2022年2022年非谓语动词

1、精选学习资料 - - - 欢迎下载学习必备欢迎下载grammar动词的非谓语形式（ 1）动词不定式动词的非谓语形式有三种：不定式.动名词和分词；不定式由“ to + 动词原形”构成,其否定形式为“not to do”；不定式可以带宾语或状 语构成不定式短语,没有人称和数的变化,但有时态和语态的变化；不定式可作主语. 宾语.状语.表语和定语,但不能单独作谓语；不定式的规律主语有时用”for + 名词或代词宾格”构成；一.不定式的用法：1. 作主语： to find a best friend is difficult. =it is difficultto find a best friend

2、.不定式短语作主语时,可以直接放在句首,但在许多情形下,特别为在疑问句和感叹句中,往往放在谓语之后,而用先行代词it 作形式主语；it symduty to take good care of these old men . it requires patience to be a good teacher .2. 作宾语：i need to sleep for eight hours every night.a) 可以直接用不定式作宾语的动词许多,常见的有： agree、 afford、 tend、 ask、 decide、 determine、 expect、 fail、 hope、 le

3、arn、 intend、 manage、 offer、 plan、 promise、 refuse、 want、 wish等；当不定式短语作宾语时,假如仍带有宾语补足语,往往把不定式宾语放在宾语补足语之后,而用 it 作形式宾语；常用动词有feel、 think、 find、 believe、 consider、 make等；i find it interesting to study english .b) 不定式一般不作介词的宾语,只有少数介词如 but、 except 等后面可以跟不定式作宾语；一般情形下作介词宾语的不定式都带 to,假如 but 或 except 所在句子里的谓语动词都

4、为实义动词 do、 does、 did 时,通常省略 to；we have no choice but to wait .we can do nothing but wait .3. 作宾语补足语he asked me to do the work with him .a) 通常作宾语补语的不定式要带to,常用于以下动词之后：ask、 tell、advise、 allow、enable、 expect、 force、 get、 like、 order、 teach、 want、 invite、 wish、 beg等但在谓语动词believe、 find、 think、 feel、 consid

5、er、 suppose、 imagine、 prove等后面跟 to be作宾补,不跟to do；they believe him to be honest.b) 在 feel、 hear、 listen to、 look at、 notice、 observe、 see、 watch等感官动词以及have、 make、 let 等表示“致使”之意的动词后作宾补中,不定式不带to；但这些句子假如变成被动结构,就必 须带 to；i often hear him sing the song. he is often heard to sing the song.his father made hi

6、m go to bed early . he was made to go to bed early by his father.4. 作定语the farmers thought of ways to protect their crops .不定式可以在句子充当后置定语,修饰名词；1) 能带不定式作宾语的动词,以及与不定式搭配的形容词,其同源名词可以带不定式作定语；常见的有attempt、 decision、 promise、 plan ； ability、 determination、 anxiety、 eagerness 等；he hasn t kept his proisme to

7、write to his parents regularly. his eagerness to finish his homework was quite clear.2) 序数词形容词最高级或被only、 last、 next 等修饰的名词可以用不定式作定语：she was the only person to survive after the earthquake. he s always the first to cometo school.精品学习资料精选学习资料 - - - 欢迎下载学习必备欢迎下载留意： 1 作定语的不定式假如为不及物动词,或者不定式所修饰的名词或代词为不定式动

8、作的地点.工具等,不定式后面须有相应的介词；please give me a knife to cut with . he is looking for a roomto live in .但为,不定式所修饰的名词假如为time、 place 或 way、 不定式后面的介词习惯上可省去；he had no money and place to live in.留意： 2 当作定语的不定式所修饰的名词或代词为不定式动作的承担者时,不定式既可用主动语态,也可以用被动语态,但其含义有所不同；比较：a) have you anything to send.你有什么东西要寄吗？（to send 的动作执

9、行者为you ）b) have you anything to be sent.你有什么要（我或别人）寄的东西吗？（不定式to be sent 的动作执行者为已被省略的me 或 someone else）5. 作状语不定式作状语,表示目的.缘由.结果或条件；i came here to see you.（目的）* 目的状语仍可以用in order to或 so as to 不能放在句首来表示； we turned the lights off in order not to / so as not to waste electricity. all these gifts must be ma

