初中英语语法---句子的种类

1、中学英语语法 - 句子的种类a英语中的句子按其使用目的，句子可分为：陈述句、疑问句、祈使句、和感叹句；eg:陈述句： this is a dog.疑问句： is this a dog.祈使句： open your eyes.感叹句： what a beautiful building it is.简洁句： i am studying.并列句： i was born in a small village and i lived there for nearly ten years.复合句： as soon as i get there,i ll call you.1 陈述句凡是说明一件事情，提出

2、一个看法，或者是表达一种心情的句子都是陈述句；大多数的句子都是陈述句， 陈述句可以用确定式和否定式；陈述句句末用句号 “ .”，通常用降调；eg： we live in beijing.we dont live in beijing.1 be动词、一般动词（实义动词） 、情态动词的否定句i am not a student.i dont know him.he cant speak english.be 动词的否定句句型：主语 + be 动词 + not + i wasnt good at english.they werent at home yesterday. he isnt my co

3、usin.进行时和被动语态都有be 动词，它们的否定句与be 动词的否定句同形； eg： they arent cleaning the room.the child was not looked after by anybody.将来时（ will ，shall）、完成时及情态动词的被动语态不能用be 动词否定句型； they will not be sent to the front.they will be not sent to the front. ×情态动词的否定句句型：主语+情态动词+ not +动词原形eg： i cant do it myself.you mustn

4、t take the books out.you must not go there alone.一般动词的否定句句型：主语+ do/does/did + not + 动词原形eg:1they didnt live in shanghai.he doesnt do his homework every day.they didnt have the class-meeting yesterday afternoon.现在完成时的否定句句型：主语+ have/has+ not + 动词的过去分词 + i havent finished reading the book yet.he hasnt

5、had his breakfast yet.过去完成时的否定句句型：主语+ had+ not + 动词的过去分词 +he hadnt finished reading the book by the end of last month.2.否定结构应留意事项使用 not的部分否定含有 not 的句子，假如使用了very, always 以及不定代词 all,both, every 及 every的复合词，就表示部分否定；eg:i dont play football very well.it isnt always hot here in summer.not 的其他否定表示1. notat

6、all一点也不i m not tired at all.i dont like it at all.2. notany more, notany longer 再也不i dont live here any longer. = i no long live here. i can not eat any more. = i can eat no more.使用 not以外的否定词表示否定1.用 no 表示： no+名词= not any一点也不there is no wind. = there is not any wind.2. never 绝不i will never forget you

7、.he has never been abroad.3. few / little几乎没有he has few friends.few people understand the difference. i have little money.there is little water in the glass.4. no one = nobody 无人no one knows the answer.= nobody knows the answer. 5.nothing = not anything 什么也没有i have nothing to do today.6. none of没有任何

8、人；什么也没有2none of them can answer it. i eat none of the food.7.含有否定副词seldom /hardly 的句子he can hardly write his name. we seldom watch tv.tooto太以至于不.的句型表示否定he is too old to work.不定代词的确定和否定形式确定否定确定否定allnone, nosomenot any, noeveryone, eachno onesomethingnot anything, nothingeverythingnothinga fewfeweach,

9、 both, eitherneither, not eithera littlelittle2 祈使句表示恳求、命令；建议等；句子没有时态变化，谓语动词一律用原形；句子中通常不用主语，句末用感叹号或者句号，用降调；1.含有其次人称主语的祈使句be careful！dont make such a noise.确定的祈使句型 动词原形 +（省略主语） stand up.be quiet, please.1. 有时，为了加强语气，可以在动词之前加do. do sit down.do study hard.2. 用客气的语气表示祈使句时，可在句首或句尾加上please,但假如在句尾加 please时

10、，那在 please之前肯定要加一个逗号“， ”；go this way, please.3. 祈使句中假如有唤语，肯定要用逗号“，”隔开，放在句首或句尾；li ming, come here.come here, li ming.否定的祈使句句型 dont +动词原形 + dont swim in the river.dont be late.please dont be noisy.句型转换之 祈使句和陈述句的改写祈使句 = you mustcome here. = you must come here.dont do that again. = you mustnt do that ag

11、ain.3please + 祈使句 = will you please. please help me. = will you please me .2 含有第一、第三人称主语的祈使句lets say goodbye here. dont let him do that again.确定的祈使句句型 let+第一人称 me, us+动词原形 +let+第三人称代词（ him/her/it/them）或名词 +动词原形 + let me try again.lets go at once.let tom go there himself.否定的祈使句lets + not + 动词原形 +dont

12、 let +第三人称代词的宾格或名词+动词原形 + lets not say anything about it.dont let them play with fire.句型转换use your head and you will find a way.if you use your head, you will find a way.3 感叹句表示喜怒哀乐等剧烈感情时用感叹句；感叹句分为两种：一种以what 引导，一种以 how 引导；句尾用感叹号，通常用降调；what a clever boy he is. how clever the boy is.1 what引导的感叹句句型 wha

13、t +名词（或形容词 +名词） +陈述句（主语 +谓语） what a beautiful city it is.what a fine day.what an honest man he is.what big apples these are. what a tall boy tom is.what fools they are. 2 how引导的感叹句句型 how+ 形容词或副词 +陈述句（主语 +谓语）！how hot it is today.how high the kite is flying. how beautiful the girl is.how fast he runs.

