英语文体学知识重点（精编版）

1、chapter1introductionwhatistheenglishstylistics？itisasciencethatdealswiththeresearchforawidevarietyofthestylesofwrittenandoralenglishinenglishlanguage.whatarelanguagefunctions? a)todeliversomeinfortootherpeople b)tocommunicatewitheachotherinsociety howdoweexpressourselvesinaproperway? severalfactorsd

2、owork. a) phonetics b) vocabulary c) grammar d) someknowledgeconcerningenglishstylistics ? fourexamples:a)“hello ”and“hi”b)“assistme!assistme!”and“aid!aid! ”c) “thatsallright.”“thatstosay. ”“it . ”d)seenextpage d)“iamterriblysorrytohearthatyourhusbandhasjustdied,butdonreanattractive,mprettysureitisv

3、eryeasyforyoutofindsomeoneelsesoon.” theeffectsoflanguageexpressionsaresometimesrelatedtosomenon-linguisticfactors. a)sex-“oh,mygod! ”b)age-“cheers! ”and“bye fornow.”c)vocation-“watchthebirdie.”d)receivededucation-“. ”e)socialstation-“whatpromptedyoutoapplyforthisjob?” whyshouldwelearnandstudyenglis

4、hstylistics? a)itwillhelpustoexpressourselvesinenglishproperly. b)itwillhelpustoknowsomethingaboutlanguagefeaturesofavarietyofenglishwrittenstyles. c)itwillhelpustoselectaproperwayforgettingthebestlanguageeffectsandattainingourcommunicativepurposes. d)itwillhelpustogoatliterarycriticism. e)itwillhel

5、pustodothetranslationworkwell. chapter2languagedescription&stylisticanalysis thereare4phoneticmeansinenglish:1)stress2)intonation3)pause4)voicequality. stresshasseveralapparentstylisticandgrammaticalfunctions. (1)thefirstfunctionisforemphasis. (2)thesecondfunctionistochangethemeaningorthepartofs

6、peechofsomewords,orboth. (3)thethirdfunctionistodiffersomeenglishwords (4)thefourthfunctionistoshowsomeonessurprise,anger,fear,doubt,pleasure,etc. intonationcanbeemployedtoexpresspeople shappiness,sadness,certainty,hesitation,depression,: (1)thefallingpitchisusedtoshowthemeaningofdefiniteness,certai

7、ntyandcompleteness. (2)therisingpitchisemployedtoshowthemeaningofindefiniteness,uncertaintyandincompleteness. (3)thefall-risepitchisusedtogivepeoplesomeencouragementorgivepeopleawarning. (4)therise-fallpitchisemployedtogivepeopleasincerepraiseortoshowthefeelingofshock. (5)thelevelpitchisusedtogiveac

8、countonsomethinghappenedinthepast. pausecanbedividedintotwo. a)voicedpauseb)silentpause someusefulrhetoricaldevices chapter3oralstyleandwrittenstyle severaloccasionsforusingoralstyle: thedifferencesbetweenoralcommunicationandwrittencommunication (bodylanguage)inoralcommunication thecomparisonoflangu

9、agestylesinoralstyleandinwrittenstyle whatcanbeusedwithoralstyle?1)slangs2)voguewords3)abbreviations4)phrasalverbs5)idioms whatcanbeusedwithwrittenstyle? 1)scientificenglish2)legalenglish3)religiousenglish4)formalspeech5)officialdocuments chapter4formalstyle&informalstyle fivestyleswereadvancedb

10、ymartinjoosinthebook “thefiveclocks ”1)frozenstyle:legalitems,historicliterature,thedocumentsforinternationalconferences,etc.2)formalstyle:thisstyleisusuallyusedtodeliversomeinforonformaloccasions.3)consultativestyle:.4)casualstyle:peopleusuallyuseitbetweenfriends,acquaintances,slangsorcantswithit.5

11、)intimatestyle:.chapter6societaldeviationinenglish whatissocietaldeviationinenglish? societaldeviationissomethingaboutsocietaldialects. blackenglishvernacular:(土语)urbanblackenglish whatarethereasonsforyoutoknowblackenglishvernacular? (1)itwillhelpustoknowthestatusqueofae.(2)itwillhelptoreadsomenovel

12、sinamericanliterature. chapter7timedeviationinenglish threestagesofthedevelopmentofenglishlanguage 1)the1ststageisfrom449to1100(oldenglish). ,-ode,or-deaftertheoriginalweakverbs.) 2)the2ndstageisfrom1100to1500(middleenglish). (att hattime “hw ”inoldenglishbecame“wh ”and“cw”became “qu”.)3)the3rdstage