10、iled immediately in time for christmas.a. in order to have receivedb. in order to receivec. so as to be receivedd. so as to be receivingwe were very excited to hear the news.（缘由）缘由状语由形容词（happy、 glad、 lucky、 fortunate、 surprised、 angry、 anxious、 ready、 quick、 slow、 cruel、 clever 等） + to do来表示；1) i m

11、glad to meet you.2) the question is different to answer.he hurried to the school to find nobody there.（结果）在 soas to、 such.as to、 enough to、 only to、 tooto结构中不定式作结果状语,其中only to用于表示意想不到的结果；he hurried to the station only to find the train had gone . he arrived at the station too late to catch the early

12、 train.留意： 1 某些形容词在“tooto”结构中没有否定的含义,而为表示确定,这类形容词有： anxious、 delighted、 eager、 easy、 glad、 kind、 pleased、 ready、 surprised、 willing等；she was too surprised to see how angry her father was.看到父亲那么愤怒,她特别惊讶；留意： 2 在 not、 never、 only、 all、 but 等后的“ tooto”结构中,“too ”的含义为very、 不定式没有否定含义；it s never too late to

13、 learn.活到老,学到老；i m only too glad to stay at home.我太想留在家里了；6. 作表语my job is to help the patient .当句子的主语为aim、 idea、 policy、 question、 suggestion、 wish、 task、 duty、 job、 purpose等或者主语为 what 引导的名词性从句时,后面可以用不定式做表语,用以说明主语所包含内容；our most important task now isto make a plan .注：作表语的不定式都带to,但当主语部分有实义动词do 时, to 可

14、以省略；精品学习资料精选学习资料 - - - 欢迎下载学习必备欢迎下载the only thing we can do now iswait and see.7. 作独立成分（插入语）to tell the truth、 i don t agree with you.用来说明说话人的态度.看法.对整个句子进行说明,常用的这类短语有：to be frank （坦白地说）,to be exact 准确地说 、 to begin with 第一 、 to make a long story short 长话短说 等；二.不定式与疑问词who、 which、 when、 where、 how、 wha

15、t等连用, 在句中起名词作用,通常跟在诸如tell、 know、 show、 decide、 learn、 wonder、 explain等动词后作宾语.主语或表语等； my question is when to start.表语 how to solve the problem is very important.（主语）he didn t know what to say.（宾语）留意： 在与 why 或 why not 开头的简短疑问句中,后面紧跟的动词不定式不带to； why not have a rest.三.不定式的时态1) 不定式的一般形式所表示的动作通常与谓语的动作（状态）同

16、时（或几乎同时）发生,或为在它之后发生；i plan to attend the meeting to be held tomorrow.句中不定式短语to be held 也表示将来 比较： did you attend the meeting held yesterday.2) 不定式的进行式由to be + v-ing 构成,用来表示谓语动词动作发生时,不定式的动作正在进行；some students pretendedto be reading english when the teacher came in.he is believed to be coming.= it is be

17、lieved that he is coming.不定式的进行时也表示将来3) 不定式完成式由to have + v-ed 构成,用来表示动作发生在谓语动作之前；i m sorry to have kept you waiting .- is bob still performing.- i m afraid not. he is said the stage already as he has become an official.a. to have leftb. to leavec. to have beend. to be left4) 在 intended、 expected、 ho

18、ped、 promised、 wanted、 wished、 thought 等后用不定式完成时,表示过去没有完成的愿望.期望或方案等,也表示发生在谓语动词之前的动作或状态；i intended to have come to see you.i hoped to have finished the work earlier.5) 在 seem、 appear、 think、 consider、 believe 等表示看法或想法的动词后用不定式完成时,表示该动作先于另一动作；此结构也常以it 作形式主语的结构代替；he seems to have bought the new book.= i

