2022年虚拟语气和主谓一致

1、学习必备欢迎下载主谓一致“ 一致” （concord 或 agreement ）指句子成分之间或词语之间在语法形式上的协调关系。 主谓一致指主语和谓语动词之间在“ 人称 ” 和 “ 数” 的 方 面 的一 致 关 系，这 又 叫做 “ 主 -动 一 致 ”（ subject-verb concord ） 。指导原则1.语法一致原则（ grammatical concord) 主语为单数形式，谓语动词用单数形式；主语为复数形式，谓语动词也用复数形式。the number of errors was surprising. jane and mary look alike. 2. 意义一致原则（n

2、otional concord）1）主语形式虽为单数，但意义为复数，谓语动词为复数。the crowd were running for their lives. 单数形式代表复数内容的词有：people, police, cattle, militia 等。2) 主语形式为复数，而意义上却是单数，谓语动词用单数。the news was very exciting. 形复意单的单词有news, works （工厂）和一些以 ics 结尾的学科名称， physics, economics等。3. 就近原则（ principle of proximity ）谓语动词的单复数形式取决于最靠近它的词

3、语。如用连词or, eitheror, neithernor, not only, but also等连接的并列主语，精品学习资料 可选择p d f - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 第 1 页，共 32 页 - - - - - - - - -学习必备欢迎下载如果一个是单数， 一个是复数， 谓语动词与靠近它的主语一致。either your students or mr. wang knows this. i. 以 s结尾的名词作主语的主谓一致1.以 s 结尾的表示疾病的名词作主语时谓语用单数arthritis:关节炎bronchitis :支气管炎mumps:腮腺炎di

4、abetes: 糖尿病phlebitis:静脉炎但是 measles( 麻疹)，rickets(软骨病) 谓语可用单 /复数2.以 s 结尾的表示游戏名称的名词谓语常用单数darts:投镖游戏 dominoes:多米诺骨牌marbles:打弹子游戏billiards:台球但 cards(打纸牌)用复数；当它们表示所用工具时谓语用复数darts is often played in english pubs. two darts are thrown at every turn. 3.以 ics结尾的学科名称通常用单数mathematics: 数学physics:物理学optics:光学 sta

5、tistics:统计学politics:政治学acoustics: 声学/音响效果economics:经济学athletics:体育学mechanics: 机械学semantics: 语义学精品学习资料 可选择p d f - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 第 2 页，共 32 页 - - - - - - - - -学习必备欢迎下载linguistics:语言学tactics:兵法/策略当这类名词表示学科以外的其它意义时用作复数statistics is not as difficult as some people think. the latest statistics

6、 on crime are beyond description. 注:下列以 ics 结尾的名词仅用作单数classics: 杰作,著作comics:连环图画ethics: 伦理学cosmetics:化妆品4.以 s 结尾的地理名称如山脉，海峡，瀑布，群岛等谓语动词通常用作复数the west indies西印度群岛the bahamas巴哈马群岛the himalayas喜马拉雅山脉the straits of gibraltar直布罗陀海峡the niagara falls 尼亚加拉瀑布the rockies 落基山脉但如果是国名，则用作单数，如:the united states, t

7、he united nations, the netherlands （荷兰） 。5.由二部分组成的物体通常以s 结尾，如果不带 “ 一把” 等单位词而单独使用，通常用作复数。scissors 剪子shears 大剪刀pincers 、tongs 钳子 pliers 老精品学习资料 可选择p d f - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 第 3 页，共 32 页 - - - - - - - - -学习必备欢迎下载虎钳pajamas 睡衣，宽长裤suspenders 吊裤带knickers 短裤，灯笼裤 pants 裤子jeans 工装裤shorts 短裤briefs 三角裤s

8、hoes glasses/spectacles 眼镜binoculars 望远镜chopsticks 如带有单位词，则由单位词的单 /复数来决定谓语动词的单/复数a pair of shoes was on the desk. 6.下列以 s结尾的名词通常用作复数archives:档案arms:武器eaves: 屋檐contents:内容goods:货物suburbs:郊区thanks:谢意wages: 工资stairs:楼梯remains:遗体morals:道德，品行minutes:记录注:whereabouts( 行踪，下落 )，dramatics(舞台艺术 )可用单 /复数7.凡是由 -

