张道真全范围英语语法之·数词与量词

1、纸介图书双击此处跟踪链接天猫旗舰店·京东有售 张道真全范围英语语法之 数词与量词担纲指导 张道真 执行主编 席玉虎 编 著 陈 静 赵淑文山西出版传媒集团·山西教育出版社2013年6月第2版2014年2月第5次印刷出 版人 雷俊林 出版策划 苗补坤责任编辑 王爱仙ISBN 978-7-5440-6436-1学习探讨英语语法请加微平台bbzdzyyyf 语法学习交流微平台 纸介图书京东旗舰店 纸介图书天猫旗舰店 百度阅读手持媒体免费读丨学英语，凭什么让我学语法吗？不时听到一些青年问道：学英语一定要学语法吗？语法应该怎么学呢？我们就这两个问题简单地谈一点个人意见。对中国学生来说

2、，尤其是成年人，我看是学点语法好。语法，顾名思义，乃是语言的法则和规律。学习语法，尤其是一些基本法则，至少有下列几个好处：第一  可以使你学得快些，因为已有现成的前人总结的法则，用不着你从头摸索。第二  可以使你学得透些，因为通过语法对语言现象不仅可以知其然，而且可以知其所以然。第三  可以使你学得准些，因为语法法则就是一条条准绳，可以用以衡量一句话是否正确。第四  语法不但可以引你入门，更可以引你入胜，使你逐渐眼界开阔，语感加深，从而使你的英语水平不断提高。丨那么应该如何学习语法呢？我认为在学习语法过程中，应该注

3、意下面几点：第一  基本概念最重要。在学习每个语法项目时，一定要把它的基本概念搞清，牢记在心。第二  要大量地实践，大量地练习。实践要包括听、说、读、写四个方面，练习要着重说和写。第三  学习语法时，应多用比较法。如对动词时态、冠词、介词、名词的单、复数等较难的语法项目进行相互比较，效果就比较好。  第四  要将语法法则与习惯用法分开。碰到习惯用法，就不必钻牛角尖，进行徒劳的分析。而习惯用法在英语中则是大量地存在着的。第五  将一本语法书通读一遍，当然也不无好处。但最好将它作为工具书，

4、像词典一样地经常查阅，始能学得比较细致牢靠。第六  实用英语语法只应是入门的向导，像一根拐棍一样。英语达到一定水平之后，就应将它扔掉。起码不要让许多语法条条充斥头脑，影响你说和写的流利性。最后  可能还会有人说，语法应该学，就是太枯燥。我的感觉是：开头有点枯燥，过些时候，就会像嚼橄榄似的，越学越有味了。如若不信，请试试看。 张道真全范围英语语法之·数词与量词目 录话说数词 A基数词基数词的构成基数词的作用 B序数词序数词的表示序数词的作用 C倍数 D分数词 E小数 F百分数话说量词 A与数量有关的代词和限定词 B由“名词+of”构成的量词 C与

5、数量有关的其他词形容词名词 基础练习 能力提升Unit 5数词与量词话说数词数词是表示数目多少或顺序先后的词。数词分为基数词、序数词、小数、分数和百分数五种。基数词、小数、分数和百分数表示数目或数量的多少。序数词表示顺序和等级，其功能相当于名词或形容词，在句中可作主语、宾语、表语、定语和同位语等成分。A.基数词1. 基数词的构成基数词是表示数目的词。下面是最基本的基数词：1one2two3three4four 5five6six7seven8eight9nine 10ten 11eleven12twelve13thirteen 14fourteen 15fifteen 16sixteen17s

6、eventeen 18eighteen19nineteen20twenty30thirty 40forty50fifty60sixty70seventy80eighty90ninety100a hundred1，000a thousand1，000，000a million1，000，000，000a billion 十亿除了上面列出的基数词外，其他基数词的构成如下： (1) 2199：应先说“几十”再说“几”，中间要加连字符。如：32thirty-two46forty-six 75seventy-five 99ninety-nine (2) 101999：应先说“几百”，再加and，再加末尾

