(完整word版)2014年考研英语一真题及答案-打印,推荐文档

1、12014 年研究生入学考试英语（一）试题Sectio n I Use of En glishDirecti ons:Read the follow ing text. Choose the best word(s) for each nu mbered bla nkand mark A,B,C or D on the ANSWER SHEET.(10 points)As many people hit middle age, they often start to notice that their memory and mental clarity are not what they us

2、ed to be. We sudde nly can_1_ we put the keys just a mome nt ago, or an old acqua intance n ame of an old band we used tolove. As the brain_ 2_ , we refer to theseoccurre nces as se nior mome nts._ 3_ seem in gly innocent, this loss of men talfocus can pote ntially have a (n)_ 4_ impact on our profe

3、ssi on al, social, andpers onal_ 5_ .Neuroscie ntists, experts who study the n ervous system, are in creas in gly showing that there sactually a lot that can be done. It_ 6_out that the brainn eeds exercise in much the same way our muscles do, and the right men tal7can sig nificantly improve our bas

4、ic cog nitive_8_ . Thinking is esse ntially a9of making connections in the brain. To a certa in exte nt, ourability to_ 10_ in maki ng the connections that drive in tellige nee is in herited._11 , because these conn ecti ons are made through effort and practice, scie ntists believe that intellige ne

5、e can expa nd and fluctuate 12 men tal effort.Now, a new Web-based compa ny has take n it a step_13_ and developedthe first brain training program designed to actually help people improve and rega in their men tal 14_ .The Web-based program_15_ you to systematically improve yourmemory and atte nti o

6、n skills. The program keeps_ 16_ of your progress andprovides detailed feedback_ 17_ your performa nee and improveme nt. Mostimporta ntly, it_18_ modifies and enhan ces the games you play to_19_on the stre ngths you are develop ingmuch like a( n)_ 20_ exercise routi nerequires you to in crease resis

7、ta nee and vary your muscle use.1. Awhere Bwhe n Cthat Dwhy2. Aimproves Bfades Crecovers Dcollapses3. AIf BUnless COnce DWhile4. Auneven Blimited Cdamaging Dobscure5. Awellbei ng Be nviro nmen t Crelati on ship Doutlook6. Aturns Bfinds Cpoints Dfigurest remembers n ame, ort27. Aro un dabouts Bresp o

8、n ses Cworkouts Dassociati ons8. Age nre Bf un cti ons Ccircumsta nces Dcriteri on9. Achannel Bcondition Csequence Dprocess10. Apersist Bbelieve Cexcel Dfeature11. A Therefore B Moreover C Otherwise D However12. Aaccording to Bregardless of Capart from Dinstead of13. Aback Bfurther Caside Darou nd14

9、. Asharpness Bstability Cframework Dflexibility15. Aforces B remi nds Churries Dallows16. Ahold Btrack Corder Dpace17. Ato Bwith Cfor Do n18. Airregularly Bhabitually Cconstantly Dunusually19. Acarry Bput Cbuild Dtake20. Arisky Beffective Cidle DfamiliarSectionnReading ComprehensionPart ADirecti ons

10、:Read the followi ng four texts. An swer the questi ons below each text by choosing A, B, C or D.Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (40 points)Text 1In order to change lives for the better and reduce dependency George Osbor ne, Chan cellor ofthe Exchequer, i ntroduced the upfr ont work search sc

11、heme. Only if the jobless arrive at the jobcentrewith a CV, register for online job search, and start look ing for work will they be eligible for ben efit andthe n they should report weekly rather tha n fortni ghtly. What could be more reas on able?More appare nt reas on able ness followed. There wi

12、ll now be a seve n-day wait for the jobseekers allowance. Those first few days should be spent looking for work, not looking to sign on. he claimed.Were doing these things because weknow they help people stay off ben efits and help those on ben efits get into work faster. Help? Really?On first heari

13、ng, this was the socially concerned chancellor, trying to change lives for the better,complete with reforms to an obviously in dulge nt system that dema nds too little effort from the n ewlyun employed to find work, and subsidises laz in ess. What motivated him, we were to un dersta nd, washis zeal

