风景园林专业英语试题

1、1 1 why pagodas dont fall down in a land swept by typhoons and shaken by earthquakes, how have japans tallest and seemingly flimsiest old buildings - 500 or so wooden pagodas - remained standing for centuries? records show that only two have collapsed during the past 1400 years. those that have disa

2、ppeared were destroyed by fire as a result of lightning or civil war. the disastrous hanshin earthquake in 1995 killed 6,400 people, toppled elevated highways, flattened office blocks and devastated the port area of kobe. yet it left the magnificent five-storey pagoda at the toji temple in nearby ky

3、oto unscathed, though it levelled a number of buildings in the neighbourhood. japanese scholars have been mystified for ages about why these tall, slender buildings are so stable. it was only thirty years ago that the building industry felt confident enough to erect office blocks of steel and reinfo

4、rced concrete that had more than a dozen floors. with its special shock absorbers to dampen the effect of sudden sideways movements from an earthquake, the thirty-six-storey kasumigaseki building in central tokyo - japans first skyscraper - was considered a masterpiece of modern engineering when it

5、was built in 1968. yet in 826, with only pegs and wedges to keep his wooden structure upright, the master builder kobodaishi had no hesitation in sending his majestic toji pagoda soaring fifty-five metres into the sky - nearly half as high as the kasumigaseki skyscraper built some eleven centuries l

6、ater. clearly, japanese carpenters of the day knew a few tricks about allowing a building to sway and settle itself rather than fight natures forces. but what sort of tricks? the multi-storey pagoda came to japan from china in the sixth century. as in china, they were first introduced with buddhism

7、and were attached to important temples. the chinese built their pagodas in brick or stone, with inner staircases, and used them in later centuries mainly as watchtowers. when the pagoda reached japan, however, its architecture was freely adapted to local conditions - they were built less high, typic

8、ally five rather than nine storeys, made mainly of wood and the staircase was dispensed with because the japanese pagoda did not have any practical use but became more of an art object. because of the typhoons that batter japan in the summer, japanese builders learned to extend the eaves of building

9、s further beyond the walls. this prevents rainwater gushing down the walls. pagodas in china and korea have nothing like the overhang that is found on pagodas in japan. 为什么宝塔不会倒塌在这片被台风席卷、地震撼动的土地上，日本最高、看起来最脆弱的老建筑500 多座木制宝塔 是如何屹立了几个世纪的?记录显示，在过去的1400 年里，只有两处坍塌。那些失踪的人由于闪电或内战而被大火烧毁。1995 年灾难性的阪神大地震造成6400

10、人死亡，高架路倒塌，办公大楼夷为平地，神户港口地区被毁。然而，尽管它夷平了附近的一些建筑，但却毫发未损。多年来，日本学者一直对这些细长的建筑为何如此稳定感到困惑。直到30 年前，建筑行业才有足够的信心，用钢铁和钢筋混凝土建造超过12 层的办公大楼。位于东京市中心的36层楼高的霞关大厦(kasumigaseki)是日本第一座摩天大楼，1968 年建成时，人们认为它是现代工程学的杰作。然而，在826 年，建筑大师kobodaishi 只用木栓和楔子来保持木结构的直立，毫不犹豫地将他宏伟的东寺宝塔高耸入云，高达55 米 几乎是 1100 年后建成的霞关摩天大楼的一半高。显然，当时的日本木匠知道一些让

11、建筑摇摆和稳定的技巧，而不是对抗自然的力量。但是什么样的技巧呢? 2 这座多层宝塔于六世纪从中国传入日本。与中国一样， 它们最初是随着佛教传入的，并附属于重要的寺庙。中国人用砖或石头建造宝塔，里面有楼梯，后来几个世纪主要用作瞭望塔。宝塔到达日本的时候,然而 ,其架构是自由地适应当地条件,他们建造了那么高,通常5 而不是9 层 ,主要是木材和楼梯是摒弃因为日本宝塔没有任何实际使用但变得更像一个艺术对象。由于夏季袭击日本的台风，日本建筑商学会了将建筑物的屋檐延伸到墙外更远的地方。这样可以防止雨水从墙上涌下来。中国和韩国的宝塔没有像日本宝塔那样的悬挑。the roof of a japanese t

