2015四级写作模板讲解

1、第一章课程介绍 1.1写作概况 * 四级写作和翻译占总分 20%，满分为 142;其中写作 15%，满分为 106.5 分 ?真题回顾：2005年 12月-2011年 6月：因此，复习重点应该是议论文。 ?议论文：11次 ?应用 2 次 ?图表作 0 次 1.2课程介绍：四个板块 * 1.四级写作最有效复习方法 * 2.考试概况 * 3.功能段落模板及例题分析 * 4.应用文和图表模板 1.3何为模板？ ?模板，用还是不用？ 功能模板的概念： ?提纲 功能段落 ?四级考试一般有三个提纲，可以总结为六种功能段落。因此，掌握好六种功能段落，也就掌握了所有作文的写作。 例如：2011年 6月大学英语

2、四级考试真题 ?Part I Writing (30 minutes) ?Directions : For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a short essay entitled Online Shopping. You should write at least 120 words following the outline given below: ?1.现在网上购物已成为一种时尚 ?2.网上购物有很多好处， 但也有不少问题 ?3.我的建议 2010 年 12月大学英语四级考试真题 ?Part I Writing (30

3、minutes) Directions : For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a short essay entitled How Should Parents Help Children to Be Independent? You should write at least 150 words following the outline given below. 1. 目前不少父母为孩子包办一切 2. 为了让孩子独立，父母应该 ?2010 年 6月 19日大学英语四级考试试题 ?Part I Writing (30 min

4、utes) ?Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a short essay on the topic of Due Attention Should Be Given To Spelling . You should write at least 120 words following the outline given below: 1. 如今不少学生在英语学习中不重视拼写 2. 出现这种情况的原因 3. 为了改变这种状况，我认为 2009 年 12月大学英语四级考试 ?Part I Writing

5、(30 minutes) ?Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a short essay on the topic of Creating a Green Campus. You should write at least 120 words following the outline given below: ?1.建设绿色校园很重要 ?2.绿色校园不仅指绿色的环境 . ?3.为了建设绿色校园，我们应该 2009 年 6月英语四级考试 ?Part I Writing (30 minutes) ?Dir

6、ections: For this part, you are allowed 30 minute to write a short essay on the topic of Free Admission to Museums. You should write at least 120 words following the outline given bellow: ?1. 越来越多的博物馆免费对外开放的目的是什么？ ?2. 也会带来一些问题 ?3. 你的看法？ 1.4 段落层面：六种功能段落 ?1. 现象描述 ?2. 危害分析 ?3. 原因分析 ?4. 建议措施 ?5. 观点阐述(利弊

7、) ?6. 意义阐述 篇章层面：六种功能段落的排列组合 ?1. 问题解决型： 2010 年 6 月 ?2. 观点对比型(利弊分析) ：2011年 6月 ?3. 现象阐述型： 2009 年 12 月 ?请区分以下提纲所对应的功能段落 ?2008 年 12 月： Limiting the Use of Disposable Plastic Bags ?1.一次性塑料袋曾经广泛使用 ?2.使用一次性塑料袋带来的问题 ?3.限制一次性塑料袋的意义 2008 年 6 月 ?Recreational Activities ?1. 娱乐活动多种多样， ?2. 娱乐可能使人们受益，也可能有危害性， ?3. 作

8、为大学生，我的看法。 2007 年 12 月 ?What Electives to Choose ?1.各大学为大学生开设了各种各样的选修课 ?2.学生出于各种原因选择了不同的选修课 ?3.以我自己为例 . ?总结复习： 第二章 写作题概况 2.1.考场注意事项 ?写作试题在答题卡 1 上作答，答题卡 1 包括两道题： ?Part I Writing ( 30 minutes) ?Part II Reading Comprehension (Skimming and Scanning ) (15 minutes ) 2.2试题形式 ?Writing ： 2008年 12 月 ?Directio

9、ns: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a short essay on the topic of Limiting the Use of Disposable Plastic Bags . You should write at least 120 words following the outline given bellow: ?1. 一次性塑料袋曾被广泛地使用 ?2.造成的问题 ?3.限制使用的意义 笔记：审题关注： ?英文指令：题材+话题 ?汉语提纲：识别提纲功能 ?字数：至少 120,最好 140-150, ?若

