初中语法复习时态综合复习讲义

1、中学语法复习 时态综 合复习讲义中学语法复习 - 时态综合复习讲义 一 英汉两种语言在时态表达方式上的差异：英语的词类与汉语的不同；汉语词类形状稳固，比如 " 书" 这个字， " 一本书" 、" 三本书 " 都一样，没有词形变化；英语就不同了， book,books 仅从词形上就能知道是单数仍是复数；动词是英语中变化最多、最复杂的词类；有人说，学好英语就是学好动词，此言甚是；同一个动作或状态分别在不同时间发生或存在，表达这个动作或状态的动词就要用不同的形式，这就是时态；例如：在 " 中国是个宏大的国家； " 和&q

2、uot; 中国曾经是世界上最宏大的国家；" 这两句话当中，汉语的 " 是" 没有变化，而是用 " 曾经" 这个词来表达时间的不同；china is agreat country.中国是个宏大的国家；china was the greatest country in the world.中国曾经是世界上最宏大的国家；在这几句中，动词be 的形状变了，表示的时间变了，但意义没有变化； 再如， " 他常常帮忙我； "" 他昨天帮忙我了； " 和" 他始终在帮忙我； " 这三句话当中，汉语的

3、" 帮忙" 没有任何变化，而是用" 常常" 、" 始终" 和" 昨天" 分别表达出时间的区分；英语就不同，它必需用动词本身的形状变化来完成任务；he often helps me.他常常帮忙我；he helped me yesterday.他昨天帮忙我了；he has been helping me.他始终在帮忙我；在这几句中，动词help 的形状变了，表示的时间变了，但意义没有变化； 二 英语动词的形式：英语的时态是通过动词的变化来表达的；因此，明白动词的形式及其变化规律特别重要；英语的实义动词有以下五种形式：(

4、1) 动词原形：动词原形在句子中形式不变；主要用于主语为非第三人称单数的一般现在时，情态动词之后，或依据语法规定必需用动词原形的其他情形；(2) 一般现在时第三人称单数形式 简称现单三 ：主要用于主语为第三人称单数的一般现在时；(3) 过去式：主要用于一般过去时；(4) 现在分词：主要用于进行时态，或语法规定的其他情形；(5) 过去分词：主要用于完成时态，或语法规定的其他情形；这里提到的 " 语法规定的其他情形 " 我们在以后的讲座中会具体介绍；下面把这些动词形式的构成说明一下；动词一般现在时第三人称单数 现单三 的构成，见下表：词尾变化 规律与名词变复数相同，读音也与名词

5、复数相同 举例一般加 -shelp-helps；read-reads在 ch,sh,s,x或元音字母 o 后面加 -esdo,fix,pass,push,teach- does,fixes,passes,pushes,teaches以辅音字母加 y 结尾的词，变 y 为 i 再加-estry,study- tries,stuides与名词变复数形式相同，读音也相同；动词过去式和过去分词，大多数是动词原形+ed 构成，这是规章动词；规章动词的拼写和读音规章如下表：词尾变化举例词尾读音动词后面加 -edhelp-helped work-worked watch-watched清辅音之后读 twan

6、t-wanted need-neededt,d之后读 tturn-turned play-played元音和浊辅音 d除外 之后读 d以不发音的 "e" 结尾的词，加 -dlove-loved serve-served结尾是辅音字母 +y 时， y 变 i ，再加 -edstudy-studied try-tried结尾只有一个辅音字母的重读闭音节词，双写辅音字母再加-edstop- stopped drop-dropped清辅音之后读 t不规章动词的过去式和过去分词有其特别变化形式，需要个别记忆，同时也要善于发觉不规章中的规章，即某些字母组合的不规章动词有肯定的规律；如：

7、 weepwept,sleep slept,sweepswept现在分词一律由动词原形加-ing构成，规章如下表：词尾变化举例一般加 -inglook-looking,try-trying以不发音的 e 结尾的词，去掉e，再加 -ingwrite-writing,dance- dancing以一个辅音字母 x 除外 词尾的重读闭音节词，先双写词尾的辅音字母， 再加-ingbegin-beginning,swim-swimming,run-running,sit-sitting以-ie结尾的词，变 ie为 y，再加 -ingdie-dying,lie-lying请大家花几分钟看看这几个概念：1.