12、emple building can be made to overhang the sides of the structure by fifty per cent or more of the buildings overall width. for the same reason, the builders of japanese pagodas seem to have further increased their weight by choosing to cover these extended eaves not with the porcelain tiles of many

13、 chinese pagodas but with much heavier earthenware tiles. but this does not totally explain the great resilience of japanese pagodas. is the answer that, like a tall pine tree, the japanese pagoda - with its massive trunk-like central pillar known as shinbashira - simply flexes and sways during a ty

14、phoon or earthquake? for centuries, many thought so. but the answer is not so simple because the startling thing is that the shinbashira actually carries no load at all. in fact, in some pagoda designs, it does not even rest on the ground, but is suspended from the top of the pagoda - hanging loosel

15、y down through the middle of the building. the weight of the building is supported entirely by twelve outer and four inner columns. and what is the role of the shinbashira, the central pillar? the best way to understand the shinbashiras role is to watch a video made by shuzo ishida, a structural eng

16、ineer at kyoto institute of technology. mr. ishida, known to his students as professor pagoda because of his passion to understand the pagoda, has built a series of models and tested them on a shake- table in his laboratory. in short, the shinbashira was acting like an enormous stationary pendulum.

17、the ancient craftsmen, apparently without the assistance of very advanced mathematics, seemed to grasp the principles that were, more than a thousand years later, applied in the construction of japans first skyscraper. what those early craftsmen had found by trial and error was that under pressure a

18、 pagodas loose stack of floors could be made to slither to and fro independent of one another. viewed from the side, the pagoda seemed to be doing a snake dance - with each consecutive floor moving in the opposite direction to its neighbours above and below. the shinbashira, running up through a hol

19、e in the centre of the building, constrained individual storeys from moving too far because, after moving a certain distance, they banged into it, transmitting energy away along the column. another strange feature of the japanese pagoda is that, because the building tapers, with each successive floo

20、r plan being smaller than the one below, none of the vertical pillars that carry the weight of the building is connected to its corresponding pillar above. in other words, a five- storey pagoda contains not even one pillar that travels right up through the building to carry the structural loads from

21、 the top to the bottom. more surprising is the fact that the individual storeys of a japanese pagoda, unlike their counterparts elsewhere, are not actually connected to each other. they are simply stacked one on top of another like a pile of hats. interestingly, such a design would not be permitted

22、under current japanese building regulations. 日本寺庙建筑的屋顶可以使建筑的侧面超出建筑总宽度的50%或更多。出于同样的原因，日本宝塔的建造者似乎进一步增加了他们的重量，他们没有选择用许多中国宝塔的瓷砖来覆盖这些延伸的屋檐，而是用更重的陶瓷瓷砖。3 但这并不能完全解释日本宝塔的韧性。答案是，就像一棵高大的松树，日本宝塔其巨大的树干状中央支柱被称为心柱只是在台风或地震中弯曲和摇摆?几个世纪以来，许多人都这么认为。但答案并不那么简单，因为令人吃惊的是，新ira 实际上根本没有负载。事实上，在一些宝塔的设计中，它甚至不停留在地面上，而是悬挂在宝塔的顶部 松

23、散地悬挂在建筑的中间。建筑的重量完全由12 根外柱和4 根内柱支撑。心柱的作用是什么?要了解新船的作用，最好的方法是看一段由京都理工大学结构工程师石田修三制作的视频。由于对宝塔的热爱，石田先生被学生们称为“ 宝塔教授 ” 。他已经建立了一系列模型，并在实验室的“ 振动台 ” 上进行了测试。简而言之，新ira 就像一个巨大的静止的钟摆。这些古代工匠显然没有借助非常先进的数学，似乎掌握了1000 多年后应用于日本第一座摩天大楼建设中的原理。早期的工匠们通过反复试验发现，在压力下，宝塔松散的楼层可以独立地前后滑动。从侧面看，这座宝塔就像在跳蛇舞 每一层楼都朝着上下相邻楼层相反的方向移动。“ 心柱”从

24、建筑中心的一个洞里钻出来，限制了每层楼的移动距离，因为在移动了一定距离后，它们会撞进去，把能量沿着柱子传递出去。日本宝塔的另一个奇特之处是，由于建筑呈锥形，每一层的平面都比下面的小，所以没有一根垂直的柱子能承载建筑的重量，并与上面相应的柱子相连。换句话说， 一座五层楼高的宝塔甚至连一根柱子都没有，而这一根柱子要穿过整座建筑，把结构的荷载从顶部带到底部。更令人惊讶的是，日本宝塔的每一层与其他地方的宝塔不同，实际上并没有相互连接。它们就像一堆帽子一样简单地摞在一起。有趣的是， 按照日本现行建筑法规，这种设计是不允许的。and the extra-wide eaves? think of them