9、ings 结尾的名词常用作复数clippings:剪下来的东西filings: 锉屑earnings:收入diggings:掘出的东西lodgings:租的房间surroundings:环境sweepings:扫拢的垃圾注:tidings( 消息,音信)可用作单或复数.以结尾的单，复数同形的名词，谓语动词形式取决于这些精品学习资料 可选择p d f - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 第 4 页，共 32 页 - - - - - - - - -学习必备欢迎下载名词是用作单数还是用作复数；意义不同，单复数也不同barracks:营房headquarters: 总部means:

10、 方法,手段,工具series:系列species: 种类works:工厂crossroads: 十字路口this glass works was set up in 2008. these glass works are near the railway station. 9.少数名词用作单数和用作复数意义不同whats the odds? 有什么要紧？ =what does it matter? （差别）the odds are against us. 我们成功的机会很小。（可能的机会）the martyrs remains were buried at the foot of the h

11、ill.遗体here is the remains of the temple. 遗迹练习：1.the alps (covers, cover) an area of 200,000 square kilometers and (is ,are) the greatest mountain range in europe. 2.draughts (is, are) an easier game than chess. 3.what (is, are) his politics ? 4.the remains of shakespeare (is, are) buried on stratfor

12、d-on-avon. 5.politics (is, are) the art or science of government. 精品学习资料 可选择p d f - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 第 5 页，共 32 页 - - - - - - - - -学习必备欢迎下载6.mr smiths morals (is, are) above criticism.7.usually a bird species facing the danger of extinction( gains, gain) public recognition. 8 the species of

13、 fish in the aquarium (is, are) numerous. 1.通常用作复数的集体名词:people, police, folk, youth, cattle, poultry, militia, vermin his cattle were still lean. such vermin as bugs and rats are hard to get rid of. many cattle are kept. 饲养了很多牲畜。several hundred police were on duty. 几百个警察在执勤。the police are searching

14、for him. 2. 通 常 用 作 单 数 的 集 体 名 词 :advice, baggage, equipment, information, knowledge, machinery, scenery, news, foliage, merchandise, furniture the merchandise on display in the shop window is very good. all the machinery is new. 3.既可用作复数也可用作单数的集体名词：family, army, group, committee, company, governme

15、nt, enemy, class, team, party, club, majority, crowd, audience, jury, union, fleet （舰队）,faculty （能力；大学教职人员），crew，public his family are all music lovers. his family isn t large. 精品学习资料 可选择p d f - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 第 6 页，共 32 页 - - - - - - - - -学习必备欢迎下载his family_ going to have a long journey.

16、 the whole family _ watching tv. 练习：1.the jury _in opinion about “sentence of death.”a. disagrees b. disagree c. agrees d. has disagreed 2.today the public _about the way nature is being ruined. a. are concerned b. is concerned c. have been concerned d. is being concerned 3.the committee cant come t

17、o a decision because _at odds. a. it has b. they have c. it is d. they are 4.the majority _on bens side, but peter disagrees with them on two points. a. were b. was c. is d. are keys : b d d diii. 并列结构 (coordinate subject)做主语的主谓一致1.用 and或 both and 连接并列主语，谓语通常用复数to mean to do something and to actuall

18、y do something are two separate things. 但是当并列主语指的是同一个人，事物或概念时， 谓语用单数，这时 and后面的名词没有冠词。精品学习资料 可选择p d f - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 第 7 页，共 32 页 - - - - - - - - -学习必备欢迎下载truth and honesty is the best policy. the girls teacher and friend is a young doctor. to love and to be loved is the great happiness.