7、两位数(或末位数)。如：238two hundred and thirty-eight 719seven hundred and nineteen908nine hundred and eight (3) 1，000以上的词应先从后向前数，每三位数加一个逗号(即以此把数目分为若干段)。第一个逗号前的数为thousand，第二个逗号前的数为million，第三个逗号前的数为billion，第四个逗号前的数为trillion(兆)。然后一段一段地表示。如：9，703nine thousand, seven hundred and three18，657，421eighteen million, s

8、ix hundred and fifty-seven thousand, four hun-dred and twenty one4，000，000，000four billion1，000，000，000，000a (one) trillion在这类数词中，hundred，thousand，million，billion等词通常都用单数形式。2. 基数词的作用 (1) 作定语。如：There is one micro and two electric typewriters in company. 公司有一台微电脑和两台电动打字机。That store sells several thous

9、and dresses every month. 那家商店每月售出几千件衣服。Over one million pounds have been raised. 筹集了100多万英镑。相关试题解析Despite the wonderful acting and well-developed plot, the_movie could not hold our attention. (四级题)A. three-hoursB. three-hourC. three-hours' D. three-hour's【选B】译文：尽管有精彩的表演和完整的情节，但是三个小时的电影却不能一直吸

10、引我们的注意力。 (2) 作主语。如：The other six are masterpieces. 另外6本都是杰作。There are five of us in all. 我们总共是5个人。One thousand will be enough. 一千足够了。 (3) 作宾语或介词的宾语。如：I saw four these programmes. 这些节目我看过4个。How many do you want? 你要多少？ Eight, please. 请给我8个。The city has a population of four million. 这座城市有400万人口。 (4) 作表

11、语。如：We are altogether fourteen. 我们总共是14个人。Five plus seven is twelve. 5加7等于12。 (5) 作同位语。如：I am a woman, and you three are not. 我是女人，你们三个不是。Is there room for us two? 有我们两人的位置吗？What work are you to assign us three? 你分配我们三个人什么工作？ (6) 用于复数形式。如：Millions of dollars have gone into the building of this facto

12、ry. 数以万计的美金被投入修建这座工厂。Tens of thousands of buffaloes used to roam the prairie. 过去有数以万计的野牛在草原上漫步。相关试题解析Harbin is a beautiful city. _people come here to visit the Sun Island every year.(中考题)A. Thousands B. Thousand of C. Thousands ofD. Thousands and thousands【选C】译文：哈尔滨是一座美丽的城市，每年有成千上万的人到这儿参观太阳岛。 (7) 表示

13、“十”的数词的复数形式可用来表示人的岁数或年代：表示年岁。如：Amber was by now in her late thirties. 现在安伯三十八九了。Austin is in his early twenties. 奥斯汀才二十岁左右。Andy died still in his forties. 安迪四十多岁就死了。表示年代。如：This took place in the 1930s. 这事发生在20世纪30年代。I was working in Singapore in the 60's. 60年代我在新加坡工作。 (8) 某些数学公式的读法。如：3+8=11Three

14、 plus eight is eleven.9-2=7Nine minus two is seven.6×5=30Six times five ( Six multiplied by five) is thirty.8÷4=2Eight divided by four is two.B.序数词1. 序数词的表示序数词是表示数目顺序的词。序数词通常由与之相应的基数词加词尾-th构成，如tenth(第十)。但下面这些基数词在变为序数词时，有特别的地方： (1) 几个特殊拼法的序数词。如：onefirsttwosecondthreethirdfivefiftheighteight

15、hnineninthtwelvetwelfth (2) 以-ty结尾的基数词，要先变y为i，再加-eth。如：twentytwentieth 第二十fortyfortieth 第四十 (3) 由one，two，three，five，eight，nine结尾的多位基数词，照第一条办法变。如：twenty-onetwenty-first thirty-twothirty-second sixty-fivesixty-fifth eighty-nineeighty-nintha hundred and fifty-threea hundred and fifty-third (4) 其他的基数词变序