8、 四种时态形式：一般、进行、完成、完成进行一般时态：强调行为本身 表达性 进行时态：强调 " 在进行中 " 生动性，相当于汉语的 " 在，正在 "完成时态：强调 " 已经发生 " 重点在行为的影响、结果，相当于汉语的"已经"完成进行：强调 " 连续进行 " 相当于汉语的 " 始终"2. 四种时间：现在、过去、将来、过去将来；然后就像搭积木一样把它们组合起来就行了： 每种时态形式协作四种时间英语动词时态表一、概况一般时进行时完成时完成进行时一般现在时现在进行时现在完成时现在完成

9、进行时一般过去时过去进行时过去完成时过去完成进行时一般将来时将来进行时将来完成时将来完成进行时一般过去将来时过去将来进行时过去将来完成时过去将来完成进行时二、十六种时态的谓语形式一般时态进行时态完成时态完成进行时态现在原形 / 现三单 am/is/are+现分 have/has+ 过分 have/has been+ 现分过去过去式 was/were+现分 had+过分 had been+现分将来 shall/will+动原 shall/will be+现分 shall/will have+过分 shall/will havebeen+现分过去将来 should/would+动原 should/

10、would be+现分 should/wouldhave+过分 should/would have been+现分一、一般现在时：概念：常常、反复发生的动作或行为及现在的某种状况；时间状语： always,usually,often,sometimes,everyweekday,year,month,once aweek,etc.基本结构： beam,is,are动词； havehave,has行为动词的原形或现三单否定形式：am/is/are+not；此时态的谓语动词如为行为动词，就在其前加 don't, 如主语为第三人称单数，就用 doesn't ，同时仍原行为动词；一般疑

11、问句：把 be 动词放于句首；用助动词 do 提问，如主语为第三人称单数，就用does，同时，仍原行为动词；一般现在时主要由动词原形表示，但第三人称单数后要加词尾-s ，另外be 和 have 要依据人称的变化使用特别的形式；一般现在时主要表示常常性的动作或存在的状态，仍可用来表示普遍真理；the yangtze rises in qinghai.长江发源于青海；actions speak louder than words.行动胜于言辞；we have friends all over the world.我们的伴侣遍天下；专项练习：一、单项 1 jenny _in an office.he

12、r parents _in ahospital.a work works bworks work cwork are working dis working work 2one of the boys_ ablack hat.a have bthere is cthere are dhas 3we will goshopping if it_ tomorrow.a don't rain bdidn't rain cdoesn't raindisn't rain 4he said the sun _in the east and _in the west.a ro

13、se；set brises；sets crises,set drise；sets 5wang mei _music and often_to music.a like ；listen blikes ； listens clike ；are listening dliking ；listen 6jenny_ english every evening.a has study bstudies cstudy dstudied答案： 1 b2d 3c 4b 5b 6b二、填空1 ican take li ming there when he _cometo visit. 2 _your sister

14、_knowenglish.3her home_ 远离her school.4the pot_not looklike yours very much. 5 where _you_havelunch every day.6 who_想要to go swimming.7 _she_dothe housework every day.8 jenny and danny usually_playgames in the afternoon.答案： 1 comes 2does know 3is away from 4doesn't look 5do have 6wants 7does do 8p

15、lay二、单三人称形式易出错例： 1 he plaiesplayfootball very well. 2 danny gosgoto school at 7：10. 答案： 1 plays 2goes解析： 1 以辅音字母加 y 结尾的动词变单三人称形式才能把y 换成 i再加es；2 与名词变复数不同，变单三人称形式以o 结尾的词要加 es.三、在句式变换时易出错例： 1 does jenny hashasa good friend. 2 brian doesn't livesnot livein china.答案： 1 does have 2doesn't live解析：单

16、三人称做主语的一般现在时做句式变化时，可记住如下口诀："见助动，用原形 " ；此口诀也可推广用于一般过去时态中；e.g.he didn't go home yesterday.四、对 do 的懂得易出错例： we don'tnot doour homework in the afternoon.答案： don't do解析： do 是一个比较难懂得的词，它有三个含义：a 是全部行为动词的总称； b 是助动词，无实义； c 是一个具体的行为动词" 做，干 " ；此句中给出的 do 指" 做，干 " ， not 指

