外文翻译操作向导

1、操作向导 ICP 脉冲力锤086B系列1.0 介绍脉冲锤的方法适合用FFT分析仪来分析测试机械构造。用脉冲力锤仪器敲击目标进行测试从而分析机械结构的动态特性，通过加速度传感器测量所发生的情况。结构一般为：(1)刚性或弹性体(2)被混在一起的恒定的模型和有限元素(3) 引导了应力-应变声音波形的分布式的叁数模型。 一个机械结构的动态特性功能测试包括在一个重要的位置安放加速度计和在那一点或其它的一些点上用脉冲锤敲击物体来进行测试。涉及各种分析模型,在一个固定的地点,加速结构影响其他点,反之亦然:结构的影响,一度将加速对其他问题的兴趣。 信号产生速度将加快, 传统的计算迁移数据转移等特点惯性、服从、

2、阻抗和流动性。.脉冲锤几乎是一种力量较广泛的频率范围,因此能够刺激在那个范围的所有的共振。 铁锤大小、时间、物质和速度的影响幅度和频率,确定内容(波浪形状)的推动力量. 影响上限频率决定一般物质的含量,用质量和速度的影响, 在确定能量含量的影响。 大型重型机车像框式支架的机车、坦克、桥梁、仪器需要一个更大的铁锤，象压缩机刀片的小结构经常要求小铁锤。一些非常大的结构可能要求装有力传感器冲击头的一个巨大的撞击系统。本系统所有传感器都列为ICP、低阻抗、电压传感器模式。微电子学固定放大器标准化敏感性在是充分为多数动态应用面额的几百分之之内。2.0描述 整个脉冲包括ICP和安装在铁锤头部用来撞击的石英

3、力传感器。锤传感局部职能转移的影响力量变为电信号进行分析和展示，这是石英晶体结构僵化、固定收益微电子团结、放大器隔离，电缆被连接到为了方便处理的末端,如果击错得话，可以防止出现接口损坏。一个普通双电缆ICP传感器是从一个PCB动力单元出发的，出于平安的原因,可以修补电线电缆彩带拟用大设计的薄弱环节。ICP动力单元提供目前的鼓励传感器的信号，导致产生薄弱信号，比方许多FFT 动态分析仪/电脑系统有ICP供电内置。脉冲锤是一个不可分割的整体的单元。电子束焊接可以密封不利的环境里的结构。机械装配是用环氧树脂粘合剂锁在一起的，在工厂以外不应该被分开，锤子的敲击末端有一个穿线的孔为各种各样的冲击要诀。对

4、传感器来说，顶端的作用是转移冲击力和保护传感器以免被损坏，不同硬度的顶端可以允许你改变脉冲的宽度和频率的有效范围。PCB脉冲锤的八个不同型号的小型动力锤(型号086B80)121B是可用的，脉冲锤(型号086b50)。看到4页的小册子,包括本手册,以获得更多的资料。 铁锤是在工厂里用结构粘合剂组装和锁紧在一起的。顶端和增量剂通过10-32 个穿线的螺柱(见4.1用测试头/混合剂挑选)。在系统的图解里电缆连接被举例说明和一般做10-32台同轴连接器。 位移传感器安装和系统连接如图、按程序详细描述在特定变频器手册。 一些比拟常见的方法包括安装柱头螺栓的装配、石油蜡像、粘合剂和磁铁。试验使用的方法取

5、决于环境和用户意见。一般,连接传感器ICP动力单元在"XDCR"上，显示器的装置(比方分析仪/电脑)。商议ICP动力单元的操作说明,来适应安装和操作程序。 用电缆把铁锤与动力单元连接在一起，然后你的分析及动力单元的操作指南在系统上显示。绷紧的电缆被用来确保良好的通信质量，如果在潮湿的环境或户外里操作，用石蜡涂在连接的地方。转换电源和等一、两分钟的扩音传感器里的耦合电容器将充满电荷，为了正常运作而检查动力单元的仪表。如果仪表亮红灯的哈话，找短的电缆连接。如果仪表亮黄灯的话，寻找开放电缆连接。连接加速度计谈到有关以类似方式运作指南(加速度计、电力单位)。当所有的动力单元正常运转

