暑期英语提升———语法讲义

1、it的用法【学前自测】1. it was only when i reread his poems recently _ i began to appreciate their beauty.a. untilb. sinec. thend. that2.1 hatewhen people talk with their mouths fulla. itb thatc thesed them3. in my opinion, life in the twenty-first century is much easier thana that used to be b> it is used

2、 to c. it was used to d. it used to be4< fd appreciateif you would like to teach me how to use the computera. thatb. itc. thisd. /5. （改错）david and i did not agree and david pointed to a path which he thought it would probably lead to a village.6. 判断下列属于it的何种句型或句式： it is for three hours that they

3、have been back.句型或句式： it is a wonder that he is still alive.句型或句式：序言：it的用法在高考中也是重现率较高的语言点，尤其是it用于强调句。其考 查方式多通过“单项填空”进行，偶尔也出现在驾豆文改错s “完形填空”和“短 文填词”中。i、要点点拔一、用于指人以外的一切生物、无生命的东西和事情。一般指说话者心目中已经了解或所指的生物、无生命的东西或事情、没有性别的 区分；可以是可数名词，也可以是不可数名词，在句子中既可作主语，也可以作宾语。1. 指动物和植物。 oh, that's lucy's hat.噢，那是露茜的

4、帽子。-it looks like a cat!它看上去像只猫！ where's tea grown? it*s grown in the southeast of china.什么地方种植茶？中国东南部种植茶。2. 指代一些无生命的东西。 is it your watch? 这是你的手表吗？ look at the rain! it*s heavy, isnft it? 看这雨！雨很大,对吗？3. 可以指代具体的东西也可以代替上文提到过的整个事情或情况。 well, you mustn't play on the road it's dangerous.哦，你不能在公

5、路上玩。这太危险了！©picking apples was hard work, but they really enjoyed it.摘苹果是艰苦活，可他们都乐意去摘（它儿 itt a nice room.这是一个漂亮的房间。二、用于指代人。1. 指代说话者心目中不太清楚的那个人，常在打电话或敲门时用。 who was it? 是谁（打来的电话？-was it susan?（打电话的）是苏珊吗？-yes, it was.是的，我是。（根据上下句，“it was”也可不译出来。） who is knocking at the door?谁在敲门？-it*s me.是我。2. 指说话者

6、心目中的那个人。is it your sister, kate?（那旧照片上的baby）是你姐姐凯特吧？-no!不是。is it your brother?是你哥哥吧？-no!不是。i know一it's you!我知道了，那是你。3. 指代性别不详的婴幼儿、在不计较性别时或身份不明朗的人，也可用it来指人。 the child smiled when it saw its mother.这小孩一见到母亲就笑了。 i don't know who it is.我不知道他是谁。【注意】看到这样的句子（或听到这样的话）时，要想一想，不要一看到it就把它 译成陀”。4. 在回答用指示

7、代词表示人的特殊问句时，常用it指人。“who*s that?那人是谁？is it kate?是凯特吗？-yes, i think you're right. it's kate.是的，我想你说对了，是凯特。【另:】1做代词代替指示代词this, that,常用作表示复指。-whafs this?这是什么？“ ifs a flag. 这是面旗。2起指示代词的作用，指一个人或事物，it所指的东西不很具体。 有时指某个动作的人；有时指引起某种情况的事物。 who is knocking at the door? 谁在敲门？ifs me.是我。 itt the wind shakin

8、g the window.风正吹打着窗户。三、用于其他范畴。1. 表示时间、季节。 what time is it?几点钟？it's ten.十点钟。 it's summer in australia now. 现在澳大利亚是夏天。【特别注意汽用于表示时间时还常见于以下两个句型中：】1. it*s time (for sb.) to do sth. / it*s time for sth.译为"是某人该干的时间了、到的时候了”。 it's time for supper / to have supper. 是吃晚饭的时候 t。 i think it's

9、 time for us to start the lesson now.我想现在是我们开始上课的时候了。2. it is / has been +时间段+since h般过去时。译为"自从以来已过了f时 间”。此结构可以与另一种句型进行同义句转换。 it has been two weeks since we met last.=two weeks has passed since we met last.自从我们上次相遇以来，两个星期过去了。 it's three years since he came here=it has been three years since

10、 he came here=he has been here for three years他到这里已经三年了。2. 表亦距离。 it's half an hour's walk from my home to the school.从我家到学校步行得花半小时时间。 where's the farm, li lei? is it far? 李雷，农场在哪里？远吗？no, it's quite near.不，（距）离这很近。3. 表示自然现象（天气，气候，明暗等）。 sometimes it snows and the land is all white 有时下雪

