新高一暑假衔接课程(英语)

1、致学教育 咨询热线：83247563新高一暑假衔接课程句子成分及结构一：句子成分由词或词组充当, 英语的基本成分有七种主语（subject）、谓语（predicate）、宾语（object）、表语（predicative）、定语（attribute）、状语(adverbial)，补语（complement）。（1）. 主语 S主语 (Subject) 是一个句子所叙述的主体，一般位于句首。表示句子说的是什么人或什么事。但在there be结构、疑问句（当主语不是疑问词时）和倒装句中，主语位于谓语、助动词或情态动词后面。主语可由名词、代词、数词、不定式、动名词、名词化的形容词和主语从句等表示。例

2、如：1.During the 1990s, American country music has become more and more popular. 名词2.We often speak English in class. 代词3.One-third of the students in this class are girls. 数词4.To swim in the river is a great pleasure. 不定式5.Smoking does harm to the health. 动名词6.The rich should help the poor. 名词化的形容词7.

3、When we are going to have an English test has not been decided. 主语从句8.It is necessary to master a foreign language。it 为形式主语，不定式为真正的主语（2）. 谓语 （V）谓语 (Predicate) 说明主语所做的动作或具有的特征和状态。动词在句中作谓语，一般放在主语之后。谓语的构成如下：1、简单谓语：由一个动词或动词短语构成。如： He practices running every morning. The plane took off at ten oclock.2、复合

4、谓语：由情态动词或其他助动词加动词原形构成。如： You may keep the book for two weeks. He has caught a bad cold. 注意：谓语与主语在人称与数方面要保持一致。（3）表语 （P）表语(Predicative)用以说明主语的性质、特征、状态与身份，它一般位于系动词之后。表语一般由名词、代词、形容词、数词、 副词、不定式、动名词、分词、介词短语及表语从句表示。例如： 1.Our teacher of English is an American.（名词）2.Is it yours?（代词）3.The weather has turned c

5、old.（形容词）4.The speech is exciting.（分词）5.Three times seven is twenty one?（数词）6.His job is to teach English.（不定式）7.His hobby is playing football.（动名词）8.The meeting is of great importance.（介词短语）9.Time is up. The class is over.（副词）10.The truth is that he has never been abroad.（表语从句）注意：系动词（Linking verb)用

6、于连接主语和表语，说明主语的状态，性质特征和身份等。1）状态系动词用来表示主语状态，只有be一词，例如： He is a teacher. 2）持续系动词用来表示主语继续或保持一种状况或态度，主要有keep, remain, stay, stand, 例如： He always keep silent at meeting. 3）感官系动词主要有feel, smell, sound, taste, 例如：This kind of cloth feels very soft. 4）变化系动词表示主语变成什么样，主要有become, grow, turn, fall, get, go,

7、come, run.例如： He became mad after that.  除此之外，还有prove, turn out, appear, seem等。The rumor proved false. His plan turned out a success。（4）宾语 (O)宾语（Object）表示动作的对象或承受者，一般位于及物动词和介词后面。例如： 1.They visited an exhibition yesterday.名词2.The heavy rain prevented me from coming to school on time. 代词，动名词

8、3.How many dictionaries do you have? I have five. 名词，数词4.They helped the old with their housework yesterday. 名词化形容词，名词5.He pretended not to see me. 不定式6.I enjoy listening to popular music. 动名词7.I think（that）he is fit for his office. 宾语从句宾语种类：1）双宾语（间接宾语O+直接宾语O） Lend me your dictionary, please. He gav

9、e me a book yesterday.2）复合宾语（宾语O+宾补C） 1. They elected him their monitor. 名词2.They painted their boat white. 形容词3.Let the fresh air in. 介词4.You mustnt force him to lend his money to you. 不定式5.We saw her entering the room. 动名词6.We found everything in the lab in good order. 介词短语7.We will soon make our

10、city what your city is now. 从句以上几种是句子的必要成分，不可缺少，否则句子意义就不完整。句子除了必要成分外，还可以有定语，状语，同位语和插入语。（5）定语 修饰，限制，描述或补充说明名词或代词的词、短语或从句称为定语(Attribute)。1.Guilin is a beautiful city.（形容词）2.China is a developing country; America is a developed country.（分词） 3.There are thirty women teachers in our school.（名词）4.His rapi

11、d progress in English made us surprised.（代词）5.Our monitor is always the first to enter the classroom.（不定式短语）6.The teaching plan for next term has been worked out.（动名词）7.He is reading an article about how to learn English.（介词短语）8.Farmers who saw us stared at us as if we are walking skeletons. (定语从句)（