14、for fundamental fairness protecting the taxpayer, controlling spending and en suri ng thatonly the most deserv ing claima nts received their ben efits.Losing a job is hurting: you don t skip down to the jobcentre with a song inyour heart, delighted at the prospect of doubli ng your in come from the

15、gen erous state. It is finan cially3terrifyi ng, psychologically embarrass ing and you know that support is mi nimal and extraord in arilyhard to get. You are now not wan ted; you support is mi nimal and extraord in arily hard to get. You arenow not wan ted; you are now excluded from the work en vir

16、 onment that offers purpose and structure inyour life. Worse, the crucial in come to feed yourself and your family and pay the bills has disappeared.Ask anyone n ewly un employed what they want and the an swer is always: a job.But in Osbor nela nd, your first in st inct is to fall into depe ndency p

17、ermanent dependency if you can get it supported by a state only too ready to in dulge yourfalsehood. It is as though 20 years of ever-tougher reforms of the job search and ben efit admi nistrati onsystem n ever happe ned. The prin ciple of British welfare is no Ion ger that you can in sure yourself

18、against the risk of un employme nt and receive uncon diti onal payme nts if the disaster happe ns. Eve n thevery phrase jobseeker s allowaneenvend in 1996 is about redefining the un employed as ajobseeker who had no man datory right to a ben efit he or she has earned through making n ati onal insura

19、 nce con tributio ns. In stead, the claima nt receives a time-limited allowance, conditional onactively seeking a job; no en titleme nt and no in sura nce, at 71.70 a week, one of the least gen erous inthe EU.21. George Osborne s scheme was intended toA provide the un employed with easier access to

20、ben efits.B encourage jobseekers active engagement in job seeking.C motivate the un employed to report volun tarily.D guara ntee jobseekers legitimate right to ben efits.22. The phrase, to sig n on (Line 3, Para. 2) most probably meansA to check on the availability of jobs at the jobce ntre.B to acc

21、ept the government s restrictions on the allowance.C to register for an allowa nce from the gover nment.D to atte nd a gover nmen tal job-trai ning program.23. What prompted the cha ncellor to develop his scheme?A A desire to secure a better life for all.B An eagerness to protect the unemployed.C A

22、n urge to be gen erous to the claima nts.D A passi on to en sure fair ness for taxpayers.24. Accord ing to Paragraph 3, being un employed makes one feelA un easyB e nraged.C i nsulted.D guilty.425. To which of the followi ng would the author most probably agree?A The British welfare system in dulges

23、 jobseekerslaz in ess.B Osbornes reforms will reduce the risk of unemployment.C The jobseekersallowanee has met their actual needs.D U nemployme nt ben efits should not be made con diti on al.Text 2All around the world, lawyers gen erate more hostility tha n the members of any other professionwith t

24、he possible excepti on of journalism. But there are few places where clie nts have moregrounds for compla int tha n America.During the decade before the econo mic crisis, spe nding on legal services in America grew twiceas fast as in flati on. The best lawyers made skyscrapers-full of mon ey, tempti

25、 ng ever more stude nts topile in to law schools. But most law graduates n ever get a big-firm job. Many of them in stead becomethe kind of nu isa nce-lawsuit filer that makes the tort system a costly ni ghtmare.There are many reas ons for this. One is the excessive costs of a legal education. There

26、 is just onepath for a lawyer in most American states: a four-year un dergraduate degree in some un related subject,the n a three-year law degree at one of 200 law schools authorized by the America n Bar Associati onand an expe nsive preparati on for the bar exam. This leaves today-schoci average la

27、wgraduate with $100,000 of debt on top of un dergraduate debts. Law-school debt means that manycannot afford to go into gover nment or non-profit work, and that they have to work fearsomely hard.Reformi ng the system would help both lawyers and their customers. Sen sible ideas have bee naround for a

28、 long time, but the state-level bodies that gover n the professi on have bee n too conservative to impleme nt them. One idea is to allow people to study law as an un dergraduate degree.Ano ther is to let stude nts sit for5the bar after only two years of law school. If the bar exam is truly a ster n

29、eno ugh test for a would-belawyer, those who can sit it earlier should be allowed todo so. Stude nts who do not n eed the extra training could cut their debt moun tai n by a third.The other reason why costs are so high is the restrictive guild-like ownership structure of the bus iness. Except in the