10、题目读不懂：英文题目+汉语提纲 2.3评分方法 * 1.Global scoring * 2.Rewarding score * 原始赋分：满分 15分 标准分：107分 * 五个分数档次：0、2、5、8 11、14 ?0 分：白卷，作文与题目毫不相关，或只有几个孤立的词而无法表达思想。 ?5 分：基本切题，表达思想不够清楚，连贯性差，有较多严重错误。 ?14 分：文章切题。文字通顺，条理清楚，无重大语言错误，仅有个别小错。 第三章模板提炼过程 本章通过阅读评卷实例，我们来找岀高分作文的特征，同时讲解模板句式的提炼过程。 ?高分作文实例： ?英文题目： Bicycles - An Import

11、ant Means of Transport in China ?汉语提纲： ?(1)为什么自行车在中国这样普及 ?(2)和汽车的比较 ?(3) 自行车在中国的前途 模版的提炼过程：思路和表达 * 首段原文： Bicycles are very popular in China. Almost every family in the city has two or three bicycles. During the rush hour, you can see that thousands of people - man and woman, old and young - ride the

12、ir bicycles to work and study. That is why China is called “thedngdom of bicycles ”. ?单复数错误： man and woman men and women ?词性误用： old and young the old and the young ?专有名词： 第一个和最后一个单词首字母大写，其他：实词(名动形副代数)首字母大写；虚词(介连冠)首字母不大写。 3.1模板句式提炼 1 原句： Bicycles are very popular in China. 词性转化：popular 首句升级： ?练习：(请暂停

13、完成以下真题句子写作：铅笔) ?2011-06 :现在网上购物已成为一种时尚 ? ?2010-06 :如今不少学生在英语学习中不重视拼写 ? ?2009-12 :建设绿色校园很重要 ?2009-06 :越来越多的博物馆免费对外开放的目的是什么？ ? ?2008-12 : 一次性塑料袋曾经广泛使用 ? ?2008-06 :娱乐活动多种多样 首句升级的第二种形式： ?简单句(Bicycles are very popular in China. ) ?长难句： ?在我眼中你最美！ In my eyes, you are the most beautiful. In my eyes, no one

14、is more beautiful than you. 提炼高分句式：双重否定：结构： No _ is/are more _ than _ . 原句： Bicycles are very popular in China. In China, no means of transport is more popular and important than bicycles. 小提示：我能想到最浪漫的事就是和你一起变老。 3.2模板句式提炼 2 原句： Almost every family in the city has two or three bicycles. * 调查法描 Based

15、on a recent report, a majority of Chinese families in the cities acknowledge that they have two or three bicycles. ?练习： ?（请暂停：在完成首句之后，对以下现象进行描述） * 2011-06 :现在网上购物已成为一种时尚 * Based on a recent report by China Daily, 72.34% of young people reckon that they have purchased clothes, books and other items o

16、n Taobao, Dangdang, Amazon and Group-buying websites. * 2010-06：如今不少学生在英语学习中不重视拼写 * However, according to a recent survey, a great many learners admit that they pay less attention to words spelling. * 2009-06:越来越多的博物馆免费对外开放的目的是什么？ * Based on an investigation, a majority of visitors reckon that by vi

17、siting museums freely, they acquire rich knowledge on history, military and customs. * 2008-12: 一次性塑料袋曾经广泛使用 * As a recent reports reveals, a majority of residents acknowledge that they have been using these bags to take food, books and many other goods. * 2008-06:娱乐活动多种多样 * According to a recent su

18、rvey, a majority of folks admit that they participate in more recreational activities: traveling, sports, watching TV or movies and surfing the Internet. 3.3提炼句式提炼 3 ?原句: During the rush hour, you can see that thousands of people - man and woman, old and young - ride their bicycles to work and study

19、. ?模板句式： During the rush hour, it can be noticed that thousands of people men and women, the old and the young- ride bicycles to work and study. * 练习：（请暂停:在完成前两句之后，描述以下话题现象） * 2011-06 :现在网上购物已成为一种时尚 * Every day, it can seen that thousands of people - men and women, the old and the young -shop online