12、6）状语 修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子，说明动作或状态特征的句子成分。从情况,时间,处所,方式,条件,对象,肯定,否定,范围和程度等方面对谓语中心进行修饰或限制，状语一般由副词充当，也可由名词，介词短语，非谓语动词，从句等充当。1.Light travels most quickly. 副词及副词性短语2.He has lived in the city for ten years. 介词短语3.He is proud to have passed the national college entrance examination. 不定式4.He is in the room makin

13、g a model plane. 分词短语5.Wait a minute. 名词6.Once you begin, you must continue. 状语从句9种状语种类如下： 1. How about meeting again at six? 时间2.Last night she didnt go to the dance party because of the rain. 原因3.I shall go there if it doesnt rain. 条件4.Mr Smith lives on the third floor. 地点5.She put the eggs into t

14、he basket with great care. 方式5. She came in with a dictionary in her hand. 伴随6.In order to catch up with the others, I must work harder. 目的7.He was so tired that he fell asleep immediately. 结果8.She works very hard though she is old. 让步9.I am taller than he is. 比较（7）同位语（Appositive）对前面的名词或代词做进一步的解释，通常

15、由名词、数词、代词或从句担任，如：This is Mr. Zhou, our headmaster.We students should study hard. We all are students. （8）插入语（Parenthesis）对一句话做一些附加的解释，通常有to be honest , I think (suppose, believe-)等，如：To be frank, I dont quite agree with you.二：英语句子的基本结构可以归纳成五种基本句型及其扩大、组合、省略或倒装。掌握这五种基本句型，是掌握各种英语句子结构的基础。1： （主谓）2： （主系表）

16、3： （主谓宾）4： （主谓间宾直宾）5： （主谓宾宾补）基本句型一： （不及物动词）1. The sun rose. 2. Who cares? 3. What he said does not matter. 4. They talked for half an hour. 5. The pen writes smoothly此句型的句子有一个共同特点，即句子的谓语动词都能表达完整的意思。这类动词叫做不及物动词，后面可以跟副词、介词短语、状语从句等。基本句型二： （是系动词） （表语） 1. This is an English-Chinese dictionary. 2. The din

17、ner smells good. 3. He fell in love. 4. Everything looks different. 5. He is growing tall and strong. 6. Our well has gone dry. 7. His face turned red. 基本句型 三： （主谓宾）此句型句子的共同特点是：谓语动词都具有实义，都是主语产生的动作，但不能表达完整的意思，必须跟有一个宾语，即动作的承受者，才能使意思完整。这类动词叫做及物动词。 （及物动词） （宾语）1. Who knows the answer? 2. He has refused t

18、o help them. 3. He enjoys reading. 4. He said "Good morning." 5. He admits that he was mistaken. 基本句型 四： O （主谓间宾直宾）有些及物动词可以有两个宾语。这两个宾语通常一个指人(间接宾语)；一个指物(直接宾语)。 （及物） O（多指人） （多指物）1.She ordered herself a new dress. 2. He brought you a dictionary. 3. I showed him my pictures. 4. I told him that

19、 the bus was late. 5. He showed me how to run the machine. 基本句型 五： （主谓宾宾补）此句型的句子的共同特点是：动词虽然是及物动词，但是只跟一个宾语还不能表达完整的意思，必须加上一个补充成分来补足宾语，才能使意思完整。 （及物） （宾语） （宾补） 1. They painted the door green. 2. This set them thinking. 3. They found the house deserted. 4. He asked me to come back soon. 5. I saw them get

20、ting on the bus. 三：Practice makes perfect.(一) 选择句子结构a， b， c， d， e， 1. Please tell us a story._2. She smiled._3. I have a lot work to do._4. His job is to train swimmers._5. He noticed a man enter the room._6. Please look at the picture._（二）.指出下列句子划线部分是什么句子成分：v 1. The students got on the school bus.v

21、 2. He handed me the newspaper.v 3. I shall answer your question after class.v 4. What a beautiful Chinese painting!v 5. They went hunting together early in the morning.v 6. His job is to train swimmers.v 7. He took many photos of the palaces in Beijing.v 8. There is going to be an American film ton

22、ight.v 9. He is to leave for Shanghai tomorrow.v 10. His wish is to become a scientist.v 11. He managed to finish the work in time.v 12. Tom came to ask me for advice.v 13. He found it important to master English.v 14. Do you have anything else to say?v 15. To be honest，your pronunciation is not so