17、把此句变为否定句，故须在do 前加助动词 don't ；五、对主语的数判定有误例： li ming with me arebein beijing.答案： is解析：表面一看是 " 我和李明两个人在北京 " ，但 with 在此做相伴状语， 不能做主语，故用is.另外，宾语从句中，从句部分如是表示客观真理，不管主句是何时态， 从句都要用一般现在时；在时间和条件状语从句中，主句表将来，从句要用一般现在时；二、一般过去时：概念：过去某个时间里发生的动作或状态；过去习惯 性、常常性的动作、行为；时间状语：ago,yesterday,the day before yeste

18、rday,last weekyear,night,month,in 1989,just now,at the age of 5,one day,long long ago,once upon atime,etc.基本结构：bewas,were 动词；行为动词的过去式否定形式：was/were+not ；在行为动词前加didn't，同时仍原行为动词；一般疑问句：was 或 were 放于句首；用助动词do 的过去式 did 提问，同时仍原行为动词；一般过去时由动词过去式表示，动词 be 依据人称有 was 和 were 两个词形，规章动词在词尾加 -d- 或 ed；其他动词参阅不规章动词

19、变化表 , 该时态主要表示过去某时发生的动作或情形；it's apity that you did not go to the movie.很遗憾你没有去看那部电影；many people died in the tsunami that took place in thailand.很多人在泰国的那次海啸中遇难丧生；专项练习：一挑选1 she lived there before he_to china.a.came b.comes c.come d.coming 2i _but_nothing.a.was listened；was hearingb.listened；heard c

20、.have listened；heard d.listened；heard of 3when did you _here.a.got to b.reached c.arrive in d.reach 4i_my homeworkat 7 ：00 yesterday evening.a.finished b.would finish c.was finishingd.finish 5-he didn't go shopping with you yesterday afternoon,did he.-_.a.no,he doesn't b.yes,he didn't c.

21、no,he did d.yes,he did.6-ihave had supper.-when _you_it.a.have；had b.do,have c.did,haved. will have答案： 1 a2 b3 d4 a5 d6 c二填空 1 they_beon the farm amoment ago.2 there_bea shop not long ago.3 jenny_not goto bed until 11：00 o'clock last night.4 danny _readenglish five minutesago.5 i_seeli lei _goou

22、t just now.6 he _dohis homework every day.but he not doit yesterday.7 when iwas young,i _playgames with my friends.8 when _you_writethis book.i _it last year.9 didhe_havelunch at home.10 i_eatthe bread,i'm full now.答案： 1 were2was 3didn't go 4read 5saw go 6does； didn't do 7played 8did wri

23、te；wrote 9have 10 have eaten三在句式变换时易出错例：1 we didn't wentnot goout lastfriday.2 did you hadhavea good time yesterday.答案： 1 didn't go 2did have解析：请记住口诀 " 见助动 , 用原形 ."四易与单三人称作主语的一般现在时弄混例：he taughtsteachme english last year.答案： taught解析：行为动词的过去式无人称和数的变化. 即使主语是单三人称 , 也和其它人称所用动词的形式一样.五易与

24、现在完成时弄混例：我看过这部电影i sawseethe film.答案： i have seenseethe film.解析： " 我看过这部电影 " 说明我明白这部电影的 内容, 强调现在的情形 , 应用现在完成时；一般过去时态的句子只是说明我看了这场电影 , 与现在无关 .六易与过去进行时弄混 , 这里不在重复 .三、现在进行时：概念：表示现阶段或说话时正在进行的动作及行为；时间状语： now,at this time,these days,etc.基本结构： am/is/are+现分否定形式： am/is/are+not+现分. 一般疑问句：把be 动词放于句首；现在

25、进行时是由助动词be 加现在分词构成的；主要表示现在或现时刻这一阶段正在进行的动作，有时候仍用来表示一个最近按方案或支配要进行的动作；how are things getting on with you.工作进行的怎么样 . someone is asking for you on the phone.有人找你接电话；they are publishing anew version of the playscript by taso yu this autumn.今年秋天他们要出版曹禺剧作的一个新译本；专项训练：一、单项1、look！ he _their mother do the house