6、 (绿灯亮)、测试继续进行下去，接着是传感器，动力单元、操作指令分析仪。 冲击力的频率带宽适合你的结构测试实验。1)用锤子打击物体和测试过程的结果，总会得到好几个平均数来减少伪造的声音效果。警告：用传感器安装在适当的地方永远不影响末端。 2)检查信号质量测量结果(适当信号-噪音)及无负担(超载或整平灯的历史顶峰时间)。3)频率分析成果验收内容,以确保合理的范围内局部势力已足以让现有的利益结构反响加速频谱，信号能量经常足以激起反响结构，初步选在20dB以下的低频脉冲。4)如有必要，可以改变铁锤顶端或者修改它的行为。 a)高频率响应,用一个高硬度的顶端而且不要添加任何东西。b)为更好低频响应,用一

7、个软的顶端而且添加东西。 c)信号能量越大，冲击速度越高。5)重复步骤1至4直到获得充分的结果。一般而言，影响到脉冲锤撞击的频率信号，及影响信号的能量大小。用不同结构铁锤，频率和能量水平都将受到影响， 铁锤的撞击速度也会影响到。一般来说，低硬度而体积大的结构也有的好处，柔软的末端用来敲击也足够引起低频共振。在试验中，加强检查机电连接。他们屡次到趋于宽松，可能造成无噪音的信号。虽然各种调整大大消除这些，当在一个轻的物体上施加很重的铁锤时，(多重影响)仍可能发生渗透或过重。在你的频谱数据里，也将会出现有条理的成分。抛开这些数据，测试更轻一些的无题时需要一些技巧和实践经验。 PCB的新的ICP动力单

8、元积极信号幅度大于10伏特(3节电池)，在动力单元里防止超载。失真，负脉冲信号，脉冲的时域振动在展览期间所造成的分析的反混淆过滤器是正常的行为。正确看待波形摆动，用高频宽的分析它。 校正功能测试是将行为(敏感性)传感器控制结构和环境。行为目标是直线，因为理想治疗面比例传感器、频率相同的利益，而不是拖延信号(无阶段转移)。用不同结构具有不同的敏感性，因为考试经验结构的力量大于晶体传感内容。影响力量的整体质量，用武力的结晶，是一个功能只有群众背后(冲击得末端是水晶传感局部)。他们的分歧,取决于对群众举报的比例头部重量，当用自动补偿适当调整。每一个具体的结构可以轻易地用最精确的数据，确保调整。铁锤打

9、了一个可自由调整，取消了大量仪器石英加速度计参考。根据牛顿第二定律，立即在任何时候，遇到群众的力量只是衡量质量乘以加快。在储存示波器，产量顶峰将信号的富群众(mV)加快顶峰时间(G's),那么直接用敏感性mV/了lb。校正的取样分析结果产生相同频率的函数，由于群众转移功能好似是身体僵硬不变(1/m)的力量,力和加速度信号的比率产生不断校正(最好1/M)每个不同的频率。一锤调整的影响将是显而易见的,要把这项校正。巨大的下垂暂停或乳胶放在一块,做一个刚性的身体，用这种仪器撞击也是一种很好的方式。 好方法检测出的正常运作和锤子之前测试工具，这个程序的数据结果是比拟成功的。 在密封的传感建设单