20、 to buy various goods. ? 2009-06 :越来越多的博物馆免费对外开放的目的是什么？ ? On the weekends, it can be noticed that hundreds of people -men and women, the old and the young -visit museums to see the exhibits. 请背诵首段现象描述（正面） ?In China, bicycles have gained great popularity among Chinese people. Based on a report, a maj

21、ority of residents in the cities acknowledge that they have two or three bicycles. During the rush hour, it can be noticed that thousands of people men and women, the old and the young- ride bicycles to work and study. 第二段原文 Compared with cars, bicycles are superior in many ways. First, they are che

22、ap, convenient and easy to ride. Second, riding bicycle is good for health. Third, they bring no noise nor air pollution. Though （转） cars are faster and more comfortable, they are too expensive. They consume plenty of oil and they pollute the air. Sometimes, it is difficult for a driver to park his

23、car. Moreover they often cause traffic jams and accidents.第二段前半部分：支持：利 ?Compared with cars, bicycles are superior in many ways. First, they are cheap, convenient and easy to ride. Second, riding bicycle is good for health. Third, they bring no noise nor air pollution. 3.4写作常用理由积累 ?分词结构开头 ：compared w

24、ith cars ； be superior to = 优于； be inferior to = 低于 ?层次与逻辑： first, second, third, moreover ?用于比较的模板句式 1: Compared with cars, bicycles are superior in many ways. ?11-06:第 2个提纲：网上购物有很多好处， 但也有不少问题 ?Compared with shopping in departments, online shopping is superior in many ways. ?Compared with = In comp

25、arison with 请笔记： 常用理由：便宜： cheap / economical / inexpensive 如: First, it is inexpensive to buy books or film tickets online. 方便：convenient / convenience / inconvenience ?如: Second, this means of shopping brings us great convenience. 对 有益：be good/ beneficial/ rewarding for 3.5 转折模板句式提炼： ?原句：Though （转）

26、 cars are faster and more comfortable, they are too expensive. ?欲抑先扬：Though/Although + 优点，+缺点（弊） ?请暂停电脑：练习 Though 让步状语从句进行转折 ?2011-06 :网上购物有很多好处， 但也有不少问题 ?Though online shopping is beneficial, it carries some risks. * 2009-06: 1.越来越多的博物馆免费对外开放的目的是什么？ * 2.也会带来一些问题 * Although free admission is conveni

27、ent and beneficial, it does cause some problems. * 2008-12 :使用一次性塑料袋带来的问题 * Although these bags are convenient and inexpensive, they result in some negative impacts. * 2008-06:娱乐可能使人们受益，也可能有危害性 * Although these activities are rewarding, they generate certain negative influences. 第二段后半部分： They consum

28、e plenty of oil and they pollute the air. Sometimes, it is difficult for a driver to park his car. Moreover they often cause traffic jams and accidents. 笔记：consume： time/ energy /money * 女口： Choosing or selecting items in the Internet consumes plenty of time and energy. 第三段：我的看法 * In my opinion, the

29、 future of bicycle is very promising. Since China is a developing country and has a large population, I think, riding bicycle is appropriate to Chinese present conditions. It will be an important means of transportation for quite a long time. 3.6观点模板提炼 原句：In my opinion, the future of bicycle is very

30、 promising. * I am convinced that the future of bicycle is very promising. * what convinces me is that 3.7高分特征 a.内容相关（切题即可） 那么，如何做到内容切题和结构清晰？推荐大家采用三步法的思路: * a.审读英文题目和汉语提纲：识别提纲功能 * b.将三提纲转化为英文句子充当主题句 （若提纲是两个则添加一个或将其中一个拆成两个提纲来写 ） * c.将主题句扩展成英文段落 那么内容如何扩展？写作是一种输岀性考试，其特点在于可以提前准备，以 TOEFL 写作为例：万能话题 环境类作文”

31、可以写如下作文 题目 ?a.在你家周围建一个工厂，你是否同意? ?b.你认为科学家对人类的贡献大还是艺术家对人类的贡献大? ?c.你的职业梦想是什么？ ?d.如果让你发明一样机器，你会选择什么？ ?e.如果你有一笔钱，你会用它来做什么？ 四级写作中一个作文题目做到一例多用的例子 作业：题目： On English Learning * b.结构清晰 c.语言精彩 （新闻联播三段论） （句子结构词多变） ?1.英语学习很重要 ?2.英语者所面临的困难 ?3.如何学好英语 范文： In the contemporary world, English learning has gained grea

