初中英语现在完成时详解

1、现在完成时一、现在完成时构成构成：现在完成时由助动词have + 过去分词构成，助动词have 有人称和数的变化；第三人称单数用has，其余用have.现在完成时的否定式直接在助动词后面加上not、疑问式是把助动词提到主语之前；以study为例，其否定式、疑问式和简洁回答形式如下：否定式疑问式i have not haven t studied.have i studied. you have not haven t studied.have you studied. he has not hasn t studied.has he studied. 否定疑问式简洁回答（确定/否定）have

2、i not haven t i studied.yes, you have. no, you haven t. have you not haven t you studied.yes, i have. no, i haven t.has he not hasn t he studied.yes, he has. no, he hasn t.二、现在完成时用法1、现在完成时通常表示在说话之前已经完成的动作或存在的状态；说话人强调的是该动作或状态对现在的结果或影响；my daughter has just gone out.我女儿刚出去；i m sure we ve met be我for肯e.定

3、我们以前见过面； she has arrived. 她到了；2、表示连续到现在的动作或状态，往往和包括现在在内的表示一段时间的状语连用，如 recently, already, just, lately, for, sincyeet 等；,如：i haven t heard from her these days这.些日子我没有收到她的信；we haven t seen you recently.最近我们没有见到你；they have been away for two years.他们离开已经两年了； she has been with us since monday. for+ 时段 si

4、nce+过去一个时间点（译为：自从以来） since+时段 +ago since+从句（过去时） it is+ 时段 +since+从句（过去时） mary has been ill for three days.i have lived here since 1998.留意：since 和 for 的区分since 后接时间点，如1993， last term, yesterday, the time i got there for 后接一段时间，表示“长达多久 ”，如 ten years, a while, two days 等；3、表示短暂意义的动词如arrive, leave, bor

5、row, buy, begin, start, die等，在完成时当中不能和表示一段时间的状语连用，由于它们表示的动作不行能连续；因此，不能说：he has come here for 2 weeks.× the old man has died for 4 months.× they have left only for 5 minutes.×4、has gone to,has been to, has been in 的区分have/has goneto : 去了 现在不在说话现场，可能在路上和已经到 where is your father.he has g

6、one to shanghai.have/has been to : 去过（已不在去过的地方）my father has been to shanghai.have/has been in：呆了多久（仍在所呆的地方）my father has been in shanghai for two months. /since two months ago.5、现在完成时不能和表示过去的时间状语连用，如 yesterday, last year, in 1976, two days ago, just now, when i came in ，但可以和 already, yet, sometimes

7、, always, often, before, lately, recently, once, twice, ever, never 等连用；不能与 when 连用；现在完成时往往同表示不确定的过去时间状语连用例如：she has already come.她已经来了；i haven t read it yet我.仍没读过这个；i have met him before.我从前曾见过他；ma hong has always been a good student.马红始终是个好同学；i have often seen him in the street.我常常在街上观察他；they have

8、 never been to yan他们a从n.未去过延安；i haven't seen him lately.我近来没看到他；三、现在完成时的标志1、现在完成时的含义之一是过去完成的动作对现在仍有影响,用以下四大标志词可以表达这种含义 :* 以 already, just 和 yet 为标志he has already got her help. 他已得到她的帮忙；he has just seen the film. 他刚刚看过这场电影；he hasn't come back yet. 他仍没有回来；* 以 ever 和 never 为标志this is the best f

9、ilm i have ever seen.这是我曾经看过的最好的一部电影；he has never been to beijing.他从没有到过北京；* 以动作发生的次数为标志he says he has been to the usa three times. 他说他已经去过美国三次了；* 以 so far （到目前为止）为标+beforehe has got to beijing so far.到目前为止他已到了北京；she has passed the exam so far. 到目前为止她已经通过了考试；2.过去已经开头的动作始终连续到现在, 甚至有可能连续连续下去,我们可以从动作“连

10、续 ”的特性和 “时间 ”点段的区分入手,进一步学习现在完成时； for+ 时段 since+过去一个时间点（过去从句）为标志四、 瞬时动词buy, die, join, come ， go ,leave, join不能直接与for since 连用；要转变动词buy-have borrow -keep come/arrive/reach/get to-be in go out-be out leave -be away begin-be onfinish-be overopen-be openclose -be closed die-be dead1、have 代替 buymy brothe

11、r has had 不能用 has bought this bike for almost four years.2、用 keep 或 have 代替 borrowi have kept 不能用 have borrowed the book for quite a few days.3、用 be 替代 becomehow long has your sister been a teacher.4、用 have a cold 代替 catch a coldtom has had a cold since the day before yesterday.5、用 wear 代替 put on6、用

12、 “ be 形容词 ”代终止性动词be married 代 marrybe ill 代 fall get illbe dead 代 diebe asleep 代 fall get asleepbe awake 代 wake/wake upbe gone 代 lose,die,sell,leavebe open 代 openbe closed 代 close/shutbe missinggone,lost 代 lose7、用 “ be 副词 ”代终止性动词be on 代 start begin“ be up”代 get up“ bebackto代 ”return to, come back to

13、, go back to“ be here there代 com”earrive, reach, get here 或 go arrive, reach, get there8、用 “ be 介词短语 ”代终止性动词1. “ be in/at地+点 ”代替 go to /come to2.用 be in the army 代替 join the army3. “ be in/at地+点 ”代替 move to常用瞬时动词变连续性动词表：1. have arrived at/in sw. got to/reached sw. come/gone/moved to sw. have been in

14、 sw./at相应的介词2. have come/gone back/returned have been back3. have come/gone out have been out4. have become have been5. have closed / opened have been close/open6. have got up have be；en up7. have died have been；dead8. have left sw. have been away from sw.9. have fallen asleep/got to sleep have been；asleep10. have finished/ended/completed have；been over11. have married have been m；arried12. have started/begun to do sth. ha；ve done sth.13. have begun have been on14. have borrowed/bought have kept/had15. have lost haven t had16. have put on have worn17. have caught /get a col