25、as a tightrope walkers balancing pole. the bigger the mass at each end of the pole, the easier it is for the tightrope walker to maintain his or her balance. the same holds true for a pagoda. with the eaves extending out on all sides like balancing poles, says mr ishida, the building responds to eve

26、n the most powerful jolt of an earthquake with a graceful swaying, never an abrupt shaking. here again, japanese master builders of a thousand years ago anticipated concepts of modern structural engineering. do the following statements agree with the claims of the writer in reading passage 1?in boxe

27、s 1-4 on your answer sheet, write ：true if the statement agrees with the claims of the writer false if the statement contradicts the claims of the writer not given if it is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this 1.only two japanese pagodas have collapsed in 1400 years. 2.the hanshin ear

28、thquake of 1995 destroyed the pagoda at the toji temple. 3.the other buildings near the toji pagoda had been built in the last 30 years. 4.the builders of pagodas knew how to absorb some of the power produced by severe weather conditions. 4 5.easy interior access to topa. both chinese and japanese p

29、agodas b. only chinese pagodas c. only japanese pagodas 6.tiles on eavesa. both chinese and japanese pagodas b. only chinese pagodas c. only japanese pagodas 7.use as observation post a. both chinese and japanese pagodas b. only chinese pagodas c. only japanese pagodas 8.size of eaves up to half the

30、 width of the building a. both chinese and japanese pagodas b. only chinese pagodas c. only japanese pagodas 9.original religious purpose a. both chinese and japanese pagodas b. only chinese pagodas c. only japanese pagodas 10.floors fitting loosely over each other a. both chinese and japanese pagod

31、as b. only chinese pagodas c. only japanese pagodas 11.in a japanese pagoda, the shinbashira a. bears the full weight of the building. b. bends under pressure like a tree. c. connects the floors with the foundations. d. stops the floors moving too far. 12.shuzo ishida performs experiments in order t

32、o 5 a. improve skyscraper design. b. be able to build new pagodas. c. learn about the dynamics of pagodas. d. understand ancient mathematics. 13.the storeys of a japanese pagoda are a. linked only by wood. b. fastened only to the central pillar. c. fitted loosely on top of each other. d. joined by s

33、pecial weights. 那加宽的屋檐呢?把它们想象成走钢丝者的平衡杆。钢管两端的质量越大，走钢丝的人就越容易保持平衡。宝塔也是如此。石田先生说: “ 屋檐像平衡杆一样向四面伸展，即使是地震中最强烈的震动，建筑也能做出优雅的晃动，而不是突然的晃动。” 在这里，一千年前的日本建筑大师们再次预见到了现代结构工程的概念。下面的陈述与作者在阅读第一段时的观点一致吗?在答题纸箱子1 - 4,写:如果声明同意作者的主张虚假如果陈述与作者的主张没有如果是不可能说出作者的思考1.1400 年来，日本只有两座宝塔倒塌。2.1995 年的阪神大地震摧毁了东寺的宝塔。3.东寺宝塔附近的其他建筑是在过去30 年

34、建成的。4.宝塔的建造者知道如何吸收恶劣天气条件产生的部分能量。5.方便的内部访问顶部a.中国和日本的宝塔都有。b.只有中国的宝塔。c.只有日本的宝塔6.瓷砖在屋檐a.中国和日本的宝塔都有。b.只有中国的宝塔。c.只有日本的宝塔7.用作观察哨a.中国和日本的宝塔都有。b.只有中国的宝塔。c.只有日本的宝塔8.屋檐的大小可达建筑物宽度的一半a.中国和日本的宝塔都有。b.只有中国的宝塔。c.只有日本的宝塔9.原始宗教目的b.只有中国的宝塔只有日本宝塔10.地板彼此之间松松垮垮地搭在一起6 a.中国和日本的宝塔都有。b.只有中国的宝塔。c.只有日本的宝塔11.在日本的宝塔里，叫做心柱a.承担整个建筑

