语法-2-形容词、副词、主谓一致篇

1、 二、形容词、副词一、形容词、副词的比较级和最高级的构成及其用法1. as+adj/adv+as 两者相同not as (so)+adj/adv+as 前者不如后者该句型常用来描述两个比较对象的程度上的相似或不同。e.g. My computer is as/not as (so) new as yours.2. as many/few+可数名词复数+as或as much/little(少的)+不可数名词+as表示“尽可能多地/尽可能少地”，前者接可数名词复数，后者接不可数名词。e.g. You may borrow as many books as you can. The doctor s

2、aid to him, “Drink as much water as you can.”You should eat as little ice-cream as you can.3. 主语+比较级+than any other结构表示“主语所描述的事物比其他任何一个都”。该结构用比较级形式表示最高级含义。e.g. Lee is cleverer than any other student in their class.李是他们班中最聪明的学生。注意：若比较范围不同，than后应用“any+可数名词的复数形式+其他”。e.g. China is larger than any countr

3、ies in Africa.中国比非洲上的任何国家都大。4. 否定词+比较级(+than)not, never之类的否定词与形容词或副词的比较级连用，表示最高级含义。意为“再没有比更的了，是再好不过的了”。e.g. It is not a better idea.这是再好不过的一个办法了。I have never heard a more interesting story.我从未听过比这更有趣的故事了。There is nothing better than living in the city.在这个城市生活是再好不过的了。5. “形容词+to”结构也可表示比较含义e.g. This ki

4、nd of car is superior to that in quality.这种汽车的质量比那一种好得多。(superior to优于；胜过)Li ping is three years senior to Liu Gang.李平比刘刚大三岁。(senior to年长于；资格老于；地位高于)The hazards of the theatre seemed preferable to joining the family paint business.经营剧院的风险似乎比加入家族涂料产业的风险要小一些。（preferable to更好地，更可取的，更合意的）类似的单词还有：inferio

5、r; junior; major; minor6.“no+比较级+than”否定两个比较对象（可由neithernor结构来改写）（记忆方法：no 用于表示完全否定，所以这个结构表示否定两者）e.g. Im no more foolish than you.我们俩都不傻。(=Neither I nor you are foolish.) 7. not more+比较级+than前者不如后者e.g. This book is not more interesting than that one.这本书不如那本书有趣。(=The book is less interesting than that

6、 one.)8. adj.比较级+than+adj.=rather than与其倒不如（肯定前者否定后者）e.g. Jack is much harder than clever.与其说杰克聪明，倒不如说他学习用功。9. would rather A than Bprefer A to Bprefer to do A rather than B这三个句型表示“宁愿而不愿；喜欢胜过；宁愿做而不愿做”含义。即肯定A否定B。虽无比较级形式，但表示比较级含义。e.g. She would rather die than give in.她宁死不屈。He preferred to go out rath

7、er than stay home.他宁愿出去也不愿呆在家里。10. The+比较级, the+比较级 越，越e.g. The more difficult the questions are, the less likely he is able to answer them.问题越难，他回答出来的可能性就越小。e.g. -House Agent: Do you want a big house?-Wife: Yes, the bigger the better.-Husband: I dont agree. The smaller the house, the less it will c

8、ost us to heat.二、倍数表达法用英语表达“A 是 B 的 N 倍长（宽，高，大，重等）”，“A 比 B 长（宽，高，大，重等）N 倍”或“A 的长度（宽度，高度，大小，重量等）是 B 的 N 倍”，可用下列几种句型：1. “A + be + 倍数 + as + adj.原级 + as + B”e.g. This tree is three times as tall as that one. 这棵树是那棵树的三倍高。 His father is twice as old as he. 他父亲的年纪有他两倍大。 2. “A + be + 倍数 + adj.比较级 + than +

9、B ” e.g. The Yangtze River is almost twice longer than the Pearl River.长江差不多比珠江长两倍。 The dictionary is exactly five times more expensive than that one.这本字典比那本恰好贵5倍。 3. “A + be + 倍数 + the + size/length/amount/number等计量名词 + of + B ” e.g. The newly broadened square is four times the size of the previous

10、 one. 新扩建的广场是未扩建时的四倍大。 4. “The + 计量名词 + of + A + be + 倍数 + that + of + B ” e.g. The size of the newly broadened square is four times that of the previous one. 5. 其它表达方式：Im twice/ double his age. 我的年龄是他的两倍。 Ive paid five times the usual price for the stamp.我出了5倍于往常的价格买这枚邮票。 The average income of the