23、good.v 16. Would you please tell me your address?v 17. He sat there, reading a newspaper.v 18. It is our duty to keep our classroom clean and tidy.v 19. He noticed a man enter the room.v 20. The apples tasted sweet.（三）翻译下列句子主谓结构 （ 主语 不及物动词 ）1你应当努力学习。2.她昨天回家很晚。 3.那天早上我们谈了很多。 4.会议将持续两个小时。 5.在过去的十年里，我的

24、家乡已经发生了巨大的变化。 主谓宾结构 （主语 及物动词 宾语 ）1.昨晚我写了一封信。 2.今天下午我想同你谈谈。 3.这本书他读过多次了。 4.他们成功地完成了计划。 5.那位先生能流利地说三种语言。主系表结构 （主语 系动词表语 ）1.我的兄弟都是大学生。 2.冬季白天短，夜晚长。3.孩子们，请保持安静。 4.树叶已经变黄了。 5.这个报告听起来很有意思。 双宾语结构 （主语双宾动词间接宾语直接宾语 ）1 Johnson 先生去年教我们德语。 2. 奶奶昨晚给我们讲了一个有趣的故事。 3. Mary把钱包交给校长了。 4. Robinson Crusoe 给自己做了一只小船。 5. 我替

25、你叫辆出租汽车好吗？复合宾语结构 （主语 动词 宾语 宾语补足语 ）1.我们叫她Alice. 2.我们大家都认为他是诚实的。 3.我们要使学校变得更美丽。 4.每天早晨我们都听到他大声朗读英语。 5.我们不会让她在晚上外出的。 There be 句型1今晚没有会。2.这个村子过去只有一口井。 3这个学校有一名音乐老师和一名美术老师 4.灯亮着，办公室里肯定有人。 5.恰好那时房里没人。 初中英语语法一名词I.名词的种类：专有名词普通名词国名地名人名，团体机构名称可数名词不可数名词个体名词集体名词抽象名词物质名词Beijing, ChinagunfamilyworkairII. 名词的数：1.

26、规则名词的复数形式：名词的复数形式，一般在单数形式后面加-s或-es。现将构成方法与读音规则列表如下：规则例词1一般情况在词尾加-smap-maps, sea-seas, girl-girls, day-days2以s, x, ch, sh结尾的名词后加-esclass-classes, box-boxes, watch-watches, dish-dishes3以-f或-fe结尾的词变-f和-fe为v再加-esleaf-leaves, thief-thieves, knife-knives, wife-wives, half-halves加-schief-chiefs, proof-proo

27、fs, roof-roofs4以辅音字母加y结尾的名词，变y为i加-esparty-parties, family-families, story-stories, city-cities5以元音字母加y结尾的名词，或专有名词以y结尾的，加-stoy-toys, boy-boys, day-days, ray-rays, Henry-Henrys6以辅音字母加-o结尾的名词一般加-esNegro-Negroes, hero-heroes, potato-potatoes, tomato-tomatoes不少外来词加-spiano-pianos, photo-photos, auto-autos

28、, kilo-kilos, solo-solos两者皆可zero-zeros/zeroes, volcano-volcanoes/ volcanos7以元音字母加-o结尾的名词加-sradio-radios, bamboo-bamboos, zoo-zoos8以-th结尾的名词加-struth-truths, mouth-mouths, month-months, path-paths,2. 不规则名词复数：英语里有些名词的复数形式是不规则的，现归纳如下：规则例词1改变名词中的元音字母或其他形式man-men, woman-women, foot-feet, goose-geese, mous

29、e-mice 2单复数相同sheep, deer, means, works, fish, yuan, jin, 3只有复数形式trousers, clothes, thanks, goods, glasses, 4一些集体名词总是用作复数people, police5部分集体名词既可以作单数（整体）也可以作复数（成员）class, family, crowd, couple, group, government, population, team, public, party6复数形式表示特别含义customs(海关), times(时代), spirits(情绪), drinks(饮料),

30、 sands(沙滩), papers(文件报纸), looks(外表), brains(头脑智力), greens(青菜)7表示“某国人”加-sAmericans, Australians, Germans, Greeks, Swedes, Europeans单复数同形Swiss, Portuguese, Chinese, Japanese以-man或-woman结尾的改为-men,-womenEnglishmen, Frenchwomen8合成名词将主体名词变为复数sons-in-law, lookers-on, passers-by, story-tellers, boy friends无

31、主体名词时将最后一部分变为复数grown-ups, housewives, stopwatches将两部分变为复数women singers, men servantsIII. 名词的所有格：名词在句中表示所有关系的语法形式叫做名词所有格。所有格分两种：一是名词词尾加s构成，二是由介词of加名词构成。前者多表示有生命的东西，后者多表示无生命的东西。1. s所有格的构成：单数名词在末尾加sthe boys father, Jacks book, her son-in-laws photo,复数名词一般在末尾加the teachers room, the twins mother, 不规则复数名词