11、，大地一片白。 it is very quiet here at the moment. 眼下这儿很安静。4. 指环境，情况等。ifs very quiet at the moment.u!用作形式主语。用作形式主语。it没有具体意义，而只是帮助把真正的主语移至句子后尾，使句子 显得平稳一些，能借it给移至句子后尾的主语有三种：一种由不定式表示，一种由 动名词表示，一种由从句表示。it替代真正的主i 一动词不定式短语。 it is easier to say than to do it is a good act to help the others2. it替代真正的主i 一动名词短语，以动

12、名词短语做主语的句子，主要用于以no good, no use, no harm, dangerous, foolish 等词作表语的句中。 it，s no harm drinking running water in that areao it，s foolish talking like that.3. it替代从句作主语，用从句做主语的带it的句子很多,常见的有下面几类：（1） . it+is / was+形容词+ （for / of sb.） +动词不定式短语。对于这个句型中究 竟用for还是用of, 般遵循这样的规则：如果形容词仅仅是描述事物的形容词，如: difflcult eas

13、y, hard, important, dangerous等用for；如果形容词是描述不定式行 为者的性格、品质的，如：kind, good, nice, clever等则用of。 it is interesting to play with snow in winter. 冬季里玩雪是很有趣的。 it's important for us to keep the water clean.保持水质清洁对我们来说是很重要的。 it's very kind of you to say so 你这样说真是太好了。【注意】这一句式中的形容词位置也可换用名词（i伐+ a + n+ tha

14、t名词也可用复数）；连系动词be也可换用其它连系动词，如feel等。 it's a good habit to get up early and go to bed early.早睡早起是好习惯。 it must be great fun to fly to the moon in a spaceship乘宇宙飞船飞往月球一定很有趣。 it feels strange to have a twin brother.有个挛生兄弟感觉很奇怪。 (2it +will be / is / was +形容词+动名词短语。 it's bad playing in the street 在街

15、上玩是没好处的。 is it any good trying again? 再试一次有用吗？(3it+is / was+形容词+从句。 it is certain that he will come.他一定会来。 it's true that he may fall behind the other students.他真的可能落后于其他同学。 it is strange that he should say so.他居然这么说，真是奇怪。(4) . it +is / was +one*s turn (duty, pleasure) +to do sth.意为"该轮到某人做

16、某事(做某事是某人的责任、愉悦的事厂。it's your turn to be on duty tomorrow. 明天轮到你值日 t。(5) . it takes (sb.) some time to do sth.意为"(某人花时间做某事”。it took me a week to finish reading the book.我花了一周时间看完这本书。(6) . it +cost / costs + sb.+some money +to do sth.译为"某人花多少钱做某事it cost me 260 yuan to buy the new watch 我

17、买这块新手表花了 260 元。(7) it seems / seemed +从句。译为"看起来好像此结构可以转换成"seem +动词不定式”形式。(seemed 也可换成 happened, turned out, proved, seem 同理)it seems that he is ill.=he seems to be ill.看起来他好像病 了。(8) it occurred to sb. that .o译为"某人突然想起"it occurred to me that i had left behind my umbrella at doctor

18、.我突然想起我把雨伞落在诊所了。五、用作形式宾语。当句子的真正宾语是动词不定式、动名词或从句时，为避免句子头重脚轻，须将 其放在宾语补足语之后，改用先行词it占据其原来的位置。it用作形式宾语的句型为: 主语+谓语+it+宾语补足语+动词不定式/动名词/从句。该句型中宾语补足语可 由形容词、名词等充当。 he found it not easy to solve the problem.他发现解决这个问题是不容易的。 we think it no good reading in bed.我们认为躺在床上看书无益处。 i think it necessary that we have the m

19、eeting.我认为开这个会是必要的。六、用于强调结构中。在英语中，我们常用"it is/wa9that/who/whom结构来突出强调句子的某一 成分(一般是句子中主语，宾语或状语，不强调谓语)。在这个句型中，it没有词汇 意义，只是引出被强调的成分。如果被强调的成分是表示人的词，用who、whom或 that来连接都可以。如果是其它成分，则一律用that来连接。(i)使用该句型有以下几点请注意：1 强调句的谓语is或was永远用单数。it was yesterday that i met your father in the street正是昨天在街上我碰到 了你父亲。2.不管被

20、强调部分是哪种状语，只能用that连接，不得使用wherex when、why、 how等连词。it was in the street that i met your father yesterday.昨天正是在街上我碰到 了你父亲。【注意】强调的如果是原因状语从句，从句只能用because引导，不能用sinew as或 why引导。it was because the water had risen that they could not cross the river.正是由于水位上涨他们不能渡河。3.当被强调部分为人时，可用who （主格或宾格）和whom （宾格）代替that,用th

21、at 也可以。 it was your father that/whom /who i met in the street yesterday昨天我在街上碰到的正是你父亲。 it was i that/vvho met your father in the street yesterday.正是我昨天在街上碰到的你父亲。4强调句中也要注意主谓一致、人称一致和否定转移的问题。it is they who are our friends 他们是我的朋友。it was not until 10 o*clock that we got home last night.昨晚直到 10 点我们才回家。5.

