是瞬时动词时，必需用否定形式；假如主

48、句中的谓语动词是连续性动词时，用确定或否定形式都可以，但表达的意思不同；例如：4.由 since 引导的时间状语从句；since 引导的从句的谓语动词可以是连续性的动词，又可以是瞬时动词；一般情形下，从句谓语动词用一般过去时，而主句的谓语动词用现在完成时；但 在 it is时间 since 从句的句型中，主句多用一般现在时；例如：5.由 as soon as, immediately, directly, instantly, the moment, the instant, the minute,等引导的时间状语从句；这些连词都表示“一就”；【留意】hardlyscarcely, rarel

49、ywhen / before, no sooner相th当a于nas soon as 之意；主句用过去完成时，从句用一般过去时；当hardly, scarcely, rarely和 no sooner 位于句首时，主句应用倒装语序；6.由 by the time引导的时间状语从句；留意时态的变化：在一般情形下，假如从句的谓语动词用一般过去时，主句的谓语动词用过去完成时；假如主句的谓语动词用一般现在时，主句的谓语动词用将来完成时；7.由 each time, every time和 whenever引导的时间状语从句；148.由 as long as和 so long as引导的时间状语从句；这

50、两个连词表示“有多久就多久 ”；三 地点状语从句§4 地点状语从句adverbial clause of place地点状语从句一般由连接副词where, wherever等引导，已经形成了固定的句型，例如：句型 1：where 地点从句，（ there ）主句；【留意】此句型通常译成“哪里哪里就”；主句在从句后面时，there 可用可不用；假如主句在从句的前面时，一般都不用there ；句型 2：anywhere/ wherever地点从句，主句；状语从句是句子的状语由一个从句充当，来修饰主句中的动词，形容词或副词等；状语从句都由从属连词引导，与主句连接，放在句末时，一般不在前面加

51、逗号；状语从句依据它表示的意思可分为时间，缘由，条件，比较，结果，目的等类；时间状语从句：是由when, as, while, after, before, since, until, as soon as等从属连词引导的状语从句；时间状语从句中的谓语动词不能用一般将来时，只能用一般现在时表示将来发生的动作或存在的状态；缘由状语从句：because, since, as和 for 都表示缘由； because 语势最强，回答 why 提出的问题，用来说明人所不知的缘由；当能够很明显的看出缘由或人们已知缘由，就用 as 或 since ；由 because 引导的从句假如放在句末，且前面有逗号，

52、就可以用for 来代替；但假如不是说明直接缘由，而是多种情形加以推断，就只能用for；目的状语从句：表示目的状语的从句可以由in order that, so that,等词引导；结果状语从句：结果状语从句常由so.that或 such.that引导，要把握和区分这两个句型， 第一要明白 so 和 such 后面分别跟什么词； such 是形容词，修饰名词或名词词组，so 是副词 ,只能修饰形容词或副词； so仍可与表示数量的形容词many, few, much, little连用，形成固定搭配；15如： the box is so heavy that i can't carry i

53、t.让步状语从句：是由though, although引导的状语从句；e、表语从句表语从句就是用一个句子作为表语；说明主语是什么或者怎么样，由名词、形容词或相当于名词或形容词的词或短语充当，和连系动词一起构成谓语；表语从句只能置于主句之后，而主句的动词只能是联系动词；名词性从句在be 等系动词后作表语时被称为表语从句，例如： the problem is how we can get the things we need.问题是我们怎样能弄到我们需要的东西；how在表语从句中充当方式状语/ the scissors are not what i need.这把剪刀不是我所需要的；what 在表语从句中充当宾语/ what i told him was that i would find him a good play.我告知他的是我会给他找个好剧本；what在主语从句中作直接宾语，that 作为表语从句的引导 词在该表语从句中不充当句子成分，不能省略 / that is what i want to tell you.那就是我想要对你讲的；what在表语从句中充当直接宾语/thatis whyshefailedtopasstheexam.那就是她考试不及格的缘由；why在表语从句中充当缘由状语“that is why. 是常”用句型，意为 “这就是