16、数词均以加-th构成。如：fourfourth elevenelevenththirty-sixthirty-sixth ninety-sevenninety-seventhtwo hundred and thirty-sixtwo hundred and thirty-sixth (5) 序数词有时用缩写形式：first1st second2ndthird3rdfourth4thtwenty-second22nd2. 序数词的作用 (1) 作定语，前面通常加定冠词或物主代词。如：It was the third time I had been there. 这是我第三次到那里。Argenti

17、na is the second biggest nation in Latin America. 阿根廷是拉丁美洲第二大国。 (2) 作表语。如：Gordon Johncock was third. 戈登·约翰库克是第三名。She was second in line. 她排在第二。You will be the first to speak. 你将第一个发言。 (3) 作主语。如：First went to the American team. 第一名被美国队夺走了。The first (one) was no good; the second was better. 第一个不行

18、，第二个好一点。The third of the month was a holiday. 那个月三号放假。 (4) 作宾语或介词的宾语。如：The country has a population of sixty million. 这个国家有6，000万人口。The third child tried to outdo the first and second. 第三个孩子设法表现得比第一、二个孩子好。She stopped at the first of the trees. 她在第一棵树前停了下来。 (5) 和a连用，表示“再一个、又一次”等。如：When he sat down, a

19、 fourth man rose to speak. 他一坐下，又一个人起身讲话了。We'll have to do it a second time. 我们得再做一次。A second pheasant flew up. Then a third and a fourth. 又一只雉鸡飞了起来，接着又一只，又一只。相关试题解析Although I failed four times, my father encouraged me to have a_try.(中考题)A. secondB. thirdC. fourthD. fifth【选D】本题考查序数词的用法，序数词前加不定冠词

20、a表“再，又一次”。 (6) 表示日期。如：June 23rd读为June twenty-third或the twenty-third of JuneOctober 1st读为October first或the first of OctoberAugust 31st读为August thirty-first或the thirty-first of August (7) 构成固定短语。如：first place第一名first-rate头等的second nature第二天性second-rate第二流的second thought(s)再次考虑second to none不比任何人差 (8)

21、在很多情况下，基数词代替序数词表示顺序。如：the first partPart One 第一部分the fourth chapterChapter Four 第四章the twenty-third sectionSection Twenty-three 第二十三节the hundred and fourth divisionDivision 104 第104师 (9) 编号的东西，常避免用序数词。如：第803号房间Room 803 第328页Page 328南京路1409号1409 Nanjing Road第六号车厢Carriage No. 6三号和四号卧铺Berths Nos. 3and

22、4第七路公共汽车Bus Number SevenC.倍数表示两倍用twice或double，而3倍或3倍以上用“基数词+times”。下面是几种常见的表示倍数的句型： (1) .times +as.as.This tree is three times as high as that one. 这棵树是那棵树的三倍高。 (2) .times+比较级+thanThis book is four times thicker than that one. 这本书比那本书厚四倍。 (3) .times the size (height,length,weight.) of .The big ball

23、is ten times the size of the small ball. 大球是小球的十倍大。 (4) .times that of .The volume of the sun is about 1，300，000 times of the earth. 太阳的体积约为地球体积的1，300，000倍。相关试题解析At a rough estimate, Nigeria is_Great Britain.A. three times the size as B. the size three times of C. three times as the size of D. three

24、 times the size of【选D】本题考查倍数表达法。“基数词 + times+ the size / width+of+n.”表示“是的几倍大 / 宽”。D.分数词 (1) 分数词是由基数词和序数词构成，基数词表示分子，序数词表示分母。除了分子为1的情况外，序数词都要用复数形式。如：7/9seven-ninths5/12five-twelfths1/4one-fourth或a (one) quarter2/3two-thirds3/4three-quarters二又四分之一two and a quarter比较复杂的分数词读法：33/88thirty-three over eigh