11、staff has been increased by 50 percent compared with last year. 与去年相比，该单位职工的收入增加了50%。The price of TVs are twofold（adj. 两部分的，双重的）down over these years. 近几年来，电视机的价格下降了两倍。真题：2013-06 We expected about 20 guests but there were _ people there.A. any B. other C. some D. more 2009-05 By 2050 the world will

12、have about 2 billion people aged over 60, three times _ today.A. as much as B. as that of C. as many as D. as those of2008-05 I wouldnt recommend you go mountain- climbing at this time of year because it is_.A. much too hot B. too much hot C. too much heat D. very much heat2007-10 The coat Im wearin

13、g now cost about _ of that one hung over there. A. twice price B. twice the price C. the twice price D. the price twice2004-07 Effective prevention against physical harms has never been _ urgently needed, especially in schools. A. more B. as C. such D. quite解析：2013-06 【答案】D句子意思为：我们预计大约来20位客人，但有更多的人到

14、那儿了。通过but这个转折词，可以判断跟预计的人数不符，所以只有more与上下文意思相符。2009-05 【答案】C本句采用的是倍数里的“A + be + 倍数 + as + adj.原级 + as + B”这个结构，由于前面的名词为可数名词“2 billion people”，因此中间的adj.用many。2008-05 【答案】A天太热，不能用heat，因此排除C和D。too much后接不可数名词；much too后可接形容词。因此选A。2007-10 【答案】B本句采用的是倍数里的“A + be + 倍数 + the + size/length/amount/number等计量名词 +

15、 of + B ”这个结构，因此选B。2004-07 【答案】 Aas的用法是as adj./adv. as；such的用法是suchthat；quite与never不匹配；never been+比较级是指“再也不过分”。本句的意思是：尤其是在学校，预防学生身体伤害的有效措施从未有过如此迫切的必要性。三、名词、代词的数和格（主谓一致）主谓一致原则包括：语法上一致、逻辑意义上一致、就近一致三个原则。一、语法上一致原则：谓语动词和主语在单、复数形式上保持一致。1. 以单数名词或代词、动词不定式短语、动名词短语或从句作主语时，谓语动词一般用单数形式；主语为复数时，谓语动词用复数形式。e.g. His

16、 father is working on the farm. To study English well is not easy. What he said is very important for us all. The children were in the classroom two hours ago. Reading in the sun is bad for your eyes.注意：由what引导的主语从句，后面的谓语动词多数情况用单数形式，但若表语是复数或what从句是一个带有复数意义的并列结构时，主句的谓语动词用复数形式。e.g. What I bought were

17、three English books. What I say and do are helpful to you.2. 由连接词and或both and连接起来的复合主语后面，要用复数形式的谓语动词。e.g. Lucy and Lily are twins.Both she and he are Young Pioneers.注意：1） 若and所连接的两个词是指同一个人或物（即只有一个名词前有定冠词the）时，它后面的谓语动词就应用单数形式。e.g. The writer and artist has come. The writer and the artist have come.2）

18、由and连接的并列单数主语前如果分别有no, each, every more than a (an) , many a (an)修饰时，其谓语动词要用单数形式。e.g. Every student and every teacher was in the room. No boy and no girl likes it.3. 主语为单数名词或代词，尽管后面跟有with, together with, except, but, like, as well as, rather than, more than, no less than, besides, including等引起的短语（可把

19、短语看成是对主语的补充说明和修饰），谓语动词仍用单数形式；若主语为复数，谓语用复数形式。e.g. Mr. Green, together with his wife and children, has come to China. Nobody but Jim and Mike was on the playground. 4. either, neither, each, every或no+单数名词和由some, any, no, every构成的复合不定代词，都作单数看待。e.g. Each of us has a new book. Everything around us is mat

20、ter.注意：1）在口语中当either或neither后跟有of+复数名词（或代词）作主语时，其谓语动词也可用复数。e.g. Neither of the texts is/are interesting. 2）若none of后面的名词是不可数名词，它的谓语动词就要用单数；若它后面的名词是复数，它的谓语动词用单数或复数都可以。e.g. None of us has/have been to America.5. 在定语从句时，关系代词that, who, which等作主语时，其谓语动词的数应与句中先行词的数一致。e.g. He is one of my friends who are w

21、orking hard. He is the only one of my friends who is working hard.6. 如果集体名词指的是整个集体，它的谓语动词用单数；如果它指集体的成员，其谓语动词就用复数形式。这些词有army, audience, class, committee, crowd, team, family, government, council, faculty, staff, population, 数目的一部分和钱的总数（one-third, five dollars）etc.e.g. Class Four is on the third floor