26、work.a. is helping b.are help c.is help d.is helpping 2、_are the boys doing.they are singing in the room.a.who b.how c.what d.where 3 、 don't talk here.my mother _. a.is sleeping b.are sleeping c.sleeping d.sleep 4、danny_.don't call him.a.is writeing b.is writing c.writing d.writes 5、when_he

27、_back. sorry,i don't know.a.does,come b.are coming c.is come d.is coming答案： a ca bd二、填空1、it's ten o'clock.my mother _liein bed.2、what_he _mend.3、we _playgames now.4、what _you_dothese days.5、_he _cleanthe classroom.6、who_singin the next room.7、the girl_likewearing asweater.look！she _weara

28、 red sweater today.答案： 1 is lying 2is mending 3are playing 4are doing 5iscleaning 6is singing 7likes；is wearing一把动词变成现在分词形式易出错例： 1、they are swiming.swim2、jenny is plaiingplayfootball.答案： 1.swimming 2.playing解析：动词变现在分词可有如下口诀：" 一添一去 y 不变"."一添" 指双写规章； " 一去" 指去掉不发音字母e 规章； &

29、quot;y 不变" 指要与名词变复数区分开；二丢掉 be 动词或遗忘把动词变成现在分词例： 1、look,two children flying.flya kite in the park.2、li mingisn't readnot reada book in bed now.答案： 1 are flying 2isn't reading解析：现在进行时确定句的结构规律为："be+ 现在分词 , 缺一不行 " ；这一点必需牢记；三对动词或动词词组提问时丢掉doing例： 1、the students are singing in the roo

30、m.对划线部分提问 what are the students in the room.答案： what are the students doing in the room.解析：现在进行时态中对动作提问可记住此句式"what+be+主语+doing+其它."或简写为 "whatdoing". 句式；四现在进行时态的挑选疑问句中易忽视or 后用现在分词形式例：孩子们在跑仍是在跳.are the children running or jump.答案： are the children running or jumping.解析： or 连接的是两个并列

31、成分，动词形式须一样；四、过去进行时：概念：表示过去某段时间或某一时刻正在发生或进行的行为或动作；时间状语：at this time yesterday,at that time或以 when引导的谓语动词是一般过去时的时间状语等；基本结构：was/were+现分否定形式： was/were+not+ 现分一般疑问句：把was或 were 放于句首；过去进行时是由助动词be 的过去式加上现在分词构成的，主要表示过去某个时刻正在进行的动作；at that time she was working as an assistant in aphysics labatory.那时她在一家物理试验室做助

32、手；they took us to see the chemical fibre mill that they were building.他们带我们去参观了他们正在修建的化纤厂；专项训练：一、单项1 what _from three to four yesterday afternoon.a have you done bhad you done cdid you do dwere you doing 2 icall you yesterday evening,but there was no answer.-oh.,i'msorry i_ dinner at my friend&#

33、39;s home.a home bhad cwas having dhavehad 3my mother _while my father _tv.a cooked； was watching bwas cooking ；was watching cwas cooked；watched dcooked ； watched 4when igot home,my son _the music.a am listening to blistened to cwaslistening to dwas listening 5we heard acry when we _tv last night.aw

34、ere watching bwould watch cwatch dwatched 6she asked him whether he_back for lunch.a come bwas coming ccame dhad come 7could you tell me when _.a she is coming bshe was coming cwill be come dis he coming 8the teacher _when icame into the classroom.a is drawing bdraws chas drawn dwas drawing 9the piz

35、za _by my mother.would you like to have some.a makes bwas making cmade dwas made 10 nobody noticed what she _at the moment.a will do bwas doing chas done dhad done 11 was it raining hard when you _this morning.a left bleavescwas leaving dwould leave答案： 1 d2 c3 b4 c5 a6 b7 a8 d9 d10 b11 a二、填空 1 _they

36、_feedthe animals at 5：00 yesterday afternoon. 2 mrs.green not washclothes at this time yesterday.3 grandpa mendhis clock when ireached home.4 as i_walkin the park,i saw some children playing games.答案： 1 were feeding 2wasn't washing 3was mending 4was walking五、现在完成时：概念：过去发生或已经完成的动作对现在造成的影响或结果，或从过去