19、 to try and fail is better than not to try at all. a knife and fork is on the table. bread and butter is our daily food. 类似结构有： whisky and soda, strawberry and cream, salt and water, ham and egg, cart and horse，fish and chips等。2.当 and 连接的单数主语前面有each, every, many a, no 等修饰 时 ， （ 即many aand many a; ev

20、ery and every ; eachand each ; no and no ）谓语动词用单数many a boy and many a girl has seen the brighter-than-expected white flash of light. no teacher and no student was present at the opening ceremony. 3.如主语是单数， 尽管后面跟有 with, together with, as well as, as much as, no less than, more than, rather than, lik

21、e, but, except, besides, in addition to等引起的短语，谓语动词仍用单数that man, as well as his wife, is accused of molesting minors since 1950s. a professor, together with his students, was sent to work in nigeria. 精品学习资料 可选择p d f - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 第 8 页，共 32 页 - - - - - - - - -学习必备欢迎下载the room with its f

22、urniture was rented. 4.由 or, eitheror, neithernor, not only but (also), not but 等连接的名词或代词作主语时，谓语与邻近的主语取得一致either you or he is to go. not only joan but her sisters know the combination to the safe which contains the list of the family securities. 练习：1._either he or his accountants going to claim for

23、the loss? a. are b. were c. is d. does 2.joe s father, along with his two uncles, _in new york one more day. a. demand that he stay b. demands that he stays c. demands that he stay d. demand that he stays 3.every policeman and fireman _on the alert. a. have been b. was c. are d. were keys : c c b iv

24、.代词以及 “ 限定词 +名词” 作主语的主谓一致精品学习资料 可选择p d f - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 第 9 页，共 32 页 - - - - - - - - -学习必备欢迎下载1. 由不定代词every, each, each one ,each of, another, either, neither, no one, the other, everybody, everything, many a, more than one 等作主语或修饰主语时，谓语用单数。many a ship has been damaged in the storm. mor

25、e than one man believes that the promise of the american dream is still out of reach for many blacks in the city. 2. 由“ a great many, a good many, a group of, a number of +复数名词 ” 作主语时，谓语用复数。iv.代词以及 “ 限定词 +名词” 作主语的主谓一致a great many graduates think they are all entitled to make a mistake once in a whil

26、e. 3. all of, some of, a lot of, half of, most of, the majority of, two thirds of, ninety percent of, the rest of, plenty of, part of, heaps of（堆）等 +名词或代词作主语时，谓语动词的单/复数取决于后面的名词或代词的数，因为这些词是中心词half of the apples go bad. the rest of the land is uncultivated. 练习：1.although the first part of the book is

27、easy, the rest _. a. are difficult b. has proved difficult 精品学习资料 可选择p d f - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 第 10 页，共 32 页 - - - - - - - - -学习必备欢迎下载c. is supposed difficult d. have been found difficult 2.mrs.angel feels very happy when the rest _appearance. a. makes b. make their c. has made their d. have

28、 made his 3.more than one example _necessary to make the students understand this rule clearly. a. should be b. is c. are d. have been 4.another five weeks _necessary for us to finish the work. a. are b. were c. is d. will have been keys : b b b c v.数词、量词作主语的主谓一致1.表加，减，乘，除等算式时，谓语常用单数。如数词是复数形式，如： tho

29、usands of, millions of 等，谓词常用复数ten minus two is eight. forty divided by eight is five. 2.当 a portion of, a series of, a pile of, a kind of, a great deal of, a great amount of 等+复数主语时，谓语动词用单数形式a large portion of emilys poems was found and published after her death. a series of lectures on educational

30、 psychology is said to be given by e. stone . 精品学习资料 可选择p d f - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 第 11 页，共 32 页 - - - - - - - - -学习必备欢迎下载3.当 a flock of, a drove of, a school of, a swarm of, a herd of, a pack of 等集体名词被看作一个整体时， 谓语用单数。如指个体，用复数usually, a herd of african elephants has up to one thousand members.