22、.Class Four are unable to agree upon a monitor.注意：people, police, cattle这三个集体名词后动词用复数。e.g. The police are looking for the lost child.7. 由“more thanof, a lot of, lots of, plenty of, the rest of, half of, part of, most of, a portion of, the majority of + 名词”构成的短语以及由“分数或百分数+名词”构成的短语作主语，其谓语动词的数要根据短语中后面名

23、词的数而定。e.g. There are a lot of people in the classroom.The rest of the lecture is wonderful.50% of the students in our class are girls.More than 60% of students are from the city.注意： a number of表示“许多”，作定语修饰复数名词，谓语用复数；the number of表示“的数量”，主语是number，谓语用单数。many a 或 more than one 所修饰的词作主语时，谓语动词多用单数形式。e.g

24、. Many a student has read this story book.8. 在倒装句中，谓语动词的数应与其后的主语一致。e.g. There comes the bus.On the wall are many pictures.二、逻辑意义一致原则：谓语动词的数必须和主语的意义一致（因有时主语形式为单数，但意义为复数；有时形式为复数，但意义为单数）。1. what, who, which, any, more, all等代词可以是单数，也可是复数，主要靠意思来决定。e.g. Which is your bag?All is going well. 一切顺利。2. 表示“时间、重

25、量、长度、价值”等的名词的复数作主语时，谓语动词通常用单数形式， 这是由于作主语的名词在概念上是一个整体。e.g. Thirty minutes is enough for the work.3. 若英语是书名、片名、格言、剧名、报名、国名等的复数形式，其谓语动词通常用单数形式。e.g. “The Arabian Nights” is an interesting book.天方夜谭是一本有趣的书。4. 表数量的短语“one and a half”后接复数名词作主语时，其谓语动词可用单数形式，也可用复数。e.g. One and a half apples is /are left on th

26、e table.5. 算式中表示数目（字）的主语通常作单数看待，其谓语动词采用单数形式。e.g. Twelve plus eight is twenty.Fifty-six divided by eight is seven.6. 一些学科名词是以ics结尾，如：mathematics, politics, physics以及news, works等，都属于形式上是复数的名词，实际意义为单数名词，它们作主语时，其谓语动词要用单数形式。e.g. The paper works was built in 1990. I think physics isnt easy to study.7. tro

27、users, glasses, clothes, shoes, 等词作主语时，谓语用复数，但如果这些名词前有a (the) pair of等量词修饰时，谓语动词用单数。e.g. My glasses are broken.The pair of shoes under the bed is his.8. “定冠词the + 形容词或分词”， 如 old, young, rich, poor, blind, weak, dead, wounded, disabled, injured 等，表示某一类人时，动词用复数。e.g. The young are full of energy.三、就近一致

28、原则：谓语动词的人称和数与最近的主语保持一致。1. 当两个主语由either or, neither nor, whether or , not only but also, not but连接时，谓语动词和邻近的主语一致。e.g. Either the teacher or the students are our friends. Neither they nor he is wholly right. / Is neither he nor they wholly right?2. there be句型be动词单复数取决于其后的主语。如果其后是由and连接的两个主语，则应与靠近的那个主语

29、保持一致。e.g. There are two chairs and a desk in the room.注意：Here引导的句子用法同上。e.g. Here is a pen, a few envelops and some paper for you.真题：2010-03 Making energy use completely harmless to the environment very difficult and usually economically expensive.A. are B. is C. have been D. shall be2008-10 A virus,

30、 often too small to be seen except with a powerful microscope, _ diseases.A. cause B. is caused C. causes D. is causing解析：2010-03 【答案】B主语是动名词making引导的名词性从句，谓语动词用单数第三人称。2008-10 【答案】C本题是主动语态和被动语态区别的考点。考察语态、时态两个语法点。应该明白，句子两个逗号之间的部分为插入语，不影响句子主干。此句主语为a virus，是单数第三人称，空缺处正是本句的谓语动词。根据句意：通常很小的以至于需要借助显微镜才能观察到

31、的病毒会导致疾病的产生，可知这是个事实陈述，是常识，因此，用一般现在时态的单数第三人称。cause是及物动词，宾语为diseases，没有提前，因此应用主动语态。四、复合从句从句定义：在句子中可担任副词、形容词、名词等成分，为主句提供更多信息。但尽管从句含有主语和动词，不能独立存在，必须依赖主句才能表达完整的概念或意义。从句通常由从属连词或关系代词引导，构成复合句。从句分类：名词性从句、定语从句（形容词从句）、状语从句（副词从句）。名词性从句一、名词性从句的基本概念在复合句中起名词作用的从句叫名词性从句，其功能相当于名词词组， 它在复合句中能担任主语、宾语、表语、同位语、介词宾语等。因此根据它