37、已经开头，连续到现在的动作或状态；时间状语： recently,lately,sincefor,in the past few years,etc.基本结构：have/has+ 过分否定形式： have/has+not+ 过分一般疑问句： have 或 has 放于句首；现在完成时是由助动词have 和 has 加过去分词构成的；主要表示此刻以前曾经发生的动作或情形；如：grain output has greatly increased in the past few years.这几年粮食产量有了很大增长；the area has suffered from disastrous floo

38、ds throughout its history.这个地区历史上始终遭受水患之苦；留意：过去时和现在完成时的区分：现完成时的基本特点是它和现在有亲密的联系，或是指迄今为止这一段时间的情形，或是过去发生的事对现在造成的影响或结果等；而过去时主要强调过去某时刻所发生的动作或情形，与现在没有任何联系；如：up till now we have planted over 10,000 apple trees.到目前为止我们共种了一万多棵苹果树；i saw him aminute ago.我前一会仍见到他的；专项练习：一、单项1 you have _a tall young man.a grown b

39、grown into cgrown us dgrown up 2he has _the watch for ayear.a buy bbought chave dhad 3has your brother _the dog.a kept in bfed cfed on dkepton 4i _this book for two weeks,i have to return it now.a borrowed bhave borrowed ckept dhave kept 5have you ever _to the great wall.it's very beautiful.a go

40、ne bbeen cwent dgo 6her brother _the party since 1978.a joined bhas joined chas been in dwas in 7the greens _many places of interest since they came to china.a will visit bvisited chave visited dvisit 8i'm sorry,i _your name.a hadforgotten bforgot chave forgotten dforgotten 9the bookshop _foreig

41、ht years.a has been open bhas been opened chas opened dhas open 10 we have all the paper so we need to buy some.a used up bmade of cfilled with dhunted for 11 the flower i_grown up.a planted hasbplanted have chas planted dhave planted答案： 1b 2d 3b 4d 5b 6c 7c8c 9a 10 a11 a二、填空 1 have you ever _takea

42、train.2 it _bemore than three years since jim _leavehere.3 have you _makefriendswith your new classmates yet.4 i_havemy lunch and i'm not hungry now.5 jim has never seen apanda,_he.6 we _begood friends since we met at school.7 we can't find him anywhere.perhaps he_gohome.8 he_readthe book be

43、fore.9 mr.green _teachus alot about socialstudies since september.10 i_never_meether sister before.答案： 1 taken 2has been,left 3made 4have had 5has 6have been 7has gone 8hasread 9has taught 10 have met四、have been to与 have gone to易弄混例：我去过北京；i have gone to beijing.答案： i have been to beijing.解析： "h

44、ave been to+地点" 是表示曾去过某地，但此刻不在那儿 即在说话的地方 ；而"have gone to+ 地点" 是表示去某地了，此刻在路上或已经到了那个地方 即不在说话的地方 ；留意：这两个句式后接副词时，需省to ；e.g.he has gone there.五、遗忘把 already变成 yet 例： i have already finished my homework.变一般疑问句 have you already finished your homework.答案： have you finished your homework yet.解析

45、：现在完成时态中，确定句中有already ，变否定句或疑问句时通常要改为yet. 六、在条件、时间状语从句中用一般现在时表示将来例：i'll go with you when ifinishfinishmy homework.答案： have finished解析：在条件、时间状语从句中表示将来完 成的动作，用现在完成时；但留意，此时表示这动作将在另一动作之前完成， 如两动作同时发生，或几乎同时发生，就一般不用现在完成时；另外，现在完 成时易与一般过去时弄混，前边已经讲过, 这里不在重复 .六、过去完成时：概念：以过去某个时间为标准，在此以前发生的动作或行为，或在过去某动作之前完成的

46、行为，即" 过去的过去 " ；时间状语：before,by the end of last yearterm,month,etc.基本结构： had+过分.否定形式： had+not+过分. 一般疑问句： had 放于句首；过去完成时由助动词had 加动词的过去分词构成，主要表示过去某时刻前业已完成的动作或存在的状态，其实就是指过去的过去；使用时往往要要在从句中或有一个明确的过去时间状语；before daybreak they had covered half the distance.拂晓前他们已经走完了大半路程；no sooner had the rain stopp