32、后加sthe childrens toys, womens rights, 以s结尾的人名所有格加s或者Dickens novels, Charless job, the Smiths house表示各自的所有关系时,各名词末尾均须加sJapans and Americas problems, Janes and Marys bikes表示共有的所有关系时在最后一词末加sJapan and Americas problems, Jane and Marys father表示某人家店铺，所有格后名词省略the doctors, the barbers, the tailors, my uncle

33、s2. s所有格的用法：表示时间todays newspaper, five weeks holiday 2表示自然现象the earths atmosphere, the trees branches3表示国家城市等地方的名词the countrys plan, the worlds population, Chinas industry4表示工作群体the ships crew, majoritys view, the teams victory5表示度量衡及价值a miles journey, five dollars worth of apples6与人类活动有特殊关系的名词the l

34、ifes time, the plays plot7某些固定词组a birds eye view, a stones throw, at ones wits end(不知所措)3. of所有格的用法：用于无生命的东西：the legs of the chair, the cover of the book用于有生命的东西，尤其是有较长定语时：the classrooms of the first-year students用于名词化的词：the struggle of the oppressed 二冠词冠词分为不定冠词（a, an），定冠词（the），和零冠词。I.不定冠词的用法：1指一类人或

35、事，相当于a kind ofA plane is a machine that can fly.2第一次提及某人某物，非特指A boy is waiting for you.3表示“每一”相当于every，oneWe study eight hours a day.4表示“相同”相当于the sameWe are nearly of an age.5用于人名前，表示不认识此人或与某名人有类似性质的人或事A Mr. Smith came to visit you when you were outThat boy is rather a Lei Feng.6用于固定词组中A couple of,

36、 a bit, once upon a time, in a hurry, have a walk, many a time7用于quite, rather, many, half, what, such之后This room is rather a big one.8用于so(as, too, how)+形容词之后She is as clever a girl as you can wish to meet.II. 定冠词的用法：1表示某一类人或物The horse is a useful animal.2用于世上独一无二的事物名词前the universe, the moon, the P

37、acific Ocean3表示说话双方都了解的或上文提到过的人或事Would you mind opening the door? 4用于乐器前面play the violin, play the guitar5用于形容词和分词前表示一类人the reach, the living, the wounded6表示“一家人”或“夫妇”the Greens, the Wangs7用于序数词和形容词副词比较级最高级前He is the taller of the two children.8用于国家党派等以及江河湖海，山川群岛的名词前the United States, the Communist

38、Party of China, the French9用于表示发明物的单数名词前The compass was invented in China.10在逢十的复数数词之前，指世纪的某个年代in the 1990s11用于表示单位的名词前I hired the car by the hour.12用于方位名词，身体部位名词，及表示时间的词组前He patted me on the shoulder.III. 零冠词的用法：1专有名词，物质名词，抽象名词，人名地名等名词前Beijing University, Jack, China, love, air2名词前有this, my, whose,

39、 some, no, each, every等限制I want this book, not that one. /Whose purse is this?3季节，月份，星期，节假日，一日三餐前March, Sunday, National Day, spring4表示职位，身份，头衔的名词前Lincoln was made President of America.5学科，语言，球类，棋类名词前He likes playing football/chess.6与by连用表示交通工具的名词前by train, by air, by land7以and连接的两个相对的名词并用时husband a

40、nd wife, knife and fork, day and night8 表示泛指的复数名词前Horses are useful animals.三代词：I.代词可以分为以下七大类：1人称代词主格I, you, he, she, it, we, you, they宾格me, you, him, her, it, us, you, them2物主代词形容词性my, your, his, her, its, our, their名词性mine, yours, his, hers, its, ours, theirs3反身代词myself, yourself, himself, herself

41、, itself, ourselves, yourselves, themselves4指示代词this, that, these, those, such, some5疑问代词who, whom, whose, which, what, whoever, whichever, whatever6关系代词that, which, who, whom, whose, as7不定代词one/ some/ any, each/ every, none/ no, many/ much, few/ little/ a few/ a little, other/ another, all/ both, n

42、either/ eitherII. 不定代词用法注意点：1. one, some与any:1) one可以泛指任何人，也可特指，复数为ones。some多用于肯定句，any多用于疑问句和否定句。One should learn to think of others.Have you any bookmarks? No, I dont have any bookmarks.I have some questions to ask. 2) some可用于疑问句中，表示盼望得到肯定的答复，或者表示建议，请求等。Would you like some bananas?Could you give me