35、的重量。像树一样在压力下弯曲。连接地板和地基。停止地板移动太远。12.石田修三做实验是为了改进摩天大楼的设计。能够建造新的宝塔。了解宝塔的动态。理解古代数学。13.日本宝塔的楼层是答:只有木头连接。只固定在中间的柱子上。c.彼此松散地搭在一起。d.加入特殊重量。2 leaf-cutting ants and fungusa ）the ants and their agriculture have been extensively studied over the years, but the recent research has uncovered intriguing new findin

36、gs about the fungus they cultivate, how they domesticated it and how they cultivate it and preserve it from pathogens. for example, the fungus farms, which the ants were thought to keep free of pathogens, turn out to be vulnerable to a devastating mold, found nowhere else but in ants nests. to keep

37、the mold in check,the ants long ago made a discovery that would do credit to any pharmaceutical laboratory. b ）leaf-cutting ants and their fungus farms are a marvel of nature and perhaps the best known example of symbiosis, the mutual dependence of two species. the ants achievement is remarkable the

38、 biologist ed ward o. wilson has called it “ one of the major breakthroughs in animal evolution” because it allows them to eat, courtesy of their mushroom s digestive powers, the otherwise poisoned harvest of tropical forests whose leaves are laden with terpenoids,alkaloids and other chemicals desig

39、ned to sicken browsers. c ）fungus growing seems to have originated only once in evolution, because all gardening ants belong to a single tribe, the descendants of the first fungus farmer. there are more than 200 known species of the attine ant tribe, divided into 12 groups, or genera. the leaf-cutte

40、rs use fresh vegetation; the other groups, known as the lower attines because their nests are smaller and their techniques more primitive, feed their gardens with detritus like dead leaves, insects and feces. in 1994 a team of four biologists, ulrich g. mueller and ted r. schultz from cornell univer

41、sity and ignacio h. chapela and stephen a. rehner from the united states department of agriculture, analyzed the dna of ant funguses. the common assumption that the funguses are all derived from a single strain, they found, was only half true. 2 切叶蚁和真菌)蚂蚁和农业都已经被广泛地研究过了多年来,但最近的研究发现了有趣的新发现的真菌培养,如何驯化以及

42、他们如何从病原体培养它,保护它。例如，真菌农场被认为是蚂蚁不受病原体感染的地方， 结果却很容易感染一种毁灭性的霉菌，这种霉菌只存在于蚂蚁的巢穴中。为了控制霉菌， 蚂蚁们很久以前就有了一项新发现，这对任何一家制药实验室来说都是一项荣誉。7 b)切叶蚁及其真菌农场是大自然的奇迹,也许最著名的共生的例子,两个物种的相互依赖。蚂蚁的成就是非凡的,生物学家爱德华 o 威尔逊称之为“ 动物进化的一个重大突破”, 因为它允许他们吃的蘑菇的消化能力,否则毒收获的热带森林的树叶是拉登萜类、生物碱和其他化学品旨在患病浏览器。c)真菌生长似乎是只有一次的进化,因为所有园艺蚂蚁属于一个部落的后裔第一真菌农民。有超过

43、200 种已知的attine 蚁族，分为12 组，或属。切叶工人使用新鲜的植物;另一种被称为低齿蚁， 因为它们的巢穴更小，技术也更原始，用落叶、昆虫和粪便等碎屑来喂养它们的花园。 1994 年，康奈尔大学的乌尔里希 g 穆勒 (ulrich g. mueller) 和特德 r 舒尔茨 (ted r. schultz)、美国农业部的伊格纳西奥 h 查贝拉 (ignacio h. chapela)和斯蒂芬 a 雷纳 (stephen a . rehner)组成了一个由四名生物学家组成的团队，分析了蚂蚁真菌的dna 。他们发现，通常认为真菌都来自单一菌株的假设只有一半是正确的。 d ）the lea

44、f-cutters fungus was indeed descended from a single strain, propagated clonally, or just by budding, for at least 23 million years. but the lower attine ants used different varieties of the fungus, and in one case a quite separate species, the four biologists discovered.cameron r. currie, a ph.d. st

45、udent in the university of toronto, it seemed to mr. currie,resembled the monocultures of various human crops, that are very productive for a while and then succumb to some disastrous pathogen, such as the irish potato blight. monocultures,which lack the genetic diversity to respond to changing envi

