(完整word版)上海版牛津英语8B资料2

1、上海版牛津英语 8B 第一章 学习辅导材料（11.01）学习新词语product n. 产品 例如：Our new product will go on the market.我们的新产品即将上市。【同根词】：produce， product ionproduce v. 生产；制造；产生 例如：We produce vegetables.我们生产蔬菜。producti onn. 生产；产生 例如：、The product ion of televisi on sets is very complex. 电视机制造非常复杂。 scie ntist n.科学家 例如：My brother s am

2、bition is to be a scientis 我兄弟的志愿是成为一名科学家。【同根词】：scienee, scientificscienee n.科学scientific adj.科学的 例如：The scientists in this university are interested in modern science and they spend most of their timeon their scientific research.这所大学的科学家们对现代科学感兴趣，他们把大部分时间用于科学研究。breathe v.呼吸例如：He breathed hard whe n

3、 he was ill yesterday.他昨天生病时，费力地呼吸。【同根词】：breath, 呼吸 例如：Smith s heavy breath disturbed his wife史密斯 s 沉庭的乎吸扰乱了他、太太的睡眠。hectare n. 公顷 1 hectare = 10,000 square metres （1 公顷=10,000 平方米） 例如：That factorygversa n area of 150 hectares.那个工厂占地 150 公顷。 alive adj【词义辨析】：alive，alive 是表语形容词，I am your frie nd as lon

4、g as I am alive.白也、右也口- .（be） in terested in 对.感兴趣 例如：Are you interested in movies? 你对电影感兴趣吗？【词义辨析】：interested， interestinginterested adj.感兴趣的。一般表示对某人或某物感兴趣。例如：He is interested in computers. 他对电脑感兴趣。in teresti ng adj.有趣的；令人感兴趣的。一般表示某样事物令人感兴趣。He is an interesting boy.他是个有趣的男孩。Chemistry is an interest

5、ing subject. All of us are interested in it.化学是一门有趣的学科，我们都对它感兴趣。as well as 也，还 例如：They study French as well as Ch in ese 他们既学法语也学中文。【词义辨析】：as well as, not onlybut also,bothand都用于连接两个相同的语法部分。as well as 强调的是两个相同语法部分的前者。例如：He can play violin as well as guitar.他既能拉小提琴，也能弹吉他。（强调会小提琴）n ot o nlybut also 强调

6、的是两个相同语法部分的后者。例如：He can play not only violin but also guitar.他不仅能拉小提琴，也能弹吉他。 （强调会吉他）bothand前后两个语法部分都注重。例如：He can play both violin and guitar.他能演奏小提琴和吉他。（不分前后一样重要）air con diti oner n.j.（表语形容词）活着；在世livi ng都是“活着”的意思，用法不同。例如：般在句子中放在系动词后面，用作表语。例如：只要我活着就是你的朋友。living 是定语形容词，一般在句子中放在名词前用作定语。例如：There are not

7、 any livi ng things in the mou ntai n area 在 这个山区里没有任何活着的东西。 warn v.警告：使警惕 例如：Xiaofe ng warned me aga inst pickpockets. 小峰警告我要提防扒手。【同根词】：warni ng n.警告；警示 例如： /There is a warni ng sig n at the corner of the street.街角那儿有一块警示牌。nature n.自然界；大自然 例如： 、I am in favour of return to n ature. 我赞成回归自然。【同根词】：n a

8、tural adj.自然的 例如：、This mountain village has natural beauty. 这个山村有自然的美。【词组】：空调 例如：Air con diti oners make us feel more comfortable in summer and win ter. 夏天和冬天，空调使我们感到更加舒服。one ano ther 互相 例如：、We must help one ano ther and lear n from one ano ther.我们必须互相帮助，互相学习。【同义词】：each other- 互相； 彼此-语法知识现在进行时一.现在进行

9、时表示的意义：1. 表示现在（说话瞬间）正在进行或发生的动作，锂调动作发生的时间是此时此刻。例如；I am readi ng an En glish book.我正在看一本英语书。She is watchi ng TV.她正在看电视。2. 表示目前一段时间内的活动或现阶段正在进行的动作。例如：What less ons are you studyi ng this week?你们本周学哪些课了？ Tom s parents are working in Chinathis year 汤姆的父母今年一直在中国工作。二. 现在进行时的句子结构：现在进行时由“助动词 be +动词的现在分词”构成，b