31、 4.the number of +复数主语，谓语用单数；a number of +复数主语，谓语用复数a number of britons were sent to tehran yesterday. the number of britons was fifty-four. 练习：1.the number of students in the oral english program training _to 20. a. limits b. is limited c. limited d. are limited 2.a series of debates between the le

32、cturers _ for the next weekend. a. are scheduled b. was scheduled c. were scheduled d. have been scheduled 精品学习资料 可选择p d f - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 第 12 页，共 32 页 - - - - - - - - -学习必备欢迎下载keys :b b vi. 分句，从句作主语的主谓一致1.不定式分句和 ing 分词分句作主语，谓语用单数writing stories and articles is what i enjoy most. 2.名词性从

33、句作主语，谓语动词常用单数what caused the accident is a complete mystery. that blacks in americas second-largest city fare the worst among all major races in education, health, economics, housing and criminal justice is said by a study released on wednesday. 3.定语从句中从句与先行词的数保持一致i am one of those people who by the

34、 general opinion of the world are counted both infamous and unhappy. george is the one of the brightest confidants who has graduated from mongolia university . i, who am your friend, will try my best to help you. 4.存在句中， be 的单 复数适用就近原则there has to be a lot of give-and-take in any successful marriage

35、. there are four chairs, a table, and a small bed in the room. 5.强调句 “it is i who . ”中，分句动词形式与i 要保持一致。非精品学习资料 可选择p d f - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 第 13 页，共 32 页 - - - - - - - - -学习必备欢迎下载正式英语中，可用me代替 i ,随后的分句动词常用第三人称单数it is i who am to blame. it is me that was injured in the accident. 练习：1.john is th

36、e one of the staff members who _to be transferred. a. is going b. are going c. have been going d. has been going 2.he is one of those persons who_ never satisfied. a. are b. is c. has been d. to be 3.what they have done _useful to the people. a. are considered b. is considered c. have been considere

37、d d. will be considered keys :a a b 6某些固定结构中主语与谓语的数第一组：a great many + 可数名词复数谓语用复数a number of + 可数名词复数谓语用复数the majority of + 可数名词复数谓语用复数精品学习资料 可选择p d f - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 第 14 页，共 32 页 - - - - - - - - -学习必备欢迎下载第二组；the number of + 可数名词复数谓语用单数each/every + 可数名词复数谓语用单数neither/either of + 可数名词复数谓

38、语用单数one and a half + 可数名词复数谓语用单数第三组；more than one + 可数名词单数谓语用单数many a + 可数名词单数谓语用单数第四组；the greater part of a large proportion of 50% of one third of plenty of the rest of 谓语的数与 of 后面的名词一致第五组；(n)either (n)or. not only. but also not .but 谓语的数与主语的第二部分 （即(n)or/ but also/ but引导的后面精品学习资料 可选择p d f - - - -

39、- - - - - - - - - - 第 15 页，共 32 页 - - - - - - - - -学习必备欢迎下载部分）一致 . 注意比较：more students than one have been referred to . more than one student is going to buy this book. exercise five1.how close parents are to their children_ a strong influence on the character of the children.(1991-6-69) a. have b. h

40、as c. having d. to have 2. neither of the young men who had applied for a position in the university_.(1998-1-33) a. has been accepted b. have been accepted c. was accepted d. were accepted3. the growth of part-time and flexible working patterns, and of training and retraining schemes,_ more women t

41、o take advantage of employment opportunities. (2000-6-43) 精品学习资料 可选择p d f - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 第 16 页，共 32 页 - - - - - - - - -学习必备欢迎下载a. have allowed b. allow c. allowing d. allows 1. b 父母与子女亲近的程度对于子女的性格培养有强烈的影响。2. c 两个申请这个大学职位的年轻人都没被录用。3. d 有弹性的兼职工作方式以及培训计划的推广，使得越来越多的妇女能利用就业的机会。虚拟语气条件句条件句为非真

42、实条件句时，所表示的假设是不可能或不大可能发生或实现的，句中的条件从句和结果主句都要用虚拟语气。与将来事实相反也可以用过去时：were, did 一、虚拟语气在条件句中与现在事实相反的假设虚拟条件句 : if+主语+动词的过去式（动词be用 were)主句:主语+should,would,might,could 动词原形与过去相反的假设虚拟条件句 : if+ 主语+had +过去分词精品学习资料 可选择p d f - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 第 17 页，共 32 页 - - - - - - - - -学习必备欢迎下载主句: 主语 should, would, mi