19、t seems that he has bought the new book.四.不定式的语态不定式的被动式分为一般式被动to be v-ed和完成式被动to have been v-ed；当不定式的规律主语为不定式所表示的动作的承担者时,不定式要用被动语态；it is an honour for me to be invited to the party .the book is said to have been translated into many languages .all these gifts must be mailed immediately in time for c

20、hristmas.a. in order to have receivedb. in order to receivec. so as to be receivedd. so as to be receiving精品学习资料精选学习资料 - - - 欢迎下载学习必备欢迎下载不定式在句中用主动式仍为被动式,多数情形下市简单判别的,但有时却比较复杂；a) 不定式修饰的名词或代词和不定式规律上成主谓关系时,不定式往往用主动形式；have you got a key to unlock the door .a key unlocks the doorb) 不定式和它前面被修饰的名词或代词构成规律上的动

21、宾关系,又和该句主语构成规律上的主谓关系时,不定式常用主动形式；he needs a room to live in . he lives in a room i have got a letter to write .i write a letteri know what to do .i do whati know what is to be done.句中的“ what is to be done”为宾语从句,从句中的主语what 为动词 do 的动作对象）c) 不定式作表语形容词的状语,和句中主语构成规律上的动宾关系时,不定式多用主动形式；这为由于人们往往认为形容词后省去了for on

22、e 或 for people ；the book is difficultto understand.for someone to understand the book he is hard to talk to .for one to talk to him但如强调句中的受事者,亦可用不定式被动式；the box is too heavy to be lifted.the handwriting is very difficult to be read.d) 在 there +be 的结构中,当说话人考虑的为必需有人去完成某件事时,不定式用主动形式,假如说话人强调的为事情本身必需完成,就用

23、被动形式；there is a lot of work to be done.the work has to be done. there is a lot of work to do.somebody has to do the work.请留意下面两个句子的含义的区分：there is nothing to do.（无事可做,感到特别无聊；）there is nothing to be done.（某东西坏了,无法使之复原正常；）五.不带to 的不定式1) 在 feel、 hear、 listen to、 make、 let、 have、 see、 look at、 watch、 noti

24、ce、 observe等动词后,动词不定式做宾语补足语时不用to；（见“不定式作宾语补足语”条）2) 在 would rather would sooner、 had rather、 had soonerthan、 rather than 等结构的 than 之后用不带 to 的动词不定式；i would ratherstay here than go out.3) 在以 why 引导的疑问句中不带to；why worry about it./ why not do it right now.4) 在 cannot but、 cannot choose but、 cannot help but

25、 之后的不定式不带to； i cannot but admire his courage.5) 不定式动词在介词but、 except、 besides 后面时,假如这些介词之前有行为动词do 的各种形式,那么,这些介词后的不定式不带to,否就要带to ； i have no choice but to accept the fact.what do you like to do besides swim. she could do nothing but cry.6) 为了防止重复,不定式可省去to ；i m really puzzled what to think or say.六.不定式

26、的复合结构精品学习资料精选学习资料 - - - 欢迎下载学习必备欢迎下载以 it 为形式主语或形式宾语引导的复合结构,假如其前的形容词为指行为的性质就用：it is + adj. for sb. to do sth.常见的形容词有：easy、 hard、 heavy、 necessary、 possible、 important、 difficult等；这种复合结构在句中可作主语.表语.宾语.定语.状语等；it is possible for you to catch up with them in a short time. it is hard for him to get rid of

27、his bad babits.假如该形容词为指行为的性质,同时又指行为的人,就用it is + adj. of sb. to do sth. ；这种句式中的常用形容词有：right、 wrong、 brave、 careful、 careless、 clever、 wise、 stupid、 cruel、 foolish、 good、 honest、 kind、 nice、 silly等；it was very kind of you to come to help me . = you were very kind to come to help me.精品学习资料精选学习资料 - - -

28、欢迎下载一.动名词的用法：grammar动词的非谓语形式（ 2）动名词精品学习资料精选学习资料 - - - 欢迎下载动名词由 v + ing 构成,与现在分词的形式相同；动名词主要起名词作用,在句中可作主语.表语.宾语和定语；1. 作主语 ：可以直接放在句首,也可以用先行代词it作为形式主语,而把动名词后置；seeing is believing. 眼见为实 saying is easier than doing.collecting stamps is a good hobby. 单个动名词短语作主语时,动词用单数动名词作主语仍有以下两个习惯表答法：it is no use / good +