10、e （am, is, are 是助动词，不做联系动词用， 不解释“是”。其句子结构为：1. 肯定句由“主语+ be + v.-i ng +其他”构成。例如：I am clea ning the classroom.我正在打扫教室。They are play ing the pia no.2. 否定句由“主语 + be + not +v.-i ng +其他”构成。例如：He is not watchi ng TV.他没在看电视。 They are not writi ng.他们没在写东西。3. 一般疑问句由“ Be +主语+ v.-ing +其他？”构成， 其肯定答句为“ Yes,主语+ be”

11、否定答 句为“ No,主语+ be + not”。例如：Is she liste ning to the music?她正在听音乐吗？Yes, she is. / no, she isn 是的，她在听。/不，她不在听。Are they runnin g?他们正在跑步吗？Yes, they are. / No, they aren是的,t 他们在跑。/ 不，他们不在跑。4. 特殊疑问句由“特殊疑问词 + be +主语+ v.-ing +其他？ ”构成。例如：What are you doi ng?你们正在做什么？Who is he talk ing to?他正在和谁谈话？三. 现在分词的构成：1

12、. 直接在动词原形末尾加-ing。例如：teach teach ing play play inglook look inggogoing2. 以不发音的字母 e 结尾的动词，先去掉 e 再加-ing。例如：write writ ingtaketakinglivelivi nggive givi ng3.以重读闭音节结尾的动词，且末尾只有一个辅音字母时，应双写该辅音字母再加-ing。例如：putputt ingrunrunningbeg in begi nningswimswimmi ng四. 现在进行时的标志：1. 句中有副词 now 时，常表示动作正在进行，这时要用现在进行时。例如：The

13、 childre n are playi ng football now.孩子们现在正在踢足球。2. 句首有 look, listen 提醒注意时，提示我们动作正在进行，这时要用现在进行时。例如：Look! A train is coming. 看！ 火车来了。Liste n! He is readi ng.听！他正在朗读。3. 句首有表示钟点的时间时，提示动作正在进行，这时要用现在进行时。例如：It s six o clock. My mother is cooking break!在六点了，我妈妈正在做早餐。4. 根据语境或上下文理解，如果是动作正在进行，这时要用现在进行时。例如：Don

14、t make no ise. The baby is sleep in 不要吵，婴儿正在睡觉。五. 没有进行时态的动词：在英语中有一些动词没有或很少有进行时态。到目前为止，我们学过的没有进行时态的动词可分为以下几类：1. 表示感觉的感官动词，如 see “看见”，hear “听见”，find “找到”，notice “留意”等。 例如：Do you hear the noise of a plane 你听到飞机的声音了吗？We see him.我们看见他了。注意：有些表示感观的动词，如 listen to, look at 强调的是听和看的动作，而不是结果，所以可 用于现在进行时态中。例如：T

15、hey are liste ning to the teacher.他们在听老师讲课。2.表示态度和感情，心理状态等意思的动词，如like“喜欢”，love “爱”，know “知道”， want “想要”，hope “希望”，hate “恨”，think “认为”，believe “相信”等。例如：I like dog.我喜欢狗。I wa nt to go out for a walk now.我现在想出去散步。3. 当 have, has 表示“拥有”时。例如：I have a lot of books.我有许多本书。-注意：当 have, has 表示“吃饭； 开会； 玩得痛快”等意思时

16、，可用于进行时态。例如:-We are hav ing a good time.我们玩得很愉快。4.表示状态的 be 动词“是”。例如：He is at home.他在家里。六. 现在进行时和一般现在时的区别：1. 时间状语：(1)一 般 现在时表示经常性、习惯性的动作或状态，强调的是经常性和习惯性，通常与always,ofte n, sometimes, usually 等频度副词以及 in the day, in the morni ng / after noon / eve ning, on Sundays, at weeke nds 等短语连用。例如：My father ofte n