30、 District of Columbia, non -lawyers may not own any share of a law firm. This keepsfees high and innovation slow. There is pressure for cha nge from with in the professi on, but opp onentsof cha nge among the regulators insist that keeping outsiders out of a law firm isolates lawyers from thepressur

31、e to make money rather tha n serve clie nts ethically.In fact, allowing non-lawyers to own shares in law firms would reduce costs andimprove services to customers, by en courag ing law firms to use tech no logy and to employ professional man agers to focus on improvi ng firms After all, other countr

32、ies, such as Australia and Britain, havestarted liberalizing their legal professi ons. America should follow.26. a lot of stude nts take up law as their professi on due toA the grow ing dema nd from clie nts.B the increasing pressure of inflation.C the prospect of work ing in big firms.D the attract

33、io n of finan cial rewards.27. Which of the following adds to the costs of legal education in most America n states?A Higher tuiti on fees for un dergraduate studies.B Admissions approval from the bar association.C Pursuing a bachelor s degrenother major.D Receivi ng trai ning by professi onal assoc

34、iati ons.28. Hindrance to the reform of the legal system origi nates fromA lawyers and clie nts stro ng resista nee.B the rigid bodies gover ning the professi on.C the stem exam for would-be lawyers.D non- professionals sharp criticism.29.The guild-like own ership structure is con sidered restrictiv

35、epartly because itA ba ns outsiders invo Iveme nt in the professi on.B keeps lawyers from holdi ng law-firm shares.C aggravates the ethical situation in the trade.D prevents lawyers from gaining due profits.3O.ln this text, the author mainly discussesA flawed ownership of America s law firms and its

36、 causes.efficie ncy.6B the factors that help make a successful lawyer in America.C a problem in America s legal profession and solutions to it.D the role of undergraduate studies in America s legal education.Text 3The US$3-milli on Fun dame ntal physics prize is in deed an in terest ingexperiment, a

37、s Alexander Polyakov said whe n he accepted this year s award in March. And it is farfrom the only one of its type. As a News Feature article in Nature discusses, a stri ng of lucrative awardsfor researchers have joined the Nobel Prizes in rece nt years. Many, like the Fun dame ntal PhysicsPrize, ar

38、e fun ded from the teleph one-nu mber-sized bank acco unts of Internet en trepre neurs. Theseben efactors have succeeded in their chose n fields, they say, and they want to use their wealth to drawatte nti on to those who have succeeded in scie nee.What s not to like? Quite a lot, according to a han

39、dful of scientists quoted in the News Feature.You cannot buy class, as the old say ing goes, and these upstart en trepre neurs cannot buy their prizesthe prestige of the Nobels, The new awards are an exercise in self-promotion for those behind them, sayscientists. They could distort the achieveme nt

40、-based system of peer-review-led research. They couldceme nt the status quo of peer-reviewed research. They do not fund peer-reviewed research. Theyperpetuate the myth of the lone geni us.The goals of the prize-givers seem as scattered as the criticism. Some want to shock, others todraw people into

41、scie nee, or to better reward those who have made their careers in research.As Nature has poin ted out before, there are some legitimate concerns about how scie neeprizes both new and old are distributed. The Breakthrough Prize in Life Sciences, launched thisyear, takes an unrepresentative view of w

42、hat the life sciences include. But the Nobel Foundationhre6 rediipienf tper prize,each of whom must still be living, has long been outgrown by the collaborative n ature of moder nresearch as will be dem on strated by the in evitable row over who is ignored whe n it comes to ack nowledg ing the disco

43、very of the Higgs bos on. The Nobels were, of course, themselves set up by a veryrich in dividual who had decided what he wan ted to do with his own mon ey. Time, rather tha n inten ti on,has give n them legitimacy.As much as some scie ntists may compla in about the new awards, two thi ngs seem clea

44、r. First,most researchers would accept such a prize if they were offered one. Secon d, it is surely a good thi ngthat the money and atte nti on come to scie nee rather than go elsewhere, It is fair to criticize andquestion the mechanism that is the culture of research, after all but it is the prize-

45、 givers moneyto do with as they please. It is wise to take such gifts with gratitude and grace.31. The Fun dame ntal Physics Prize is see n asA a symbol of the entrepreneurs wealth.7B a possible replacement of the Nobel Prizes.C an example of bankers investments.D a han dsome reward for researchers.