14、how i want to be a teacher.how well she can skate.感叹句： how busy you are. 疑问句： how busy are you. 3 if only 引导的感叹句4用 ifonly引导的感叹句通常表示一种剧烈的愿望，特殊是表示对一些不能实现的或没有实现的愿望的遗憾感；句型 if only + 主语 +一般过去时 /were if only i knew her telephone number.if only he were here.句型 if only + 主语 + could / would + have +过去分词if on

15、ly we could have gone to the party.4其他形式的感叹句感叹句除用 what 和 how 引导外，仍有很多其他形式，如可用陈述句，疑问句， 祈使句等，有时甚至一个单词或一个短语也可构成感叹句；the garden looks so lovely today. isnt it a lovely day.fire.very good.陈述句用作感叹句时，句中通常有so, such, really 等加强语气的词语，疑问句用作感叹句时，句子多为否定疑问句；b 句子按结构可分为简洁句、并列句和复合句；复合句中包含宾语从句、状语从句或定语从句等；一 简洁句简洁句就是只包含

16、一个主谓结构的句子，其句式结构主要有五种：主 +谓；he works in a big company .他在一家大公司工作；主 +系 +表；she is a kind girl .她是一个和善的女孩；主 +谓 +宾；ann eats junk food twice a week .安一周吃两次垃圾食品；主 +谓 +间宾 +直宾； he gave me a pen他.给我一支钢笔；主 +谓 +宾 +宾补； he kept me waiting for two hours .他让我等了两小时；二 并列句并列句由两个或两个以上的简洁句连接而成；并列句中的各简洁句同等重要，没有从属关系，是并列的关系

17、，之间用并列连词连接；1. 表示顺承的并列连词有and / not onlybutoa等ls；如：she not only gave us a lot of advice, butalso helped us to overcome difficulties 他.我们克服困难；不仅给了我们很多建议，而且仍帮忙2. 表示挑选的并列连词有or , eithero等r have to go .你或玛丽亚得去一趟；如： either you or maria will3. 表示转折的并列连词有but , yet , however 等；如：it is hot in summer here , but

18、it s not cold in winter .这里夏天热，但冬天不冷；4. 表示因果关系的并列连词有so . 如： he works hard , so he is one of the topstudents in our class 因.三复合句（一）宾语从句为他学习努力，所以他是我们班最优秀的同学之一；1. 宾语从句的引导词5宾语从句的引导词有that可省略 ， if , whether , who , whose , what等；如： he tells me that he is going shopping this sunday . 他告知我这个星期天他要去购物； she as

19、ked me if / whether she could join us她.问我她是否可以加入我们； do you know who broke the door .你知道谁弄坏了门吗 .2. 宾语从句的语序在含有宾语从句的复合句中，宾语从句都要使用陈述语序；如： i want to know when the train left .我想知道火车是什么时候离开的； could you tell me what your name is .你能告知我你叫什么名字吗.3. 宾语从句的时态假如主句是一般现在时、一般将来时或祈使句，宾语从句可以依据实际需要用各种时态；如：he tells us t

20、hat he has been able to look after himself他.顾自己了；告知我们他已经能够照假如主句是一般过去时，宾语从句应当使用对应的过去时态的一种；如：they said that they had already finished the work他.们说他们已经完成了工作；宾语从句表达的是客观事实、格言等时，用一般现在时；如：everyone knows there are sixty minutes in an hour .大家都知道 1 小时有 60 分钟；4. 否定前移在宾语从句中， 当主句的主语为i 或 we，谓语动词为 think , believe

21、 , suppose等时，否定应前移；如： i don t think he is right 我.我们推测他不会来；（二）状语从句认为他不对； we dont suppose he will come .状语从句在复合句中作状语，修饰主句中的动词、形容词、副词等；1. 时间状语从句在时间状语从句中， 常用的引导词有 when / while / before / after / untiltill / as soon as / since / as等；如： she was cooking when someone knocked at the door有.饭；人敲门时，她正在煮 what w

22、ill you do after you finish your homework .你做完作业后预备做什么.2. 条件状语从句在条件状语从句中，常用的引导词有if / unless 等；如： if it doesnt rain , i will go fishi如ng果. 不下雨，我将去钓鱼； they will have a picnic unless it rains next sunday 如.们要进行野炊活动；果下星期日不下雨，他if引导的条件状语从句，如主句用一般将来时，就从句应用一般现在时表将来；3. 缘由状语从句在缘由状语从句中，常用的引导词有because / as / since等；如： he didn t come because he was i他ll .没有来，由于他生病了； as you are sorry , ill forgive既yo然u 你.4. 结果状语从句悔悟了，我就原谅你；6结果状语从句主要由sothat词;such后接名词；如：/suchthat引导； so后接形容词