10、位和建设保税排除用外地维修。应需效劳，以厂为单位回报说明上的问题。首先,将电缆,通常的根源,并再次运行测试。 虽然铁锤很上下不平，滥用可能造成它的损害。当看到以下措施确保数据的准确。1)不要试图撤除在铁锤上的传感器局部结构，这些工作都应在工厂做。2)不会有产生超过100伏特的任何铁锤，一般来说产出率为5伏，或与PCB新发电机组,产量10伏特，一百伏特将会破坏微型电子设备。3)不影响攻击对象不正确安装前场的力量增强因素，损坏精密传感器可以用外表的印象影响其行为。4)测试期间,定期检查,加强举报和电缆连接,以确保继续正常运行，机械单位的搬迁，并注意加强与方便。5)不适用电压为单位，目前固定保护。6

11、)当前不会提供超过20mA。7)不超过30伏电压。8)不受到250F温度以上。脉冲锤的测试实验附件A 注：照片是在人数方面全面、微伏电网线路。 测试内容是从PCB铁锤撞击，K291A示范，校正各面的质量下降的固定用固定基地。在质量、本钱增高的信号衰减力(x0.89)，比例计算敏感性。有良好的比例比1.23、1.25根据实验厂。最高的力是276lb，最高的加速度是300g。 冲击不同的结构与锤子登上力量变换装置和过载信号器(在末端对面) 显示那碰撞的不同的类型结构和材料有一点点或没有作用在变换装置敏感性或在他们的比率。固定变换装置放大器的低电子噪声促进处理数据在计算机里。不同的冲击盖帽在锤子碰撞

12、摇摆大量拿着过载信号器有非常少许作用在他们的比率。观察, 这种力量变换装置, 具体地被构造为冲击测试, 引起质量信号没有敲响或其它假信号在多数应用。不同的增量剂改变锤子结构(许多) 修改它的行为和改变锤子的明显的力量敏感性当触击测试对象。提到敏感的传感器减少了大规模地震的比例(群众传播的影响和限制)的总重量为力量的变频器用。根据配置变动是从百分之二到百分之三十，锤子结构的这个正常行为建议校准锤子配置被使用与一台惯性大量定标器(PCB 式样904.A) 在测试前。变换装置电子的超载由铺平踪影的顶峰部份见证，退役测验数据。交换对24V 恒定的供电(电池或线) 将加倍变换装置的范围。脉冲测试锤的结构

13、、行为、校准附录B 结构动力试验的行为是明显的,目的是测试用仪器，测试结果正确,必须考虑到行为的结构作用。由于惯性效应(加载大量的晶体)的力量用在结构上的传感器只有局部的实际影响力量,约70至95%依靠铁锤的结构，用不同组合的脉冲幅度调整，以适应宽度和上升时间的应用。用结构调整改变其行为。测试之前，击中了群众印象校正用具体的配置和使用的重要决定力量比例为加速传感器敏感度。 数据也将产生负面的计算工具的阶段,如果需要或难以正确信息. 从教育的观点来看,这表现出一种惯性校准计算常数、僵化的组织结构模式。结构：一个脉冲测试铁锤典型的机械结构是一个塑造模型，群众传播的力量和影响力形成大规模地震前的水晶

14、传感内容。头的大量, 增量剂和一局部的把柄支持水晶。行为：在中低频率，用集体的行为结构为主,这是由牛顿定律确定的，制定有效的锤子/刹车测试对象接口全部用群众的经验，只有局部结晶，局部群众的力量制止，它的意义并不相关的局部部队和地震影响群众上限。提高质量头部或减少的幅度可能造成的影响,但反弹或多重渗透，这支部队的传感器安装测试对象不是一个好方法，因为它也造成了大规模的地震,以及采取武力。 加速度冲击与安装在锤(撞击目标上限对面)的惯性作用,显示出极大的铁锤校正方法。校正：机械结构的测试功能将取决于敏感特性的比例：力传感器的传送。 这个比例可以由用铁锤敲击带有传感器的巨大结构，由重力校正或者其他方