32、在句中不同的语法功能，名词性从句可分别称为主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句和同位语从句。1. 主语从句在复合句中作主语的从句。主语从句常用that, whether, who, whom, whose, what, which, when, where, how, why, whatever, whoever等引导。e.g. Whether he will be able to come remains a question. 他是否来还是问题。That China is a great socialist country is well known. 众所周知，中国是一个伟大的社会主义国家。注意

33、：为避免头重脚轻，使句子平衡，常用it作形式主语，而将主语从句后置。如上述第二个例子常说成：It is well known that China is a great socialist country.但是，由连接代词what, whatever, whoever等引导的主语从句一般不能用形式主语。如：e.g. What he found surprised me greatly. 他的发现使我非常吃惊。Whoever is finished may rest. 凡是做完工的人都可以休息。2. 表语从句在系动词之后作表语的从句。引导表语从句的连接除与引导主语从句的连接词外，还有as if,

34、 as though。e.g. The question is whether he is able to do it alone. 问题是他能否单独做这件事。It looks as if (though) it is going to snow. 天好像要下雪似的。注意要区分以下句式：1. thats why+结果2. thats because+原因3. the reason why /for+结果is that+原因e.g. He is absent. Thats because he is ill. 他缺席，这是因为他生病了。He is ill. Thats why he is abs

35、ent. 他病了，这就是他缺席的原因。The reason why he is absent is that he is ill. 他缺席的原因是他生病了。3. 宾语从句就是在复合句中作宾语的从句。引导这宾语从句的连接词与引导主语从句的连接词基本相同。e.g. They didnt say which they wanted. 他们没有说他们想要哪一个。I am sure (that) no harm will ever come to you. 我肯定你永远不会受伤害。I was surprised at what has happened. 我对发生的事感到惊讶。注意：当think, be

36、lieve, suppose等的疑问式后面跟连接代词或连接副词引导的宾语从句时，习惯上将这些连接词置于句首，即“连接代/副词do you think /believe /expect宾语从句的其余部分”。e.g. Who do you think is the best player this year? 你认为今年谁是最佳运动员?What do you suppose you will do after school? 你想放学后干什么？4. 同位语从句就是在句中作同位语的从句。它通常有放在thought, idea, news, word(=news), plan, doubt, ques

37、tion, fact, suggestion, belief等抽象名词的后面，说明这些词的具体内容或含义。同位语从句大多由that引导，也可由whether, how, when, where, why等引导，但不能由which引导。e.g. The idea that the earth is round is not a new one.“地球是圆的”这种观点并不新鲜。He must answer the question whether he agrees to it or not. 他必须回答他是否同意此事这们一问题。I have no idea when he will set ou

38、t. 我不知他什么时候出发。注意：有时，同位语从句并不紧跟在它所说明的词的后面。如：e.g. The whole truth came out at last that he was a wolf in sheeps clothing. 真相终于大白了，他原来是一只披羊皮的狼。二、名词性从句的三要素 1. 引导词也就是引导名词性从句的关联词。这些引导词可分为三类：一是that类，二是if/whether类，三是疑问词类。既然是引导词，所以这些词就总是位于名词性从句的最前面。2. 语序名词性从句都必须与陈述句语序相同，即“主语谓语”。事实上，任何一种从句，其语序都必须与陈述句的语序相同。3. 时

39、态若主句的谓语动词是一般现在时时，宾语从句的谓语动词可根据情况使用各种时态；若主句的谓语动词是一般过去时，宾语从句若不是一个客观事实或真理，其谓语动词也必须用某种过去时态。主语从句宾语从句表语从句同位语从句动宾介宾that不能省可省禁用不能省不能省whether/if句首whetherwhether or not只能whether只能whether只能whether代词what-物，who/whom-人副词when-时间，where-地点，why-原因，how-方式注意：所有句子均为陈述语序！三、名词性从句考点归纳 考点之一：考查that 与whate.g. _we can't get

40、 seems better than _we have. A. What ; what B. What ; that C. That ; that D. That ; what 解析：此题考查了两个名词性从句：主语从句和宾语从句，what 在这两个名词性从句中都作宾语。在名词性从句中that 与what 的区别是：that 在名词性从句中不作句子成分，只起连接作用；而 what 在名词性从句中不仅起连接作用，而且充当句子成分。句子的意思是：我们得不到的似乎比我们已经拥有的要好。考点之二：考查it 作形式主语或形式宾语e.g. _ is a fact that English is being