46、ronmental threats, are sitting ducks for parasites. mr. currie felt there had to be a parasite in the ant-fungus system. but a century of ant research offered no support for the idea. textbooks describe how leaf-cutter ants scrupulously weed their gardens of all foreign organisms. “ people kept tell

47、ing me, you know the ants keep their gardens free of parasites, don t you?” mr. currie said of his efforts to find a hidden interloper. e ）but after three years of sifting through attine ant gardens, mr. currie discovered they are far from free of infections. in last month s issue of the proceedings

48、 of the national academy of sciences, he and two colleagues, dr. mueller and david mairoch, isolated several alien organisms, particularly a family of parasitic molds called escovopsis. escovopsis turns out to be a highly virulent pathogen that can devastate a fungus garden in a couple of days. it b

49、looms like a white cloud, with the garden dimly visible underneath. in a day or two the whole garden is enveloped.“ other ants won t go near it and the ants associated with the garden just starve to death, dr. rehner said. “ they just seem to give up, except for those that have rescued their larvae.

50、” f ）evidently the ants usually manage to keep escovopsis and other parasites under control. but with any lapse in control, or if the ants are removed, escovopsis will quickly burst forth.although new leaf-cutter gardens start off free of escovopsis, within two years some 60 percent become infected.

51、 the discovery of escovopsis s role brings a new level of understanding to the evolution of the attine ants. “ in the last decade, evolutionary biologists have been increasingly aware of the role of parasit es as driving forces in evolution,” dr. schultz said.there is now a possible reason to explai

52、n why the lower attine species keep changing the variety of fungus in their mushroom gardens, and occasionally domesticating new ones to stay one step ahead of the relentless escovopsis. g ）interestingly, mr. currie found that the leaf-cutters had in general fewer alien molds in their gardens than t

53、he lower attines, yet they had more escovopsis infections. it seems that the price they pay for cultivating a pure variety of fungus is a higher risk from escovopsis. but the leaf-cutters may have little alternative: they cultivate a special variety of fungus which, unlike those grown by the lower a

54、ttines, produces nutritious swollen tips for the ants to eat. 8 h ）discovery of a third partner in the ant-fungus symbiosis raises the question of how the attine ants, especially the leaf-cutters, keep this dangerous interloper under control. amazingly enough, mr. currie has again provided the answe

55、r. “ people have known for a hundred years that ants have a whitish growth on the cuticle,” said dr. mueller, referring to the insects body surface. “ people would say this is like a cuticular wax. but cameron was the first one in a hundred years to put these things under a microscope. he saw it was

56、 not inert wax. it is alive.” mr. currie discovered a specialised patch on the ants cuticle that harbours a particular kind of bacterium, one well known to the pharmaceutical industry, because it is the source of half the antibiotics used in medicine. from each of 22 species of attine ant studied, m

57、r.cameron and colleagues isolated a species of streptomyces bacterium, they reported in nature in april. the streptomyces does not have much effect on ordinary laboratory funguses. but it is a potent poisoner of escovopsis, inhibiting its growth and suppressing spore formation.because both the leaf-

58、cutters and the lower attines use streptomyces, the bacterium may have been part of their symbiosis for almost as long as the escovopsis mold. if so, some alexander fleming of an ant discovered antibiotics millions of years before people did. even now, the ants are accomplishing two feats beyond the

59、 powers of human technology. the leaf-cutters are growing a monocultural crop year after year without disaster, and they are using an antibiotic apparently so wisely and prudently that, unlike people, they are not provoking antibiotic resistance in the target pathogen. d) leaf-cutters 的真菌确实是从一个应变,无性

60、生殖 ,传播或通过出芽,至少 2300 万年了。但这四名生物学家发现，低等蚂蚁使用了不同种类的真菌，其中有一种是完全独立的物种。在柯里看来，多伦多大学(university of toronto) 的博士生卡梅伦r 柯里 (cameron r. currie) 就像各种人类作物的单一栽培方式，这些作物在一段时间内产量很高，然后会屈服于一些灾难性的病原体，比如爱尔兰马铃薯枯萎病(irish potato blight) 。单一栽培缺乏应对不断变化的环境威胁的遗传多样性，是寄生虫的活靶子。柯里先生觉得蚂蚁-真菌系统里一定有寄生虫。但是一个世纪以来对蚂蚁的研究并没有支持这个观点。教科书上描述了切叶蚁