29、 doing sth.做某事没有用it s no use crying over spilt milk.覆 水难收 there is no + v-ing= it is impossible to do sth.there is no knowing what may happen. （将来的事无法知道）留意： 动名词和不定式都可以作主语,动名词作主语表示一般或抽象的多次性行为,不定式作主语往往表示详细的或一次性的动作；to play with fire will will be dangerous.指一详细动作playing with fire is dangerous.（泛指玩火）但在 i

30、t is no use / good、 not any use / good、 useless 等后一般用动名词；2. 作表语： 通常为说明主语的内容,留意它与谓语动词进行时的区分his hobby is collecting stamps .可改为： collecting stamps is his hobby.he is collecting stamps. is collecting为谓语动词进行时不能改为： collecting stamps is he.3. 作宾语a. 作及物动词的宾语注 1 admit、 appreciate、 avoid、 consider、 delay、 de

31、ny、 enjoy、 escape、 feel like、 finish、 forgive、 giveup、 imagine、 keepon、 mention、 mind、 miss、 pratise、 put off、 resist、 risk、 suggest、 cant help、 can t stand 无法忍耐 等动词后面必需用动名词作宾语,不能用不定式；he got well- prepared for the job interview、 for he couldn t risk the goobdopportunity.a. to loseb. losingc. to be l

32、ostd. being lost注 2 有些动词（ attempt、 begin、 start、 continue、 hate、 like、 love ）后面既可以接不定式作宾语,精品学习资料精选学习资料 - - - 欢迎下载学习必备欢迎下载也可以接动名词作宾语,意义差别不大； 通常认为用动名词泛指一般的倾向性,用不定式就表示特定或详细某一种动作；i like swimming but i don t like to swim in winter.动词 prefer 后面接不定式作宾语时,句子结构与按动名词作宾语为不一样；i prefer to drive rather than to be

33、driven. i prefer driving to riding.有些动词,如forget、 remember、 stop 等,后面接动名词表示的动作先于谓语动词动作,不定式表示的动作后于谓语动词；stop talking.不要讲话；he stopped to talk.他停下来讲话；i remember reading the book.我记得读过这本书；i must remember to read the book.我必需记得去读这本书；when asked by police、 he said that he remembered at he party、 but not .（ d

34、）a. to arrive、 leavingb. to arrive、 to leavec. arriving、 leavingd. arriving、 to leave有些动词如： try、 mean、 regret 意义区分较大；i ll try to improve my spoken english.我要设法提高我的英语口语；try knocking at the back door if nonody hears you at the front door.假如敲前门没人应门,试着敲后门；i mean to come early today.我准备今日早些来；missing the

35、train means waiting for another hour.误了这趟火车意味着再等一个小时；注 3 在 allow、 advise、 forbid、 permit等动词后直接跟动词作宾语,要用动名词形式；假如后面出名词或代词作宾语,然后再跟动词作宾语补足语时,其宾语补足语用带to 的不定式；allow / advise / forbid / permit doingallow / advise / forbid / permit sb to do sthwe dont allow workersto smoke here. we dont allow smoking here.注

36、 4 动词 need、 require、 want 作“需要”解,其后跟动词作它的宾语时,必需用动名词,或不定式的被动式；这时,动名词的主动式表示被动意义；need / require / want doingneed / require / want to be donethe window needs / requires / wants cleaning. the window needs / requires / wants to be done.b. 作介词的宾语everybody in the village likes jack because he is good at tel

37、ling and jokes.ca. turning upb. putting upc. making upd. showing up常见短语有：spent time in doing 花时间做； be fond of doing 宠爱做； be good at doing 善于做； be proud of doing 为做 而骄傲； be tired of doing 对做 感到厌倦； feel like doing 欲想做； go on doing 连续做 （原先的事） ；keep on doing 不停地做； what about doing 做 怎么样； think ofdoing 考