43、 some money?3) some 和any修饰可数名词单数时，some表示某个，any表示任何一个。I have read this article in some magazine.Please correct the mistakes, if any.4) some和数词连用表示“大约”，any可与比较级连用表示程度。There are some 3,000 students in this school.Do you feel any better today?2. each和every:each强调个别，代表的数可以是两个或两个以上，而every强调整体，所指的数必须是三个或三个

44、以上。Each student has a pocket dictionary. / Each (of us) has a dictionary. / We each have a dictionary.Every student has strong and weak points. / Every one of us has strong and weak points.3. none和no：no等于not any，作定语。none作主语或宾语，代替不可数名词，谓语用单数，代替可数名词，谓语单复数皆可以。There is no water in the bottle.How much wa

45、ter is there in the bottle? None.None of the students are (is) afraid of difficulties.4. other和another:1) other泛指“另外的，别的”常与其他词连用，如：the other day, every other week, some other reason, no other way, the other特指两者中的另外一个，复数为the others。如：He held a book in one hand and his notes in the other.Two students

46、in our class failed, but all the others passed the exam.2) another指“又一个，另一个”无所指，复数形式是others，泛指“别的人或事”如：I dont like this shirt, please show me another (one).The trousers are too long, please give me another pair / some others.Some like football, while others like basketball.5. all和both, neither和eithe

47、rall表示不可数名词时，其谓语动词用单数。both和all加否定词表示部分否定，全部否定用neither和none.All of the books are not written in English. / Not all of the books are written in English.Both of us are not teachers. / Not both of us are teachers. / Either of us is a teacher.四形容词和副词I.形容词：1. 形容词的位置：1) 形容词作定语通常前置，但在下列情况后置：1修饰some, any, ev

48、ery, no和body, thing, one等构成的复合不定代词时nobody absent, everything possible2以-able, -ible结尾的形容词可置于有最高级或only修饰的名词之后the best book available, the only solution possible3alive, alike, awake, aware, asleep等可以后置the only person awake4和空间、时间、单位连用时a bridge 50 meters long5成对的形容词可以后置a huge room simple and beautiful6

49、形容词短语一般后置a man difficult to get on with2) 多个形容词修饰同一个名词的顺序：代词数词性状形容词冠词前的形容词冠词指示代词不定代词代词所有格序数词基数词性质状态大小长短形状新旧温度颜色国籍产地材料质地名词allbothsuchtheathisanotheryoursecondnextonefourbeautifulgoodpoorlargeshortsquarenewcoolblackyellowChineseLondonsilkstone3) 复合形容词的构成：1形容词+名词+edkind-hearted6名词+形容词world-famous2形容词+形

50、容词dark-blue7名词+现在分词peace-loving3形容词+现在分词ordinary-looking8名词+过去分词snow-covered4副词+现在分词hard-working9数词+名词+edthree-egged5副词+过去分词newly-built10数词+名词twenty-yearII. 副词副词的分类：1时间副词soon, now, early, finally, once, recently5频度副词always, often, frequently, seldom, never2地点副词here, nearby, outside, upwards, above6疑

51、问副词how, where, when, why3方式副词hard, well, fast, slowly, excitedly, really7连接副词how, when, where, why, whether, however, meanwhile4程度副词almost, nearly, very, fairly, quite, rather8关系副词when, where, whyIII. 形容词和副词比较等级：形容词和副词的比较等级分为原级，比较级和最高级。比较级和最高级的构成一般是在形容词和副词后加-er和-est，多音节和一些双音节词前加more 和most。1. 同级比较时常常

52、用 asas以及not so(as)as如：I am not so good a player as you are.2. 可以修饰比较级的词有：much, many, a lot, even, far, a bit, a little, still, yet, by far, any, a great deal。3. 表示一方随另一方变化时用“the morethe more”句型。如：The harder you work, the more progress you will make.4. 用比较级来表达最高级的意思。如：I have never spent a more worryi

53、ng day.5. 表示倍数的比较级有如下几种句型：Our school is three times larger than yours./Our school is four times as large as yours./Our school is four times the size of yours. 6. 表示“最高程度“的形容词没有最高级和比较级。如：favourite, excellent, extreme, perfect。五介词I.介词分类：1简单介词about, across, after, against, among, around, at, below, beyond, during, in, on2合成介词inside, into, onto, out of, outside, throughout, upon, within, without3短语介词according to, because of, instead of, up to, due to, owing to, thanks to4双重介词from among, from behind, from under, till after, in between 5分词转化成的介词c