13、isfrom1500topresenttime(modernenglish). (therearetworemarkablefeaturesinmodernenglish.) (1)fromfrench/fromlatin/fromchinese. (2)therearesomeneologisms(新词)inmodernenglish. theapplicationofenglisharchaicwords （过时的词） inmoderntimes 1)inlegalenglish2)inreligiousenglish3)inenglishpoetry4)innewspapers whyu

14、searchaicwordsinmoderntimes?formal/rhyme/show-off chapter8commonpracticalstyles threefunctionsofenglishadvertisements 1)toattractreadersattention2)toarosecustomerinterest3)toergecustomertotakeactionsassoonaspossible. somefeaturesofenglishadvertisements (1)moresimplesentences (2)lessnegativesentences

15、-ifpeoplereallywanttoexpressthenegativemeaninginadvertisements,theymayuse“nothing ”or“no”insteadof “not”.(3)frequentuseofpresenttense (4)moreandmoreimperativesentences (5)farmoreellipticalsentences (6)morefiguresofspeech (7)somespecialadjectives (8)somenewly-createdwords journalisticenglish:newsrepo

16、rt/newsstorytwocategoriesofnewspapers 1)qualitypaper大报 2)tabloid小报threerequirementsfornewsreports：swift/objective/true somefeaturesofjournalisticenglish 1)somejournalisticjargons2)someacronyms3)someapocopation4)someaphoeresis5)somewordswithfrontandbackclipping6)somesyncopations7)someneologisms8)some

17、blends9)somenounsareusedasverbstomaketheheadlinesvivid. scientificenglish whatcanbewrittenwithscientificenglish? 1)scientificworksandliterature 2)academictheses 3)laboratoryreports 4)productinstructions someimportantfeaturesofscientificenglish 1)passivevoiceishigh-frequentlyusedinsentences. 2)presen

18、ttenseisquiteoftenemployedinsentencesbecausescientificconceptsandprinciplesareusuallydescribedastruths. 3)longandcompletesentencesareoftenusedtoexpressmeanings,ideasandconcepts. 4)therearesomewordswhicharefromlatin. 5)thereisasimplicityinmeaningforsomewordsinscientificenglish. 6)therearesomeusefulpr

19、efixesandsuffixesinscientificenglish. chapter9literarystyle thelanguagefeaturesofenglishpoetry rhythmisaregularsuccessionofweakandstrongstresses,accents,sounds,ormovementsinspeech,music,poems,dancing,etc. howistherhythmformedinenglishpoems? stressedsyllablesandunstressedsyllableswhichalternatelyappe

20、arinastanzamayproducerhythminenglishpoems. whatismeter?. 构成英诗节奏的基础是韵律，即“格律”。 howmanymetersarethereinenglishpoeticcomposition? thereareseven(1)iambus抑扬格(2)trochee扬抑格 (3)dactyl扬抑抑格(4)anapaest抑 抑 扬 格 (5)amphibrach双行诗 (6)spondee(7)purrhic whatisstanza? . somecommonformsofstanzas: 1)couplet双行诗2)triplet三行

21、诗3)quatrain4)cinquain5)sestet6)septet7)octet8)spenserianstanza9)ten-versepoem10)sonnet asonnetisaone-poemof14lines,writteniniambicpentameter. (1)petrarchansonnetoritaliansonnet(abbaabbacdecde) (2)shakespearesonnet(ababcdcdefefgg) (3)spenseriansonnet(ababbcbccdcdee) whatisverse?verseisthepoeticsenten

22、ce,line.howtokeeparhymeinapoem? 1)keepanendrhyme(itcanbedividedintofourforms.)(1)thefirstformistokeepasinglerhyme(sometimesitiscalledamasculinerhymeoramalerhyme.) (2)thesecondformistokeepadoublerhyme(sometimesitiscalledafemininerhymeorafemalerhyme.). (3)thethirdformistokeepatriplerhyme. (4)thefourth

23、formistokeepaneyerhyme. 2)keepaheadrhyme 3)keepaninternalrhyme blankverse ：unrhymedversethreefeaturesofblankverses 1)theydonotkeepanyrhymes,buttheyarethepoemswithsomemeter. 2)theycanbelongorshort. 3)theirfeetineachlinearenotuniform. commonfiguresofspeechusedinenglishpoetry useofsimileandrepetition/h

24、ead-rhymed(alliteration)/metapher/parallelism/personification/speakingsilence,dumbconfession/paradox矛盾修饰法/hyperbole,overstatementexaggeration/metonymy 借代转喻stylisticfeaturesinfiction twopointsofview（twoperspectives ）1)usesingularorpluralnumberofthethirdperson-asanarratororastory-tellertonarratesomeplotsinanovel. notes: . “objective”.2)usesingularorpluralnumberofthefirstperson-asoneofthecharacterstonarratesomeplotsinanovel.