25、ty-nine相关试题解析_of the students are Young Pioneers in our class. (中考题)A. Two three B. Two threes C. Two-thirdsD. Second three 【选C】本题考查分数的表示法：分子为基数词，分母为序数词，分子大于1时，分母序数词要用复数。 (2) 分数词在句中的作用。如：作主语Over nine-tenths of China's inhabitants belong to the Han nationality. 中国十分之九以上的居民是汉族。作宾语They spent one-fi

26、fth of the money on capital construction. 他们把这笔钱的五分之一用在基本建设上。作介词的宾语They account for one-sixth of the population. 他们占人口的六分之一。作表语The crop that year was only one-third of the usual amount. 那年的收成只是正常年景的三分之一。作定语It's one-twentieth the thickness of a human hair. 它相当于人头发丝的二十分之一那样粗细。注意：分数修饰名词时，可用下面的方式：on

27、e-half the distance 一半路程one-half of the distance 一半路程three quarters the people 四分之三的人three quarters of the people 四分之三的人作状语This substance reacts one-tenth as fast as the other one. 这个物质的反应速度是另一物质的十分之一。相关试题解析_of the land in that district_covered with trees and grass.(高考题)A. Two fifth; is B. Two fifth

28、; are C. Two-fifths; is D. Two-fifths; are 【选C】本题考查分数的表示方法与主谓一致的原则。的表达方法是：分子2用基数词two，分母5用序数词fifths(因分子大于1，分母中的序数词用复数)；“分数、百分数+of+名词”作主语时，谓语动词的数取决于of 后名词的单复数。E.小数 (1) 小数点读作point，小数点前面的数字与基数词读法相同，小数点后则只需将数字一一读出。“0”读作zero或nought。如：603.09six hundred and three point zero nine0.03(nought) point nought thr

29、ee或zero point zero three7.8seven point eight0.125(nought) point one two five或zero point one two five (2) 小数多作定语。如：Our grain output is now 2.4times that of 1980. 我们现在的粮食产量是1980 年的2.4倍。Its total output value was up 3.6times in three years. 它的总产值三年增长了3.6倍。F.百分数 (1) 百分数用per cent表示，常常和by连用，作状语。如：Its outp

30、ut of cotton went up by 20 per cent. 棉花产量增长了20%。The price was reduced by 18 per cent. 价格降低了18%。Unemployment has increased 1.5per cent. 失业率增加了1.5%。 (2) 作主语、宾语或定语。如：作主语90 per cent of most food is water. 大多数食物的百分之九十都是水分。作宾语The loss of metal has been reduced to less than 20%. 金属损耗减少到20%以下。作定语The March f

31、igure for output value registered a 37 per cent increase over February. 三月份的产值比二月份增长37%。话说量词量词是表示数量的词。它不是一种词类，它包含许多不同词类的词和短语。量词大体上包含：许多与数量有关的代词和限定词各种数词名词与of构成的表数量的短语某些与数量有关的形容词某些与数量有关的名词某些与数量有关的合成词某些词的所有格A.与数量有关的代词和限定词 (1) 有很多作定语的代词和限定词可用来表示数量。如：How many eggs are there in the fridge? 冰箱里有多少鸡蛋？ There

32、 are a few. 有几个。I'd like some more chips. 我想再要一些薯条。Such programmes on TV attract the fewest viewers. 这种电视节目看的人很少。 (2) 作主语和宾语的代词也可表示数量。如：None of this milk can be used. 这牛奶一点都不能用了。Not much is happening in our town. 我们城市现在没发生什么事情。Most of the population have fled. 大部分的人都逃走了。I told him that I had no

33、money left. 我告诉他我的钱都花光了。B.由“名词+of”构成的量词 (1) 表数量的量词常用a lot of这类结构。如：A great deal of money is spent on research. 研究工作上花了不少钱。A great amount of our investments are in property. 我们大量的钱都投资到房地产中了。A great (good) many of them couldn't find work. 他们很多人找不到工作。He lost a great quantity of blood. 他失血太多。Let'