47、ed than they set out again.雨一停他们就又上路了；he had not learned any english before he came to the university.上高校前他一点英语没学过；专项练习：一、单项1 when li ming hurried home,he found that his mother _already_to hospital.a has；been sent bhad ；sent chas ；sent dhad；been sent 2we _five english songs by the end of last term.a

48、had learned blearned chave learned dwill have learned 3han mei told me she _lunch,so she was very hungry.a has had bhasn't have chave had dhadn't had 4by the end of 1976,many buildings _built in the city.a have been bhave chad been dwill 5she _her keys in the officeso she had to wait until h

49、er husband _home.a has left； comes bhadleft；would come chad left；came dleft； had come 6he said that it was at least ten years since i_a good drink.a had enjoyed bwasenjoying chave enjoyed dhave been enjoying 7the meeting _whenmr.wang _to school.a has begun；get bhas been on；get chad begun ；got dhad b

50、een on；got答案： 1d 2a 3d 4c 5c 6a 7c 二、填空 1 when ireturned home,he_leave.2 by ten yesterday evening,she _finishwriting.3 he_studyenglish for five years before he came here.4 it stopraining when iwake up this morning.5 i_not readthe book because ihad read it before.6 she said she_beborn in 1992.7 when

51、he _cometo china two years ago he found people didn't understand him at all though he _learnsome chinese in his own country.8 isaw han mei yesterday.we _not seeeach other since left beijing.9 when igot to his home,he_goto bed.10 she asked if mr.liu _already_comeback.答案： 1 had left 2had finished

52、3had studied 4had stopped5didn't read 6was 7came had learned 8hadn't seen 9had gone 10 had come七、一般将来时：概念：表示将要发生的动作或存在的状态及准备、方案或预备做某事；时间状语：tomorrow,nextdayweek,month,year,soon,in afew minutes,by,the day aftertomorrow,etc.基本结构： am/is/are/going to+动原； will/shall+动原 .否定形式： am/is/are+not going t

53、o+动原；will/shall not+动原；一般疑问句： be 放于句首； will/shall提到句首；一般将来时由助动词shallwill加动词原形构成；它表示将要发生的动作或情形；they will sit the post-graduate examinations next autumn.明年秋他们要参与工硕考试；the teacher will not let me go home before ihave finished myhomework.老师要我做完作业才能回家；专项练习：一、单项1 _you _a doctor when you grow up.a will； goi

54、ng to be bare；going to be care；/d will；be 2i don't know if his uncle _.i think he _if it doesn't rain.a will come； comes bwill come；will come ccomes；comes dcomes；will come 3he will be back _afew minutes.a with bfor con din 4what time _we meet at the gate tomorrow.a will bshall cdo dare 5he w

55、ill have aholiday as soon as he_the work next week.a finishes bdoesn't finish cwill finish dwon't finish 6there _some showers this afternoon.a will be bwill have cis going to be dare going to have 7it _my brother's birthdaytomorrow.she _a party.a is going to be； will have bwill be；ishavi

56、ng cwill be； is going to have dwill have； is going to be 8li ming is 10 years old now,next year he _11.a is bis going to be cwillbe dwill to be答案： 1 b2b 3d 4b 5a 6a 7c 8c二 、 填 空 1-"i need some paper."-"i _bringsome for you."2_beyou free tomorrow.3 they _not leaveuntil you come ba

57、ck.4 _we_goto the party together this afternoon.5 they want toknow when the meeting _start.6 i_gowith you if ihave time.7 hurry up！or we _belate.8what _you _dotomorrow afternoon.9 jenny doan experiment the day after tomorrow.10 if she isn't free tomorrow,she _not takepart in the party.答案： 1 will

58、 bring 2are 3won't leave 4shall go 5will 6will go 7will be 8are going to do9will do 10 won't take三、there be结构的一般将来时易出错例：there_ abasketball match this afternoon.ba is going to be bis going to have care going tobe dare going to have答案： a解析： there be 结构的一般将来时既要符合there be 结构，又要符合一般将来时；有的同学认为 have 当" 有" 讲，所以选了 b，但 there be 结构就不成立了，此句中 is 是 be g