38、虑做； be interested in doing对做感爱好； have some difficulty/trouble in doing做某事有困难； be busy in doing忙于做； instead of doing做而不做留意 以下短语中的“to”为介词,而不为不定式符号,因此后面须接名词或动名词形式； turn to求助于say yes / no to同意/ 不同意be used to习惯于stick to坚持精品学习资料精选学习资料 - - - 欢迎下载学习必备欢迎下载be sentence to被判刑see to留意处理, 照管pay attention to留意poin

39、t to指向object to反对be opposed to 反对lead to导致look forward to希望look up to敬重keep to坚持get down to着手做give way to对让步find one s way to设法到达devote oneself to献身于be equal to能胜任in addition to除之外admit to承认surely she will be equal to performing her duty.c. 在以下句型中动名词作真正宾语：动词 +it （形式宾语） +宾补 +动名词（真正宾语） i think it no u

40、se telling them .we think it no good inviting him .4. 作定语动名词可作前置定语,表示所修饰的词的用途或目的,可用 for改写；而现在分词作定语时,可用定语从句改写；swimming poolwaiting roomwalking sticka sleeping car=a car for sleepinga sleeping child= a child who is sleeping he has a reading room .二.动名词的规律主语1) 规律主语为由生命的名词：作主语时,必需用名词或代词全部格,作宾语时（特别在口语中）,

41、也可用名词一般格或人称代词宾格；they insisited on toms his staying longer .（有生命,作宾语,用名词/ 代词全部格） they insisited on tom him staying longer .（有生命,作宾语,用名词/ 代词宾格） toms his coming is what we have expected.（有生命,作主语,用名词/ 代词全部格）2) 规律主语为无生命名词时,只用名词一般格；there is no hope of our team winning the match .3) 规律主语为不定代词或指示代词this、 tha

42、t、 someone、 nobody、 none、 anybody、 anyone 时,只用一般格；he was awakened by someone knocking the door . there s no need ftohrat being done .4) 在口语中,动名词假如不在句首,可以用名词一般格或人称代词宾格作规律主语；i really can t understand r lik_ehtehat.（ d）a. you treatb. you to treatc. why treatd. you treating三.动名词的时态和语态1. 动名词的时态动名词的时态分为一般

43、式doing 和完成式having done两种；1) 动名词一般式表示的动作没有明确地表示时间为与谓语动作同时发生或在谓语动作之前发生；his coming will be of great help to us. we are interested in playing basketball.2) 动名词完成式表示动作发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之前；但为在某些动词或词组后,精品学习资料精选学习资料 - - - 欢迎下载学习必备欢迎下载常用动名词的一般形式,尽管其动作为在谓语所表示的动作之前发生；after having finished his work、 he went home. i

44、m sorry for not having kept my promise .i shall never forget seeing the great wall for the first time. on hearing the bad news、 she couldnt help crying.2. 动名词的语态动名词的被动语态也有一般式与完成式两种；当主语为这个动名词所表示的动作对象时,动名词用被动语态；被动语态由“being +过去分词”或“having been + 分词”构成；he attended the meeting without being asked.the hou

45、se showed no sign of having been damaged.she never told me about her having been interviewed by the police.有些动名词在句中为主动形式,但有被动的含义；the house requires / need / wants repairing.注：在 to be worth doing 句型中,动名词doing 表示的为被动意义；the book is worth reading.grammar and usagegrammar动词的非谓语形式（ 3）分词分词形式：现在分词和过去分词；1. 分

46、词的时态和语态1) 分词分为现在分词和过去分词；现在分词有一般式和完成式；一般式doing 表示和谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生的动作；完成式having done 表示在谓语动词所表示的动作之前 发生的动作；having studied in the university for 3 years、 he knows the place very well. being a student、 he was interested in books.2) 现在分词有一般式和完成式,且有主动语态和被动语态；当句子的主语为分词动作的承受者时,分词用被动语态being done；假如要强调分词的动作先于谓