34、;s have a bit of music. 咱们放一会儿音乐。 (2) 有些量词前面不带冠词a。如：Part of the farm lay close to the river bank. 农场有一部分在河岸边。The report contains large numbers of inaccuracies. 这项报道有很多不准确之处。Several of his best books are about space flight. 他有几本最好的书都是关于太空飞行的。 (3) 表示“少量”的量词。如：The petals are covered with little drops o

35、f dew. 花瓣上有些细小的露珠。She added a touch of sugar. 她加了一点点糖。Put in just a dash of pepper. 放一点点胡椒粉。 (4) 一些与形状有关的量词。如：A column of smoke appeared above the hill. 小山上升起一股浓烟。I will buy you a stick of chocolate. 我去给你买一根巧克力糖。A thread of light passed through the crack. 从缝里射进一道细细的亮光。Joan sensed a wall of hostility

36、 between them. 琼感到他们之间有一堵敌意的墙。 (5) 有些是指人的量词。如：A bunch of children surrounded the ice-cream man. 一伙孩子围着卖冰淇淋的人。Tyler conducted a company of tourists. 泰勒领着一批旅游的人。 (6) 指动物或牲畜的量词。如：A flock of wild geese flew overhead. 一群大雁从头上飞过。A pack of hounds chased the fox. 一群猎犬追逐狐狸。A swarm of locusts destroyed the cr

37、op. 一窝蝗虫毁坏了庄稼。 (7) 表示容器名词的量词。如：a basin of water 一盆水a basket of flowers 一篮花a bottle of orange juice 一瓶橘汁a bowl of rice 一碗饭a box of biscuits 一盒饼干a bucket of milk 一桶牛奶a glass of milk 一杯牛奶a jar of jam 一罐果酱注意：有时，名词后可加词尾-ful表数量。如：a spoonful of sugar 一勺糖a basketful of apples 一篮苹果a handful of peanuts 一把花生a

38、mouthful of wine 一口红酒a busful of tourists 一车游览的人a bagful of sweets 一包糖果a cupful of boiled water 一杯开水a tankful of petrol 一箱汽油 C.与数量有关的其他词1. 形容词 (1) 有不少形容词与数量有关。如：The sword was about three feet long. 那把剑有三英尺长。The layer of rock was ten metres thick. 那层岩石有十米厚。How broad is the street (river)? 街(河)有多宽？The

39、 building is nine stories high. 那座楼有九层高。 (2) 其他与数量有关的形容词。如：A whole city was destroyed in the earthquake. 一整座城在地震中被摧毁。The place was only half a mile from our house. 这地方离我家只有半英里远。Allison showed me into a tiny bedroom. 艾莉森让我看了一间极小的卧室。2. 名词 (1) 有些名词与数量有关。这类名词常见的有：ton，inch，foot，yard，mile，millimetre，metre

40、，kilometre，ounce，pound，gram，kilogram，gallon，litre，centimetre，millilitre，degree。如：The block of stone weighed up to a hundred tons. 那块巨石有100吨重。Reduce the temperature by a few degrees. 把温度降低几度。It weighs fifty or more kilos. 它的重量有50或超过50千克。 (2) 有些名词和in连用可表数量。这类短语常见的有：in area，in depth，in distance，in heig

41、ht，in length，in size，in thickness，in volume，in weight，in width。如：I put on nearly 10 kilos in weight. 我体重几乎增加了10千克。They are thirty centimetres in length. 它们的长度有30厘米。Albert carried a block of ice about one cubic foot in size. 艾伯特拿着一块约一立方英尺大小的冰块。 (3) 有些合成词可表数量。如：I pay him four per cent interest. 我付给他百分