32、t popularity and it is of great significance.（ 主题句）Firstly, based on a survey, a majority of tourists aknowledge that they prefer to speak English when traveling around the world.（ 调查法表述Secondly, comapred with the poor English speakers, good English-speakers are superior in many ways.（比较模板句式 ） Howev

33、er, English learners may have a variety of difficulties or troubles in their learning.（ 主题句）For example, it can be noticed that a large number of students have difficulty memorizing words. Sometimes, it is difficult for them to understand the rules of grammar. In addition, though some are good at re

34、ading or writing, they can not express themselves freely in English. Then, how to get a good command of （ 学好） this language? I am convinced that practice makes perfect. Only practice can enable oen to speak and write fluently. And it is also through practice that one can master the rules of grammar

35、and remember words, and there is no other way.（ 强调句 式） 以上范文灵活改编可以写如下作文 ?1992-6 : How I Overcame my Difficulties in Learning English ?1.你在英语学习中有哪些困难 ？ ?2.你是如何克服这些困难的 ？ ?1993-6 ?1.我最喜爱的电视（或无线电）节目是. ?2.这类节目的内容和特点 ?3.我喜欢它的原因 ?1994-6 ?1.人们对职业各有不同的理想 ?2.我理想的职业是什么 ?3.我怎样为我理想的职业做准备 ?1997-1 ?1.怎样理解熟能生巧”？ ?2.

36、例如：在英语学习中 ?3.又如 ?2000-1 : How I Finance My College Education ?1.上大学的费用（tuition and fees）可以通过多种途径解决 ?2.哪种途径适合于我（说明理由） ?2000-6: Is a Test of Spoken English Necessary ?1.很多人认为有必要举行英语口语考试，理由是 ?2.也有人持不同意见. ?3.我的看法和打算 2003.6： 1. 简单叙述一下这位同学生病（或受伤）的情况 2. 同学、老师和我是如何帮助他 /她的 3. 人与人之间的这种相互关爱给我的感受是 ?2003.12 1. 建

37、议报考的专业及理由 2. 报考该专业的基本条件 3. 应当如何备考 ?2005.1 1. 你认为自己具备了什么条件（能力、性格、爱好等）可以胜任学生会主席的工作 2. 如果当选，你将为本校同学做些什么 2005 年 6月 1. 向老师致以节日祝贺。 2. 从一件难忘的事回忆老师的教诲和无私的奉献。 3我如何回报老师的关爱 ?2006-06 1. 校学生会将组织一次暑期志愿者活动，现招募志愿者。 2本次志愿者活动的目的，内容、安排等。 3. 报名条件及联系方式 2007 年 6 月：欢迎辞，Welcome to our club 1. 表达你的欢迎； 2. 对你们俱乐部作一个简要介绍 2007

38、年 12月 1. 各大学开设了各种各样的选修课 2. 学生因为各种原因选择了不同的选修课 3. 以你自己为例 ?2010 年 6 月：Due Attention Should Be Given to Spelling ?1.如今不少学生在英语学习中不重视拼写。 ?2.出现这种情况的原因。 ?3.如何避免这一问题 请记住内容上：熟悉什么就写什么 小结：写作考试是可以提前准备的，考前一定要多背写有用的表达和句式。考场上尽量写自己背写过的句式和表达，因为背诵的表达 首先不容易岀错，其次句式和表达往往是亮点句式。一篇高分作文，大概十到十二句左右，只要其中能够写岀背诵过五六句优秀表达就高 分无忧了。高分

39、定律：写作基础（自己写的表达写正确不扣分） +亮点句式（用背诵的表达提分） 第四章写作基础 四级考试的评分宏观上是从内容和语言两个方面进行评定的，那么决定考生成绩高低的一定是语言质量。因为绝大部分考生都会按照 提纲的要求去完成作文的写作，只要按提纲要求去写，众多考生在写作内容方面宏观是差别不大的，所以，决定分数高低就是语言质量。 语言质量的第一体现就是正确，第二个体现就是：句子结构词多变，即用词和句式应有一定的变化和丰富程度。 4.1遣词两方面 * 首先，请看 Obama的一段演讲： * If there is anyone out there who still doubts that Am