46、32. The critics think that the new awards will most ben efitA the profit-oriented scientists.B the foun ders of the new awards.C the achieveme nt-based system.D peer-review-led research.33. The discovery of the Higgs bos on is a typical case which invo IvesA c on troversies over the recipie nts stat

47、us.B the joint effort of modern researchers.C legitimate concerns over the new prizes.D the dem on strati on of research findin gs.34. Accord ing to Paragraph 4,which of the followi ng is true of the Nobels?A Their en dura nee has done justice to them.B Their legitimacy has long bee n in dispute.C T

48、hey are the most represe ntative honor.D History has n ever cast doubt on them.35. The author believes that the now awards areA acceptable despite the criticism.B harmful to the culture of research.C subject to un desirable cha nges.D un worthy of public atte nti on.Text 4The Heart of the Matter, th

49、e just-released report by the America n Academy of Arts and Scien ces(AAAS), deserves praise for affirmi ng the importa nee of the huma nities and social scie nces to theprosperity and security of liberal democracy in America. Regrettably, however, the report s failure toaddress the true nature ofth

50、e crisis facing liberal education may cause more harm than good.In 2010, leading congressional Democrats and Republicans sent letters to the AAAS asking that itidentify actions that could be taken by federal, state and local gover nmen ts, uni versities, foun dati ons,educators, in dividual ben efac

51、tors and others to maintain national excellence in humanities and socialscientific scholarship and educati on. In resp on se, the America n Academy formed the Commissio non the Huma nities and Social Scien ces. Among the commissi on s 51members are top-tier- uni versity preside nts, scholars, lawyer

52、s, judges, and bus in ess executives, aswell as prominent figures from diplomacy, filmmaking, music and journalism.8The goals ide ntified in the report are gen erally admirable. Because represe ntative gover nmentpresupposes an in formed citize nry, the report supports full literacy; stresses the st

53、udy of history andgover nment, particularly America n history and America n gover nment; and en courages the use ofnew digital tech no logies. To en courage inno vatio n and competiti on, the report calls for in creased investme nt in research, the crafting of cohere nt curricula that improve stude

54、nts ability to solveproblems and com muni cate effectively in the 21st cen tury, in creased funding for teachers and the encourageme nt of scholars to bring their learning to bear on the great challenges of the day. The reportalso advocates greater study of foreig n Ian guages, intern atio nal affai

55、rs and the expa nsion of studyabroad programs.Un fortun ately, despite 2? years in the makin g, The Heart of the Matter never gets to the heart ofthe matter: the illiberal nature of liberal education at our leadi ng colleges and uni versities. Thecommissi on ignores that for several decades Americas

56、 colleges and universities have producedgraduates who don t know thcontent and character of liberal educati on and are thus deprived of its ben efits. Sadly, the spirit ofinquiry once at home on campus has bee n replaced by the use of the huma nities and social scie ncesas vehicles for publiciz ing

57、progressive, or left-liberal propaga nda.Today, professors routi nely treat the progressive in terpretati on of history and progressive publicpolicy as the proper subject of study while portra yingcon servative or classical liberal ideas such as free markets and self-relia nee as falling outside the

58、boundaries of routine, and sometimes legitimate, intellectual in vestigati on.The AAAS displays great en thusiasm for liberal educatio n. Yet its report may well set back reformby obscuri ng the depth and breadth of the challe nge that Con gress asked it to illu min ate.36. According to Paragraph 1,

59、 what is the author s attitudeetoward thAAAS s report?A CriticalB AppreciativeC Con temptuousD Tolera nt37. Influential figures in the Congress required that the AAAS report on how toA retain people s interest in liberal educationB define the government s roleducationC keep a leading position in lib

60、eral educationD safeguard in dividuals rights to educati on38. Accord ing to Paragraph 3, the report suggests9A an exclusive study of America n historyB a greater emphasis on theoretical subjectsC the applicati on of emerg ing tech no logiesD funding for the study of foreign Ianguages39. The author