15、式。 例如：1英镑出现大规模的顶峰加速100g遭到力100磅的比例最高，比例是敏感信号。在校准系统的比例是感情因素减弱"N"除以群众印象"M"。轻易放弃大规模固定在一个固定的工厂检查用的校正器确定了其在比率左右，因为在这个过程中，群众地震集结上限并不明显行动。PCB结构稳定的力量，严格器只有一两个具体内容石英擅长锤冲击试验申请。其电力结构，包括内置组件、统一的扩音机得到反应，大大降低噪音的系统，精密的电脑辅助技术是有帮助的。提供资料收集方式，铁锤和可靠的低阻抗转换经营领域，直接与计算机接口及分析人员。这里的想法是由在辛那提市布朗大学史博士在最艰苦创业时的

16、结构进行测试。OPERATING GUIDEICP IMPULSE-FORCE HAMMERSERIES 086B1.0 IntroductionThe impulse hammer adapts your FFT analyzer for structural behavior testing. Impulse testing the dynamic behavior of mechanical structures is striking the test object with the force instrumented hammer and measuring the resulta

17、nt motion with an accelerometer. Structures generally respond as (1) rigid or elastic bodies (2) finite elements, lumped constant models and (3) distributed parameter models conducting stress-strain (sound) waves. Testing the functional transfer and transactional characteristics of a mechanical stru

18、cture involves mounting the accelerometer at one location of interest and striking the test object with the hammer at that point or some other point. Modal analysis and modeling involves fixing the accelerometer at one location and impacting the structure at other points, or vice versa: impacting th

19、e structure at one point and moving the accelerometer to the other points of interest. Integration of the acceleration signal yields velocity or displacement data for use in computing classical transfer characteristics such as inertance, compliance, impedance and mobility. The hammer impulse consist

20、s of a nearly constant force over a broad frequency range and is therefore capable of exciting all resonances in that range. The hammer size, length, material and velocity at impact determine the amplitude and frequency content (wave shape) of the force impulse. The impact cap material generally det

21、ermines the frequency content and the hammer mass and velocity at impact determine energy content.Large, heavy structures like locomotive frames, tanks, and bridges require an instrumented sledge hammer; whereas, small structures like compressor blades often require minihammers. Some very large stru

22、ctures may require a special massive mechanical ram instrumented with a force-sensing impact head.All sensors in this system are classified as ICP, low impedance, voltage mode sensors. Microelectronic built-in amplifiers standardize sensitivities within a few percent of a nominal value which is adeq

23、uate for most dynamic applications. 2.0 Description The hammer consists of an integral, ICP, quartz force sensor mounted on the striking end of the hammer head. The sensing element functions to transfer impact force into an electrical signal for display and analysis. It is structured with rigid quar

24、tz crystals and a built-in microelectronic unity gain, isolation amplifier. The cable is connected at the end of the handle for convenience and to avoid connector damage should a miss hit occur.The ICP sensor operates over ordinary two-wire cable from a PCB power unit. For reasons of safety, the eas

25、ily repairable ribbon wire cable is intended to be the weak link in larger hammer design. The ICP power unit supplies constant-current excitation to the sensor over the signal lead and debiases the output signal. Many FFT analyzer/computer systems have the ICP power supply built-in.The hammer is a s

26、ingle, integral unit. Electron beam weld sealed construction of operation in adverse environments. The mechanical assemble is locked together with an epoxy structural adhesive so it should not be taken apart except at the factory.The striking end of the hammer has a threaded hole for a variety of im

27、pact tips. The tip functions to transfer the force of impact to the sensor and protects the sensor face from damage. Tips of different stiffness allow you to vary the pulse width and frequency content of the force.PCB impulse hammers are available in eight different models ranging from the mini-impu

28、lse hammer (model 086B80) to the 12 1b. sledge hammer (model 086B50). See the 4-page brochure included with this manual for more information.3.0 Installation The hammer is assembled and locked together with structural adhesive at the factory. Tips and extender via 10-32 threaded studs (see 4.1 testi