22、对 not.until.tn构进行强调，要用 it is / was not untilthat这定句型。由于not已经前移，that后从句的动词只能用肯定形式。wasthat为强调句标志，去it was not until 11 o*clock that he went to bed last night 昨晚直到们点他才睡觉。【注意】不要混淆强调句和其他从句。识别方法：it is掉后仍可组成一个完整的句子，只是没被强调，而其他从句一般不具备这一特征。试比较下列两个句子: it was ten o*clock when we got home last night.我们昨晚到家时己十点了。

23、it was at ten o*clock that we got home last night.我们昨晚是在十点到家的。第二句丕是强调句丄血丕可改因为去掉選野理.租加並后，只能组成 “出.証加叱妙血也!磁皿2虬.二这桂二个丕完整的句壬第二句是强调句 虫辿丕可改为when.(id强调句式的疑问形式1. 般疑问句的结构为：is / was it. that / who / whom.?is it you who often publish poems in our local newspapers?在咱们地方报纸上发表诗歌的是你吗？was is in her fifties that your

24、 mother began to learn russian?你母亲是在五十多岁的时候开始学习俄语的吗？2.特殊疑问句的结构为：疑问词+ is /was is that.? where was it that you found the lost child?你是在哪儿找到这个失踪的孩子的？ who was it that invented the telephone? 是谁发明了 电话？ how was it that they managed to finish the task in such a short time?他们究竟是如何在这么短的时间内完成任务的？ why was it t

25、hat you refused his offer of help?你究竟为什么拒绝他的帮助？七、用于某些词组或结构中，没有具体意义。 that's it.那正是我想知道的。 when i see him, til have it out with him.见到他时我要和他理论。 the last bus has gone. weul have to foot it.最后一班车已经开了。我们得走回去。ii、常用句型及考点一、强调句型。1. it is / was + 被强调部分 + that / who / whom该句型是强调句型。将被强调的部分放在前面，其它部分置that之后。被强

26、调部 分可以是主语，宾语，表语或状语。强调的主语如果是人，that可以由who/ whom （宾 语）换用。如果把这种句型结构划掉后，应该是一个完整明确的句子。这也是判断强调句型与其它从句的方法。【注意】不能强调谓语 it was they that (who) cleaned the classroom yesterday. it was in the street that i met her father.2. it is / was not until + 被强调部分 + that.该句型也是强调句型。主要用于强调时间状语，译成汉语为“直到才”，可以 说是notuntil的强调形式。i

27、t was not until she took off her dark glasses that i realized she was a famous film star.=not until she took off her dark glasses did i realize she was a famous film star =i didn't realize she was a famous film star until she took off her dark glasses*二、形式主语型。1. it is clear ( obvious, true, poss

28、ible, certain)that 该句型中it是形式主语，真正的主语是that引导的主语从句，常译为5是清楚 (可能，真的，肯定的”是主语从句最常见的一种结构。it is very clear that he's round and tall like a tree.=that he's round and tall like a tree is very clean2. it is important ( necessary, right，strange, natural”.)that 该句型中it也是形式主语。但由于主句中的形容词不同，所以that后的从句中 要用虚拟语

29、气(虚拟形式=should +动词原形，should可以省略。建议记住该句型中的形容词。 it is important that we (should) learn english well it is necessary that he (should) remember these words.3. it is said (reported, learned)that 该句型中的it仍是形式主语，真正主语是that引导的主语从句。该结构常译为“据 说据报道,据悉”。 it is said that he has come to beijing. it is reported that a

30、nother man-made satellite has been put into orbit4. it is suggested ( ordered, requireddemanded,desired,advised,requesed.) that该句型和上一个同属一个句型。主句中的过去分词是表示请求，建议，命令等词 时，that后的从句要用虚拟语气(虚拟形式：should +动词原形人should可以省略。常译为“据建议,有命令几 it is suggested that the meeting ( should ) be put off. it was ordered that we

31、 ( should ) arrive there in two hours.5. it is a pity ( a shame )that 该句型中，that后的从句一般用虚拟语气(虚拟形式：should +动词原形，should可以省略。表示出乎意料的情感，常译为“竟然”。若没有表达这种情感时，则不需 要使用虚拟语气。it is a pity that such a thing ( should ) happen in your class. 这种事竟然发生在你们班上，真是遗憾！it is a pity that he is ill> 他生病 了 ,真遗憾!6. it is time