40、erica is a place where all things are possible, who still wonders if the dream of our founders is alive in our time, who still questions the power of our democracy, tonight is your answer. Obama在该段演讲中表达一个相同的意思： 怀疑，使用了三个不同的动词 doubt/wonder/question.写作中使用多种词汇，即词汇的广度。 ?1.广度：a wide/rich variety of words

41、should be used or adopted in writing. 达到用词广度的四种方法： ?a同义词法； ?b .同根词法 ?c.范畴词法：下义词；上义词；相关词汇 ?d.代词替换 ?例如：think 的替换词：deem = claim = hold = argue = ma intain = ?2.深度：弃用第一反应词：academic （写作中尽量选择学术化词汇） ?Eg: important significant=essential=crucial=indispensable 抽象名词的运用： very important = of great importance 练习：

42、very valuable = of great _ ； very significant = of great _ ； very necessary = of great _ 4.2造句基本原则 ?a.切忌逐字翻译 ?b.汉语意思 英文结构 4.3写作基本句式 ?简单句：关注三个事项：人称、单复数、动词（时态、语态、语气） ?Xiao Shenyang is disgusting. I like her. ?并列句：and/but/or ?XSY is disgusting and I like her. ?复合句：名词性从句；定语从句；状语从句。 ?lf you shed tears wh

43、en you miss the sun, you will also miss the stars. 总结：写作应该长难句结合，即简单句、并列句和复合句都有。那么如何写好一个简单句？请看一个汉语例子： ?原句：我看到人。 ?扩展句：今天，我在电视上看到一个高高的、瘦瘦的、留着披肩发、踩着高跟鞋、穿着花裙子、潇洒飘逸的男人。 ?由短到长的变化过程：加修饰成分。 ?名词：加形容词、同位语、定语从句 ?简单句：力口状语（时间、地点、目的、方式等） 范例：2008-06 四级真题：1.娱乐活动多种多样。 ?原句 5 words: There are many recreational activiti

44、es. 力口修饰成分后 33 words: In recent years, owing to the speedy development of our society, there are a great many recreational activities in people s daily life, which include sports, watching TV , surfing the Internet, and playing games. 第五章问题解决型写作思路 Review:六种功能段落 问题解决型作文，亦可称为：解决问题型作文。一般在首段现象描述，之后进行问题分

45、析（原因或危害） ，最后提岀建议措施，例如: 2010 年 6 月 Topic： Due Attention Should Be Given To Spelling. 1. 如今不少学生在英语学习中不重视拼写 2. 出现这种情况的原因 3. 为了改变这种状况，我认为 按照功能段落的概念对作文进行备考，该类作文需要背诵四种功能段落：现象描述、问题（危害）分析、原因分析、建议措施。学习 重点是思路和表达，请各位考生在背诵的基础上灵活使用。 5.1现象描述段（正反） 现实生活中的现象总是有好坏之分，四级考试中现象描述段也可以分为两种：正面现象和负面现象。如果是负面现象描述，就等同于 描述一个需要大家

46、关注并解决的问题；而正面现象就是在宣扬或赞美它。因此本段需要学习描述正面和负面的词汇和表达。 现象描述可以写三个内容： 引出现象+具体描述+总结。接下来逐一介绍各个功能句式的写法和用途。 1）引岀现象： * 首句 1. Nobody/ No one could have failed to notice the fact that k ids lack of independences become a grave problem in many families. * 负面：a grave problem * 正面：a common/popular phenomenon/practice ?

47、首句 2. In the contemporary society, there is no denying the fact that + 客观事实（提纲 1）. 首句 3. On many campuses/ In the contemporary society/ In the present-day society/ In recent decades, the shortage of housing is one of the most serious problems with which people are confronted. * 首句 4（正反均可 ）:Nowadays/

48、In the present-day society/In recent decades, it can be noticed that children depend more on their parents than ever before.（比较级引出问题） ?首句 5（正反均可）:In the present-day society/ In recent years, it has become a prevalent/ popular tendency/ trend/ practice for _ to _ . ?首句 6:（正面）In recent decades, _ has/