43、ght, could have done 与将来相反的假设虚拟条件句 : 1、if+主语+动词过去式2、if+主语+were to+ 动词原形3、if+主语+should + 动词原形主句: 主语 should, would, might, could 动词原形虚拟语气的几个句型1、虚拟语气用于wish后的宾语从句中a用 wish表示对现在的愿望时，它所引起的宾语从句中谓语动词形式为：过去式（be动词用 were） 。b用 wish表示对将来的愿望时，它所引起的宾语从句中谓语动词形式为： would, could, might+ 动词原形。cwish 用于对过去的事实表示一种不可能实现的愿望时

44、，宾语从句中的谓语动词形式为：had+动词过去分词或could, would + have + 动词过去分词。the picture exhibition bored me to death; i wish i had not gone to it. -“i let joe borrow our radio for the afternoon.” -“that s all right, but i wish he would buy one of his own.” i wish that he werent so lazy. 虚拟语气的几个句型精品学习资料 可选择p d f - - - -

45、- - - - - - - - - - 第 18 页，共 32 页 - - - - - - - - -学习必备欢迎下载主句谓语从句谓语wish 对情况的虚拟从句谓语形式现在动词的过去式（ be用 were）过去had + 过去分词could, would + have + 过去分词将来would, could, might+ 动词原形2、 would (had) rather, would as soon, would sooner, just as soon和 would prefer所引导的从句中要求用过去式表示当时或将来的情况，用过去完成时表示过去的情况。但这种虚拟语气表示的不是与事实相

46、反的假设，而是一种尚未实现的愿望或表示说话人婉转的责备。例如：i d rather you posted the letter right away. 我倒希望你把这封信立刻寄出去。i would prefer he didnt stay there too long.我倒希望他不要在那儿可得太久。i would just as soon you had returned the book yesterday. 我真希望你昨天把这本书还了。注意： would ratherthan 和 would rather than 后面的从句精品学习资料 可选择p d f - - - - - - - -

47、- - - - - - 第 19 页，共 32 页 - - - - - - - - -学习必备欢迎下载用虚拟语气。用法是than 后的从句要用should+ 动词原形 , 从句的 that 可省略。i would rather die than (that) he should know the secret. hed do anything rather than (that) he should live with such a shameless woman. would rather + do (than do) 宁愿( 而不)sb. +动词过去式（与现在或将来事实相反） had +

48、过去分词（与过去事实相反）3、had hoped/thought 引起的宾语从句中谓语动词形式为would+动词原形，表示一种过去未实现的愿望或令人失望的事。his father had hoped that his son would go to business with him, but his son became an artist later. 4、 虚拟语气用于 as if/ as though引导的方式状语从句和表语从句中，其动词形式与wish宾语从句的形式相同。she often laughs spontaneously, and her good humor breaks

49、out as brightly as if it were a part of the sunshine above. 她常常发出发自内心的微笑，而且她那美好的情绪像天上一道明亮的阳光一样，常常流露出来。they talked as if they had been friends for years. 他们交谈着，就好像他们是我年的老朋友一样。she looks as if she would cry. 她看起来好像要哭了。精品学习资料 可选择p d f - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 第 20 页，共 32 页 - - - - - - - - -学习必备欢迎下载5、

50、用在 suppose 开头的祈使句中， 从句的谓语动词变化与as if和 wish后面的动词变化规律相同， 用过去式、过去完成式、 或过去将来式。 意思是 “ 假如 ” ，但 suppose 是动词，不是连词。如：suppose the boss walked in. what should i do? suppose saddam had not been captured. what would the u.s. do? 6. whether it (he) be or意为 “ 不管（不论）是 还是” ，表示让步，为虚拟语气的一种表示方法，其省略结构为 be it or, be heor等