29、ng for hammer tip/extender selection). Cable connections are illustrated in the system drawing and are generally made via 10-32 coaxial connectors.Motion sensors install and connect as illustrated in the system drawing and according to detail procedures described in specific transducer manuals. Some

30、 more common installation methods include stud mount, Petro-wax, adhesive, and magnetic. The method used depends on test conditions and user preference. In general, sensors connect to the ICP power unit at the jack labeled “XDCR. The readout device (FFT analyzer/computer). Consult ICP power unit ope

31、rating guide for proper installation and operating procedures.4.0 Operation With cables supplied, connect the hammer to a power unit and then to your analyzer as shown in the system and power unit operation guide. Tighten the cable connectors securely by hand to insure good electrical contact. If op

32、erating outdoors or in humid environments, coat connections with Petro-wax. Switch power on and wait a minute or two for the sensor amplifier to turn on and the coupling capacitor to fully charge. Check the power unit meter for normal operation (meter pointed in green). If meter reads in the red, lo

33、ok for shorted cables or connections. If meter reads in the yellow, look for open cables or connections. Connect accelerometer(s) in similar manner referring to the appropriate operating guides (accelerometer and power unit).When all power unit meters indicate normal operation (green), proceed with

34、tests, following sensor, power unit, and analyzer operating instructions.4.1 Testing To test the behavior of your structure and to tailor the frequency bandwith of the force:1) strike the test object with the hammer and process the results. Always take several averages to reduce the effects of spuri

35、ous noise.Warning: never impact without a hammer tip properly installed on the sensor element. 2) check the measured results for signal quality (adequate signal-to-noise) and no overloads (overload lights or sharp flattening of time history peaks). 3) analyze results for frequency content and check

36、to insure that the reasonably flat portion of the force spectrum is sufficient to cover the structural resonances of interest present in the acceleration spectrum. Often signal energy is sufficient to excite structural resonances at 20 dB below initial low frequency force levels.4) change hammer tip

37、s and/or mass to modify its behavior if necessary: a) for higher frequency response, use a stiffer tip and no extender . b) for better low frequency response, use a softer tip and install the extender. c) to increase motion signal energy, increase impact velocity and/or hammer mass.5) repeat steps 1

38、 and 4 until adequate results are obtained.Generally speaking, the impact tips affect the hammer impulse frequency content and the extender affects the signal energy level. Frequency content and energy level are interrelated so both will be affected by different hammer structures. Hammer velocity at

39、 impact will also affect both. In general, massive structures with lower stiffness require the use of the extender and soft impact tip to adequately excite low frequency resonances. During testing, occasionally check and tighten the electrical and mechanical connections. Repeated impacting tends to

40、loosen them potentially causing erratic and noisy signals. Although modal-tuning has done much to eliminate this, bouncing(multiple impacts) or penetration may still occur when using too heavy a hammer on too light a structure or section of structure. This will appear as an oscillatory component sup

41、erimposed on the spectrum in your data. Reject such data. Some skill and practice may still be required to test lighter structures. PCBs newest ICP power units with greater than 10 volts positive signal range (three batteries) prevent undetected overloads in the power unit. Distortion, undershoot, a

42、nd oscillation of the impulse time history as viewed on the analyzer display is caused by ringing of the analyzers anti-aliasing filters which is their normal behavior. To view the correct impulse waveform, switch the analyzer to a high frequency range.5.0 Calibration Calibration involves testing th

43、e functional transfer behavior (sensitivity) of the sensor structure in controlled transactions and environments. Behavior objectives are straight lines, since ideal sensors treat amplitudes proportionally, frequencies of interest the same, and do not delay the signal (no phase shift). Different ham

44、mer structures have different sensitivities because the test structure experiences a force greater than the crystal-sensing elements. The force of impact on the total mass of the hammer while the force on the crystals is a function of only the mass behind them (the impact tip is in front of the crys