32、( about time , high time ) that 该句型中that后的从句应该用虚拟语气,需要注意的是常用过去时态表示虚拟。 有时也用should +动词原形，should不能省。常译为“是正是啲时侯。 该句型中的that可以省略也可以不用省略。it is time (that)children should go to bed.= it is time (that) children went to bed.7. it is the first ( second .) time that.该句型要和上一个句型区别开来。该句型中的that从句不用虚拟语气，而用完成 时态。至于用什

33、么完成时态，由主句的谓语动词的时态决定。如果是一般现在时，后 面从句用现在完成时态；如果是一般过去时，后面从句则用过去完成时态。该结构中 that可以省去,it有时用this替换.常译为“正是第一二次”。it is the first time i have been here. = this is the first time i have been here.8. it happens that该句型中it是形式主语,that引导的是主语从句，主句中的happen是不及物动词。it happened ( so happened ) that he met his teacher in th

34、e street. 碰巧9. it takes / costs §bto do sth.该句型中的不定式是真正的主语，it是形式主语，句型中的直接宾语是时间。常 译为“做要花费某人(多少时间或金钱)”。it took thousands of people and many years to build the great walk10. it is no good (use ) doing sth.该句型中的真正主语是动名词短语，主句中的表语可以是no good,( not any good )、 no use, (not any use)。it is no good learni

35、ng english without speaking english*11. it doesnft matter whether(or not)该句型中whether引导的从句是真正主语，该句型常译为“不论(是否，没 关系”。it doesn't matter whether they are old (or not).12. it is kind ( of sb.) to do sth.该句型中的不定式短语是真正主语，如果不定式的逻辑主语是由of引起，主句中 的形容词必须是能表示逻辑主语特征的形容词。常见的有：bad, brave, careless, clever, cruel,

36、 foolish, good (好心的),honest, horrible, kind, lazy, modest, naughty, nice (有教 养的),polite, rude, silly, stupid, wise, wrong (错误的)等。这个句型可以改写为:sb. is kind to do sth.it is kind of you to say so. = you are kind to say so.13. it is necessary ( for sb.) to do sth.该句型与上一个同属一个句型。不定式的逻辑主语由for引起，形容词通常表示 重要性，紧迫性

37、，频繁程度，难易，安全等情况。常见的形容词有： important，necessary, natural easy，safe, common, normal, hard, difficult, dangerous, unusual, impossible, pleasant 等。it is important for her to come to the party.=it is important that she (should ) come to the party.14. it seems/appears that it seems/appears that he will be ba

38、ck in a few days.it looks ( seems ) as if 该句型中it无意义。as if引导一个状语从句。常译为，“看起来好像”如果 与事实不相符合，则用虚拟语气。it looks as if he is ill.陈述语气,看来他真的病了。it seemed as if he were dying.(虚拟语气，看来他快要死了。15. it is (just) like sb to do sth.该句型为“某人(恰恰)是样子”。用来表示赞扬或不满，若用否定式则表示怀疑。it's like him to leave the work to others.他就是这样

39、的一个人，把工作推给别人。16. it is up to sb to do sth.该句型表示“宜由某人做”。三、形式宾语型。we think it important to learn a foreign language.该句型中的it作形式宾语。为了记忆方便我们可称该句型为：6123结构6 指的是:主句中常用的动词:think, believe, make, find, consider, feel ；1指的是：形式宾语it；2指的是：宾补的两种形式：形容词或名词；3指的是：真正宾语的三种形式：不定式短语，动名词短语或that引导的宾语从句。 we think it our duty t

40、o clean our classroom every day. he felt it important learning english well. they found it difficult that they would flnish their work in two days.hi3. 其他句型。1. it is / has been since 该句型主要用作处理瞬间动词的完成时，又要和表示一段时间的时间状语连用的 问题。主句中是时间作表语，其时态是现在时或完成时，since引导的从句通常是一 般过去时态，而且是瞬间动词。如果主句是一般过去时，从句则用过去完成时。it is

41、( has been ) 5 years since his father died2. it is / was when “该句型中的when引导的是一个时间状语从句，主句中的it指时间，表语由具体 的时间充当。常译为“当的时候，是”。it was 5 o'clock when he came here.3. it be before 该句型主句中的it指时间，主句中的时态常是将来一般时或过去时两种时态.主 句中的表语多是long, not long, 3 days, 2 weeks等表示时间段的词或短语。常译为" 之后”。 it was 3 days before he

42、went to beijing. it will be not long before he finishes his job.【学后检测】! why did he let you repeat his instruction time and time again?that i remember what wasafter he went out.a. to see to it; to be doneb. making sure ; to be donec. to make sure ; to dod. seeing to ; done2. the people have become the master of their own countrysciencecan really serve the people.a it is only then ; thatb. it was that; whenc. it is only when ; thatd jt was when ; then3. is no difference between a anda. thereb. wherec. itd. what4. how longto finish your composition?a. will it take youb. will take youc. you will