51、，必须用倒装。例如：be he what he may, he should obey the rules. every day he takes a walk in the park in the evening, whether it be fine or raining. home is home, be it ever so homely.(再穷也是家 ) all matter, whether it be gas, liquid or solid, is made up of atoms. the business of each day, be it selling goods o

52、r shipping them, went quite smoothly. 7、 it s (high, about) time that 句型中 that 从句中要求用虚拟语气形式，即动词要用过去式或should +v , should不可省去。it s time that something was done about the traffic problem downtown. 精品学习资料 可选择p d f - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 第 21 页，共 32 页 - - - - - - - - -学习必备欢迎下载it is high time that we

53、 put an end to this discussion. 8、 if it were not for与现在事实相反，if it had not been for与过去事实相反，两个都相当于but for：if it had not been for his help(=but for his help), we would not have succeeded. 9、由连接词 in case, lest ,for fear that ， (in order that, so that)引起的状语从句中， 谓语动词要用虚拟形式， 即 should (might) +动词原形， 例如：she

54、 put a blanket over the baby for fear that he should catch cold. 她在那个婴儿身上盖上了毯子以免他着凉。the bad man was put in the soft-padded cell lest he injure himself. note: fear/be afraid/worried lest sb. do sth. 表示害怕（担心）某种可能出现的情况，从句中的动词应用现在虚拟式。例如：she fears lest he arrive too late. we were afraid lest it be broken

55、. 10. was (were) +to havedone （不定式完成式）表示 “ 原来想做而未做 ” 后面通常 but（陈述 语气）i was to have arrived home on time, but my car was held up by a bad traffic jam. 11. it is that sb. (should)精品学习资料 可选择p d f - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 第 22 页，共 32 页 - - - - - - - - -学习必备欢迎下载句型一： it is 形容词 that 句型二： it is a 抽象名词 tha

56、t 句型三： it is 过去分词 that a、用于 it is+形容词或过去分词 +主语从句中，这类形容词或分词有：advisable 合理的decided 决定的crucial 关键的appropriate恰当的determined 决定的commanded命令的arranged安排的essential紧要的，基本的complied 遵照anxious 焦急的imperative 迫切的 important 重要的desirable合意的better 较好的，更好insistent 坚持的desired想要asked请求keen 渴望的incredible 难以置信的 adamant坚定

57、不移的natural 自然的insisted 坚持necessary必要的suggested建议urgent 紧迫的ordered 命令shocked 震惊的vital 极其重要的possible可能的strange 奇怪的preferable （好一点）proposed提议requested要求的required要求的recommended推荐resolved决定的精品学习资料 可选择p d f - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 第 23 页，共 32 页 - - - - - - - - -学习必备欢迎下载probable（可能的）pity 可惜，憾事shame遗憾注意

58、：这类形容词后面除了可接that 虚拟句以外，也可以for to do 来表达，一般情况下，意思没有什么差别。it is essential that he should be prepared for this. it is essential for him to be prepared for this.b. 常这样用的抽象名词有：pity, shame, no wonder c. its suggested that the school (should) organize an outing when spring comes. it is required that middle-

59、schools students (should) take at least one-hour exercise every day. 12. 建议、命令、和要求等 ,谓语形式是 “(should)+ 动词原形 ” 。a、 用于表示意愿、建议、命令、提议、请求等动词后的that 宾语从句中，这类动词有：ask 要求advise 建议arrange 安排beg请求command 命令decide 决 定demand 要 求desire渴望determine 决 定insist 坚 持intend 打 算maintain 坚持主张move 建 议 ， 动 员propose 提 议object 反

60、 对order 命令prefer 建 议require 需 要request 要 求精品学习资料 可选择p d f - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 第 24 页，共 32 页 - - - - - - - - -学习必备欢迎下载resolve下决心recommend推荐suggest建议stipulate 约定，规定urge 强调，促进vote公认，提议decree颁布（法令）pray 请求注意： 这类动词后面除了可接that 虚拟句以外，也可以接 doing或者 to do 来表达，一般情况下，意思没有什么差别。she advised that we should ke