49、have gained great popularity among _ . ?popularity public attention （负面） ?首句 7： The past years /decades have seen /witnessed the huge/speedy advancement/ development of _ . 推荐背诵：4、5、6句。 段落写作原则： * 1.首句正确+开篇精彩， 2）具体描述： ?二句 1 :事实描述二步走 ?第一步：提纲中涉及谁就说谁 ?第二步：引申其中的名词（由个体到群体，由小见大） ?第三步：给句子加修饰 ?（D 状语：1） 时间：no

50、wadays，recently ； 2） 地点：in our modern society ?（X）列举：such as/including A，B， C and so forth/ 练习：现在很多父母替孩子包办一切 * i . Parents do everything for their children. * ii . A great many parents do everything for their children. * in . In many families, a great many parents do everything for their children, s

51、uch as food, clothes, education even marriage. * （事实描述） An increasing number of individuals/people find it difficult/ hard/ troublesome to _ . * 2010-12: 父母替孩子包办一切： An increasing number of children find it hard to live on their own without parents. * 正面话题： difficult convenient/ inexpensive/ benefici

52、al * 2011-06: Online Shopping * An increasing number of youngsters find it convenient and inexpensive to shop online. * 越来越多的 A growing number of People in growing numbers ?二句 2:（举例描述 1） A case in point of this is /A typical example of this is/This phenomenon can be best illustrated by the fact that

53、 ? （举例描述 2） Turning a look around, we can find a great many/plenty of/a good deal of examples like this: 两个或多个例子 .（万能举例法, 务必背诵：如有例子写例子，没有例子将冒号改为句号结束该句话 ） ?（举例描述 3）: Our daily life has been filled with a variety of examples like this :两个例子。（用法同上） * 二句 4：（调查法描述：） According to a recent survey/ report,

54、a majority of /72.34% of people/ students /individuals /citizens /residents admit/reckon /acknowledge that_ * According to Based on * 正面：a majority of 负面：a minority of 3）总结问题：承上+启下 * 三句 1:（承上）Thus/Therefore/Hence,（启下）how to _ effectively has become a matter of concern. （用于总结负 面话题） * 实例：2010:父母替孩子包办一

55、切 * Thus, how to strengthen teenagers independence effectively has become a matter of concern. * 三句 2：（承上）As a result/ Consequently/ Accordingly，（启下） _ requires/ necessitates/ calls for close attention of the whole society. （总结正面或负面话题） ? 三句 3:（承上）So,（启下 1） due attention should be paid to _ / ? （或） w

56、e should pay due attention to_ . 推荐背诵：三句 2. 现象描述写作范例 1: Unhealthy Living Habits ?1.现在很多大学生有不健康的生活习惯 ?2.这些习惯的危害 ?3.我的建议 ?首段：负面现象描述（各个句子功能及表达） ?首句弓丨出现象： On many campuses, there are more unhealthy living habits among college or university students than ever before. 二句具体描述： Turning a look around, we can

57、 find a great many examples like this: some stay up late; some are addicted to a variety of computer games; some consume excessively.三句总结： As a result, these habits call for the close attention of teachers and parents. （60 词） 现象描述写作范例 2:现象（正面）：2011-06 真题 ?1.如今网络购物已成为一种时尚 ?首句弓丨出现象： in the present-day

58、 society, it has become a prevalent trend for individuals to shop online. （或： In the present-day society, online shopping has gained great popularity among youngsters.）二句具体描述： A growing number of people find it convenient and inexpensive to buy/purchase via the Internet.（或万能举例法： Turning a look aroun

59、d, we can find plenty of examples like this: Taobao, Dangdang and Amazon are websites where we can buy clothes, books, and other items.） 三句总结话题： Thus, online shopping calls for the attention of the society. 5.2危害分析段 对于解决问题型作文而言，在完成首段描述负面现象之后，按照提纲要求，多数考题需要对所存在的负面现象进行危害或原因分析。 我们先进行分析问题（危害）段落讲解。 分析危害的本

60、质就是该现象的弊端，其写作思路可以简化为：主题句 +危害 1+危害 2+总结危害 分析危害：主题句 ?主题句 1: Such _ is /are bound to （generate/result in/ give rise to/ lead to） （severe/negative/serious） （consequences/effects/impacts） if we keep turning a blind eye to. 万能词汇： phenomenon /phenomena（复数 ） ?主题句 2: Apparently enough, there are some negativ