CognitiveLinguistics学习课程

1、Language and cognition1) Language is a cognitive phenomenon. 2) Language reflects the human mind3) Language is a matter of conceptualization4) Meaning arises from embodied experience. 5) Language conveys meanings which are structured by conceptualization. Linguistic expressions (symbols) are merely

2、prompts.第一页，编辑于星期五：十四点 四十七分。1) Language is a mental phenomenon Language exists in the minds of its speakers, it reflects what the speakers know about the world. The study of language is not simply a matter of what people say; instead, it is about how people say and how is the linguistic knowledge re

3、presented in the mind.第二页，编辑于星期五：十四点 四十七分。2) Language reflects the human mind Figure-ground distinctionThe cat is on the chair. The chair is under the cat. The cat draws your attention (cognitive phenomenon) and hence it is put at the subject position in the sentence (linguistic phenomenon). 第三页，编辑于

4、星期五：十四点 四十七分。3) Language is a matter of conceptualization第四页，编辑于星期五：十四点 四十七分。4) Meaning arises from embodied experienceThe cat jumped over the wall.第五页，编辑于星期五：十四点 四十七分。5) Language conveys meanings which are structured by conceptualization. Linguistic expressions (symbols) are merely prompts. There a

5、re many more thoughts than language. Thoughts are infinite whereas language is finite (i.e. merely prompts of what we CAN think of) 第六页，编辑于星期五：十四点 四十七分。What is Cognitive Linguistics?1) CL subsumes or includes a variety of concerns. CL is NOT a single theory. It is a collection of approaches to the s

6、tudy of language which includes a number of specific concerns and theories.第七页，编辑于星期五：十四点 四十七分。2) The approaches have a common basic outlook: an integral facet of human cognition. Language is a matter of the mind. It is a cognitive activity and its related to or integrated with other cognitive facil

7、ities that we have: thinking, reasoning, perception and so on.第八页，编辑于星期五：十四点 四十七分。It is an approach to language that is based on our experience of the world and the way we perceive and conceptualize it.第九页，编辑于星期五：十四点 四十七分。Construal & Construal Operations Construal is the ability to conceive and

8、portray the same situation in alternate ways through specificity, different mental scanning, directionality, vantage point, figure-ground segregation, etc.nConstrual Operations are conceptualizing processes used it language process by human beings. That is, they are the underlying psychological proc

9、esses and resources employed in the interpretation of linguistic expressions. 第十页，编辑于星期五：十四点 四十七分。Three types of Construal Operations 1. Attention/SalienceIt has to do with our direction of attention towards something that is salient to us.第十一页，编辑于星期五：十四点 四十七分。The face/vase illusion第十二页，编辑于星期五：十四点 四

10、十七分。Figure? ground?第十三页，编辑于星期五：十四点 四十七分。Figure? ground?第十四页，编辑于星期五：十四点 四十七分。Figure/groundFigure form structured frontpromimentGround formless unstructured behindnot proniment第十五页，编辑于星期五：十四点 四十七分。Figure/ground (by Talmy) The figure is a moving or conceptually movable object whose site, path, or orien

11、tation is conceived as a variable the particular value of which is the salient issue. The ground is a reference object (itself having a stationary setting within a reference frame) with respect to which the figures site, path, or orientation receives characterization. 第十六页，编辑于星期五：十四点 四十七分。图形图形背景背景 (

12、by Langacker) (by Langacker) Langacker 根据感知突显的程度对图形和背景做了如下的论述：“从印象来看，一个情境中的图形是一个次结构，它在感知上比其余部分（背景）要显著些，并且作为一个中心实体具有特殊的突显，情景围绕它组织起来，并为它提供一个环境”第十七页，编辑于星期五：十四点 四十七分。How to select figure and ground?Figure/ground reversalNot very common第十八页，编辑于星期五：十四点 四十七分。How to select figure and ground?Figure/ground se

13、gregationThe common situation第十九页，编辑于星期五：十四点 四十七分。The principle of prgnanzFiguresmallerholisticmoving第二十页，编辑于星期五：十四点 四十七分。普雷格朗茨原则通常是具有完形特征的物体（不可分割的整体）、小的物体、容易移动或运动的物体作为图形第二十一页，编辑于星期五：十四点 四十七分。 How would you define DOG? Categorization is not criterial (i.e. not an “all-or-nothing” affair). Human cate

14、gories appear to be fuzzy with some members of the category appearing to be more central (i.e. more prototypical) and others more peripheral (i.e. less prototypical). There is a degree of centrality. 第二十二页，编辑于星期五：十四点 四十七分。 The process of classifying our experiences into different categories based co