47、语动作,就用分词完成式的被动语态having been done；having been criticized by the teacher、 li ming gave up smoking. the question being discussed in important.过去分词表示在谓语动词之前方式的动作,本身有被动的含义,所以只有一般式done,没有完成式；2. 分词的用法 ：在句中作定语.表语.宾补.状语；1) 作定语分词短语作定语时,放在被修饰的名词之后,单个分词作定语时,放在被修饰的名词之前；polluted air and waterare harmful to people

48、 s health.（被污染了的空气和水）the man standing at the window is our teacher. 站在床旁的那个人留意： 现在分词作定语时,表示动作正在进行或与谓语动词所表示的动作几乎同时发生；假如两个动作有先有后,一般不能用现在分词作定语,而用定语从句；the teacher criticized the student who had broken the window . 那个打坏玻璃的同学2) 作状语分词或分词短语作状语时,可以表示时间.缘由.结果.条件.让步.行为方式.相伴状况等；精品学习资料精选学习资料 - - - 欢迎下载学习必备欢迎下载th

49、e teacher stood there surrounded by the students 被同学所包围 .（方式） while reading the book 在读书的时候、 he nodded from time to time. 时间 being a student作为一名同学 、 i must study hard.缘由 留意 1.分词短语作定语,其规律主语须与句子的主语一样；2. 表示时间关系的分词短语有时可由连接词while 或 when 引导；3. 有时,“ with / without +名词/ 代词宾格”的结构表示相伴状况；4. 当分词的规律主语与主句的主语不同时,分

50、词必需有自己的主语；time permitting 假如时间答应、 i will finish another lesson.3) 作表语you shouldn t try to stand up if youare badly hurt 受伤严峻的话 . the news is inspiring 鼓励人的 .4) 作宾语补足语we saw the teacher making the experiment 做 实 验 . 留意 ：在 see、 hear、 watch、 feel、 observe、 have、 listen to、 notice等动词后,既可以用现在分词构成复合宾语, 也可

51、以用不定式构成复合宾语,但两者的含义为由差别的；用现在分词表示动作正在发生（即处于发生的过程中,仍没有终止）,用不定式表示动作发生了（即动作全过程终止了） ；we had the fire burning all day.我们使火燃烧了一成天； he had his clothes washed.他叫别人洗了衣服；he had his foot injured in the fall.i saw the girl get on the tractor and drive off. i saw the girl getting on the tractor. 留意 ：“ have + 宾语+ 过

52、去分词”表示主体使客体处于某种状态或干什么事；“ have + 宾语 + 过去分词”表示动作时别人做的活与主体意志无关；3. 过去分词.现在分词一般被动式及完成被动式做状语时的比较： 1）过去分词与现在分词一般被动式作状语表示相伴动作或行为方式时,两者无多大区分, 习惯上常用过去分词；he came in、 followed by a group of students 后面跟着一群同学. being seized seize with a sudden fear、 she gave a scream.在某些情形下,二者就为有区分的；being written in haste3. 现在分词和

53、过去分词的区分：(1) 语态不同：现在分词表示主动概念,及物动词的过去分词表示被动概念；例如：the moving film动人的电影the moved girl受感动的姑娘a running machine一台转动的机器a stolen car 一辆被盗的汽车(2) 时间关系上不同：现在分词表正在进行的动作,过去分词往往表已经完成的动作；例如：a developing country、a developed countryfalling leaves、fallen leaves boiling water、 boiled water4. 现在分词的基本用法：1 一般主动式用法：a. 作定语：

54、the sleeping child is only five years old.=the child who is sleeping isb. 作表语：the story sounds very interesting.精品学习资料精选学习资料 - - - 欢迎下载学习必备欢迎下载c. 作宾补：常用于see、 watch、 hear、 feel、 find、 have、 keep 等动词之后；例如： we can see steam rising from the wet clothes.留意：上述动词后跟不定式作宾补表示动作的过程,而现在分词作宾补就表示正在进行中的动作；例如： i heard them singing in the room when i passed it.singing不行改为singhave sb do sth 与 have sb doing sth 的区分：前者have=let,后者有时表“keep”意,有时表 “employ