41、accepted as an international language. A. There B. This C. That D. It 解析：为了保持句子的平衡，往往用it 作形式主语或形式宾语，而把真正的主语从句或宾语从句放到后面，尤其是that 引导的主语从句往往用it 作形式主语。此句也可以改写为：That English is being accepted as an international language is a fact. 考点之三：考查名词性从句的语序e.g. The photographs will show you _. A. what does our vill

42、age look like B. what our village looks likeC. how does our village look like D. how our village looks like解析：名词性从句应用陈述语序，所以A和C排除。再根据句型what does sb. / sth. look like?，本句意思为这些照片将向你展示我们的村庄的样子，因此，应选B。考点之四：考查whether 与if e.g. _ we'll go camping tomorrow depends on the weather.A. If B. Whether C. That

43、 D. Where解析：句意为：我们明天是否去野营要看天气而定。whether 与if 的区别是：在引导宾语从句时两者可以互换，但在引导主语从句、表语从句和同位语从句时，以及介词后面的宾语从句或后面紧跟or not 时，常用whether , 而不用 if。e.g. What the doctors really doubt is _ my mother will recover from the serious disease soon. A. when B. how C. whether D. why 解析：句意为：医生真正怀疑的是我母亲是否能很快从重病中恢复过来。whether 引导的是

44、表语从句。考点之五：考查 whatever, whoever. 与 no matter what / who.e.g. Sarah hopes to become a friend of _ shares her interests. A. anyone B. whomever C. whoever D. no matter who 解析：句意为：Sarah 希望跟自己有共同爱好的人交朋友。注意：whatever, whoever. 既可以引导名词性从句也可以引导让步状语从句；而no matter what / who .只能引导让步状语从句。首先排除A和D，从句中需要的是主语，whomeve

45、r作宾语，因此选C。考点之六：考查名词性从句的虚拟语气e.g. It is necessary that a college student _at least a foreign language. A. masters B. should master C. mastered D. will master 解析：句意为：大学生至少掌握一门外语是必要的。此处考察的是that引导的虚拟语气。注意：that 引导的主语从句中谓语动词用的是虚拟语气。我们应注意：1) 在句型：1. It is necessary / important / natural / strange, etc. that

46、.2. It is a pity / a shame / no wonder, etc. that .3. It is suggested / requested / proposed / desired, etc. that . 中，that从句中谓语动词常用虚拟语气“(should) + 动词原形”。2) 表建议、请求、命令、要求、坚持等及物动词后的宾语从句中要用虚拟语气，这类动词有：suggest, propose, insist, desire, demand, request, order, command等。3) 主语是suggestion, proposal, request等表

47、示“建议、请求、命令、要求、决定”等意义的词时，表语从句中谓语动词要用虚拟语气“(should) + 动词原形”。4) 表示“建议、请求、命令、要求、决定”等意义的名词后边的同位语从句中谓语动词要用虚拟语气“(should) + 动词原形”。词汇真题1. No ready technical data available, we managed to _ them.A. go down B. go off C. go up D. go without2. The basic causes are unknown though certain conditions that may lead t

48、o cancer have been_.A. identified B. guaranteed C. notified D. conveyed3. The actor and actress provided superb interpretations of their _ roles.A. respectful B. respective C. respecting D. respected4. Computers _ 5% of the country's commercial electricity consumption.A. pay for B. stand for C.

49、account for D. provide for5. The museum has been temporarily closed _ the public.A. with B. to C. on D. for6. I realized I had let myself in something from which there was no turning _.A. around B. back C. away D. down 7. Those close to him are _ that he hopes to stay on till the end of his term.A.

50、ensured B. confirmed C. suppose D. convinced8. Working women haven't left the family role behind: now they are _to work even harder to do both. A. expected B. wished C. hoped D. desired9. Modern technology has brought _communication between people far apart.A. competent B. convenient C. consciou

51、s D. complete10. Under no_ are children allowed to tell lies to their parents. A. circumstances B. situations C. occasions D. moments11. If the car you have rented is clearly unsatisfactory, you can always _ it for another.A shift B. exchange C. switch D. replace12. Every manager needs a secretary t

52、hat he can _ to take care of something that may occur in his absence.A. bring on B. hold on C. count on D. focus on13. The shirt is a real bargain because it is good in quality and _ in price.A. valuable B. remarkable C. available D. reasonable14. In this advanced course, students are required to ta

53、ke performance tests at monthly _.A. gaps B. lengths C. distances D. intervals15. American women were _ the right to vote until 1920.A. ignored B. refused C. derived D. denied16. I cannot _ your plan, for I see no money return for the pursuit.A. argue with B. approve of C. turn down D. give up17. The thief was so _ by the bright lights and barking dogs that he left hastily.A. fr