15、mmonalities and differences. Three levels: 1. Basic level 基本层次范畴 2. Superordinate level 上位范畴 3. Subordinate level 下属范畴nCategorization范畴化范畴化第二十三页，编辑于星期五：十四点 四十七分。第二十四页，编辑于星期五：十四点 四十七分。第二十五页，编辑于星期五：十四点 四十七分。 Categorization is a cognitive phenomenon which is reflected in language.第二十六页，编辑于星期五：十四点 四十七分。

16、 Categorization is one of the most fundamental and pervasive cognitive activities. It is a process of abstraction and perception, by which distinct entities are grouped together and treated as equivalents.Or we can say Categorization brings structure to the “ vague, shapeless mass” of thought and so

17、und.第二十七页，编辑于星期五：十四点 四十七分。Image Schema (意象图式) An image-schema is a “skeletal” mental representation of a recurrent pattern of embodied (especially spatial or kinesthetic) experience. They are highly schematic representations of perceptually grounded experience They emerge from our embodied interacti

18、ons with the world.第二十八页，编辑于星期五：十四点 四十七分。 第二十九页，编辑于星期五：十四点 四十七分。第三十页，编辑于星期五：十四点 四十七分。第三十一页，编辑于星期五：十四点 四十七分。第三十二页，编辑于星期五：十四点 四十七分。Containment Schema Bodily experience: human bodies as containers. Structural elements: interior, boundary, exterior The ship is coming into view. Shes deep in thought. We

19、stood in silence.第三十三页，编辑于星期五：十四点 四十七分。Metaphor A figure of speech which involves an implied comparison between two relatively unlike things using a form of be. The comparison is not announced by like or as. The road was a ribbon wrapped through the dessert.第三十四页，编辑于星期五：十四点 四十七分。Metaphor From the tr

20、aditional point of view, metaphor is a rhetorical tool characterized by the schematic form A is B. It is an implicit comparison of two entities.第三十五页，编辑于星期五：十四点 四十七分。第三十六页，编辑于星期五：十四点 四十七分。Conceptual Metaphor Theory metaphors are actually cognitive tools that help us structure our thoughts and experi

21、ences in the world around us.第三十七页，编辑于星期五：十四点 四十七分。 metaphor is a conceptual mapping, not a linguistic one, from one domain to another, not from a word to another.Example: ARGUMENT IS WAR: Your claims are indefensible.He attacked every weak point in my argument.His criticisms were right on target.第三

22、十八页，编辑于星期五：十四点 四十七分。 Target domain - what is actually being talked about. Source domain - the domain used as a basis for understanding target Ontological correspondence Epistemic correspondence第三十九页，编辑于星期五：十四点 四十七分。第四十页，编辑于星期五：十四点 四十七分。The epistemic correspondence第四十一页，编辑于星期五：十四点 四十七分。Example: LIFE

23、IS A JOURNEY第四十二页，编辑于星期五：十四点 四十七分。Example: LIFE IS A JOURNEY第四十三页，编辑于星期五：十四点 四十七分。Ontological Metaphors 实体隐喻Ontological - related to being/existence A kind of metaphor whereby abstract, unwieldy or fuzzy concepts are viewed as objects with human scale and interaction potential. 抽像实体第四十四页，编辑于星期五：十四点

24、四十七分。Structural Metaphor结构隐喻 Structural metaphors imply how oneconcept is metaphorically structuredin terms of another. Example: ARGUMENT IS WAR.第四十五页，编辑于星期五：十四点 四十七分。Orientational Metaphor 方位隐喻 Examples Happy is up; sad is down That boosted my spirits Im feeling down Im depressed Conscious is up; u

25、nconscious is down Wake up He fell asleep Hes under hypnosis Basis: waking state is standing/higher第四十六页，编辑于星期五：十四点 四十七分。Metonymy第四十七页，编辑于星期五：十四点 四十七分。 Metonymy is traditionally regarded as a figure of speech that involves a process of substituting one linguistic expression for another on the basis

26、of some material, causal, or conceptual relation.第四十八页，编辑于星期五：十四点 四十七分。 The standard definition of metonymy is:“ a figure of speech that consists in using the name of one thing for that of something else with which it is associated” It follows that metonymy is viewed as a relation in which one lingu

27、istic expression “stands for” another A stands for B A and B are both linguistically oriented.第四十九页，编辑于星期五：十四点 四十七分。“ a cognitive process in which one conceptual entity, the vehicle, provides mental access to another conceptual entity, the target, within the same domain”第五十页，编辑于星期五：十四点 四十七分。Conceptu

28、al metaphor (a cross-domain mapping from the source to target)Conceptual metonymy (a within-domain mental access from vehicle to target) 第五十一页，编辑于星期五：十四点 四十七分。The White house declared war to Iraq. White house stands for the US Government Wall Street is in a panic. Wall Street stands for the worlds economy We need a couple of strong bodies for our team. Physically strong bodies stand for physically strong athletes There are a lot of good heads in the university. Good heads stand for intelligent scholars We need some new faces