42、之四的利息。Brent works a 44-hour week. 布伦特每周工作44小时。 (4) 名词的所有格也可表数量。如：Jamie's already had nine months' experience. 杰米已经有了九个月的经验。April's on a year's leave from Hunter College. 亨特学院给了阿普里尔一年的假期。Carl had asked for half a day's leave. 卡尔请了半天假。 (5) 某些词组也可表示数量。如：This happened four and a half

43、 centuries ago. 这是四个半世纪前发生的事。Lake Nyasa is 450 miles long by about 50 miles wide. 尼亚萨湖450英里长，约50英里宽。The box measures approximately 26 inches wide×25 inches deep×16 inches high. 这个箱子大约26英寸宽，25英寸深，16英寸高。学以致用【基础练习】1.选择最佳答案填空。 (1) That is_.A. a five-pound noteB. a five-pounds noteC. a five-pou

44、nd-noteD. a five pound-note (2) The boy is_.A. 1.5metre tall B. 1.5metres tallC. 1.5metre high D. 1.5metres high (3) At the end of the first half we were winning_.A. two firstB. two from oneC. two to oneD. second to first (4) Our bags are too heavy to carry. There are_books in each of them.A. two te

45、nsB. tens ofC. a tenD. a-ten (5) The girl practices playing the piano_a day.A. twiceB. two timeC. twoD. second (6) That's Lily's_pen.A. the second B. second theC. secondD. two (7) Today is April_.A. 21thB. a 21thC. 21st D. a 21st (8) Do you want to buy_pork?A. half kiloB. half a kiloC. a kil

46、o halfD. a half kilo (9) The river is more than_.A. twenty metre wideB. twenty metres wideC. twenty metre of wideD. wide of twenty metre (10) Three books are for_.A. we threeB. three weC. us threeD. three us2. 完成下面句子的英语翻译，每空一词。 (1) 开始我觉得有点难。I found it a bit difficult_. (2) 三分之二的钱用于买书。 _the money_for

47、 books. (3) 这些中哪个是第二有用的发明？Which of these is_invention? (4) 在20世纪初，中国很贫穷。_century, China was very poor. (5) 跳高比赛的第二名是谁？Who was_the high jump?3.根据汉语提示，用适当的词语填空，完成下面的短文。Zhao Ming is a(1)_(13岁) boy. Yesterday was his(2)_(13岁的) birthday. He wanted to have a birthday party. But his father, a driver of(3)_

48、(40岁), is working in Beijing with his mother. He called Zhao Ming, “Your mother and I are so far from you. We can't go home for your party. Why not have a party(4)_(每隔一年)?” Zhao Ming's classmate, Li Feng, bought him a big cake. It was(5)_(几英寸高) and(6)_(两倍大) a ball. It cost him(7)_(50元). They

49、 also bought Zhao Ming(8)_(一个二手的) mobile phone so that he could keep touch with his parents.Zhao Ming was very happy.【能力提升】1. 选择最佳答案填空。 (1) _people in the world are sending information by e-mail every day. A. Several millionB. Many millionsC. Several millionsD. Many million (2) He did it_it took me.

50、 A. one-third a timeB. one-third timeC. the one-third timeD. one-third the time (3) Paper produced every year is_the world's production of vehicles. A. the three times weight ofB. three times the weight ofC. as three times heavy asD. three times as heavier as (4) Shortly after the accident, two_

51、police were sent to the spot to keep order.A. dozens ofB. dozensC. dozen ofD. dozen (5) After the new technique was introduced, the factory produced_tractors in 1988 as the year before. A. as twice manyB. as many twiceC. twice as manyD. twice many as (6) China is_larger than the United States. A. on

52、e sixB. one sixthC. one sixesD. one sixths. (7) We always keep_spare paper, in case we run out. A. too muchB. a number ofC. plenty ofD. a good many (8) She went to the book store and bought_.A. dozen booksB. dozen of booksC. dozens booksD. dozens of books (9) It took us quite a long time to get there. It was_journey. A. three