45、tal sensing element). Their differences, which depend on the ratio of the tip mass to the head mass, is automatically compensated for when the hammer is properly calibrated. Each particular hammer structure can be easily calibrated to insure the most accurate data. A hammer can be calibrated by hitt

46、ing a freely suspended mass instrumented with a quartz reference accelerometer. According to Newtons second law of motion, at any instant in time, the force experienced by the mass is simply the mass multiplied by the measured acceleration. On a storage oscilloscope, dividing the peak output signal

47、of the hammer (mV) by the mass (lb.) times the peak acceleration (gs), gives the hammer sensitivity directly in mV/lb. Calibration on a FFT analyzer produces the same result as a function of frequency. Since the transfer function of a mass behaving as a rigid body is a constant (1/M), ratioing the f

48、orce and acceleration signals produces a calibration constant (ideally 1/M) for each discrete frequency. The effects of a nonmodally tuned hammer will be readily apparent when performing this calibration. The mass, pendulously suspended, or placed on a piece of foam rubber, will behave as a rigid bo

49、dy. Hitting such an instrumented mass is also a good way A good way of checking out the normal operation of the hammer and instruments prior to testing. This procedure builds confidence in data results.6.0 MaintenanceThe sealed construction of the sensing element and the bonded construction of the h

50、ammer preclude field maintenance. Should service be required, return unit to factory with a note describing the problem. First, however, replace the cables, which are usually the source of trouble, and test operation again.7.0 Cautions Although hammers are very rugged in construction, damage can res

51、ult from misuse. The following precautions when observed ensure long life and accurate data. 1) Do not attempt to dismantle sensor element from hammer structure. All service should be performed at the factory.2) Never generate more than 100 volts with any hammer. Generally, observe the force rating

52、for 5 volts output or, with newer PCB power units, 10 volts output. One hundred volts will destroy the built-in miniature electronics.3) Never strike an object without an impact tip properly installed in front of the force sensing element. Damaging the precision lapped surface of the hammer sensor c

53、an affect its behavior.4) During testing, periodically check and tighten tip, extender and cable connections to ensure continued proper operation. Machined flats on the tips and extender facilitate tightening and removal.5) Do not apply voltage to unit without constant current protection.6) Do not a

54、pply more than 20mA of current.7) Do not exceed 30 volts supply voltage.8) Do not subject units to temperatures above 250 F.BEHAVIOR TESTING OF IMPULSE-FORCETEST HAMMERAPPENDIX ANote: numbers on the photographs represent full scale dimensions of the grid lines in microseconds and volts. Components t

55、ested are from the PCB hammer kit, model K291A.Calibration at various amplitudes by dropping mass on stationary hammer fixed to base. With mass of 0.92 lb. and attenuation of force signal (X0.89), measured ratio of sensitivities (force to accel.) of 1.23 compares favorably with ratio of 1.25 based o

56、n factory calibrations. Peak force is 276 lb. and peak acceleration is 300 g.Impacting different structures with hammer mounting both force transducer and accelerometer (opposite ends) shows that striking different types of structures and materials has little or no effect on the transducer sensitivi

57、ties or on their ratio. The low electronic noise of the built-in transducer amplifiers facilitates processing the data in computers.Different impact caps on a hammer striking a pendulous mass holding the accelerometer have very little effect on their ratio.Observe that this force transducer, structu

58、red specifically for impact testing, generates a quality signal without ringing or other spurious signals in most applications.Different extenders change the hammer structure (mass) modifying its behavior and changing the apparent force sensitivity of the hammer when striking a test object. The refe

59、rence sensitivity of the transducer is reduced by the ratio of the seismic mass (impact cap and distributing mass) of the force transducer to total mass of the hammer. The change is minus 2 to 30 percent depending on the configuration. This normal behavior of the hammer structure suggests calibrating the hamm