17、reads books after dinner.我父亲经常饭后看书。(2) 现在进行时表示讲话时或目前一段时间内正在发生的事情，通常与 n ow, these days, at this time等时间状语连用。例如：一 ，、He is playi ng the pia no now.他现在正在弹钢琴。Look! They are watching TV.看！他们正在看电视。2. 谓语动词：(1)一般现在时谓语动词的构成有三种情况： be动词用am, is, are；实意动词用原形或第三人 称单数形式；情态动词 +动词原形。，例如：My brother is a policeman.我的哥哥

18、是一名警察。(be 动词用 is)She doesn t wear a white unifo 她不穿白色工作服。(实意动词用单数第三人称形式)He can speak En glish.他会说英语。(情态动词 +动词原形)(2)现在进行时的谓语动词构成为：be (am, is, are) +v.-ing。例如：Are you clea ning the classroom?你正在打扫教室吗？She is eati ng dinner.她正在吃饭。相关练习题填空：1. Now the stude nts each_an En glish-Ch in ese dictio nary. (have

19、)2. What is Mum doing now? She_ some clothes. (wash)3. Whose watch is lost? Mr. Smith s. Look! He_ it everywhere. (look for)4. Cindy, dinner is ready. Where s JoHe_homework in his room. (do)5. Don t turn on the TV. Grandma_晴可.(sleep)1. How many kinds of polluti on do you know?a)_b)_ c)_2. Think up s

20、ome ways of fighting pollution:a) _b) _c) _d) _e) _3. What can we get from trees and that we use ,eat, drink or wear in our daily lives?a) use:_b) eat:_c) drink:_d) wear:_4. When is Tree-planting Day in China? Do you know any other countries ?2.各个击破:Words(单词)1) .熟读课文中出现的新单词，掌握其音、形、义、；类及其搭配2) .查词典，了解

21、下列词的意思，主要搭配,及抄下至少一个例句。a._com muni cate _,b.hardly _ ,_c.in terview _,_tect_ ,_e.release_,_f.pure_,_3) .找出符合a.n_ made by nature, not by manb.n_ unpleasantc.sip_ drink in small amountsd.oa life-giving gas found in aire. a c_ something produced by chemistryf. h_ area of 10,000 square metresg. w_sa

22、y that something bad or dangerous may happen3. 重难点突Phrases（短语）把握下列短语.a.be interested in_b.indan ger_c.cut down_d.let out _e.belong to_f.on earth_g.keepalive_municate with_tect oneself_4. 合作探究”Read Protecti ng our en vir onment“ polluti on fighte Discuss ”hat you can lear n from the textingroups

23、. Judy is collect ing in formati on for a project on pollutio n. What does she lear n?P1-2:_P3-12:_P13-14:_P15-16:5. 训练A. Fill in the blanks with correct words.1. The old man is so weak. He can_ stand.2. The new park covered an area of six_ .3. At the top of high mountains, there is very little_ in

24、the air.4. I must_ you not to go out. There is a storm coming.5. This country has few_ resources.6. The farmer used a_ to kill the in sects in their fields.7. These days we can_ with pen-friends by e-mails.8. The TV progarmme_a famous film director about his latest film.9. There s a_ smell coming fr

25、om the dustbin.10. The water in the stream was not polluted. It was_ .11. The police_ some pris oners last year.12. He forgot to tur n off the air con diti oner, so it was_ all ni ght.B. Do Part D. Find the facts by yourselves.C. Do Part E Read and think6. 拓展延伸In groups, make your own poster about t

26、rees and the ben efits of trees. Put it up in your classroom orschool. Let every one know the importa nee of protect ing trees.Assig nmen ts:1. remember the new phrases. 2. Search and get more in formati on about the ben efits of trees.课后测评题I.Choose the best answer1. We should have_ fast food,_ fres

27、h vegetables and take eno ugh exercise.A. fewer, fewer B. less, more C. fewer, more D. less, less2. This cup of water is very hot. You can only_ , or you will be hurt.A. eat B. drink C. sip D. have3. Stude nts will make great progress if they_a subject.A. are in terested in B. are in terest ingC. ar

28、e in terestedD. are in terest ing in4. The in dex page of a book usually comes_.A. at the beg inning of a book B. in the middle of a bookC. at the end of a book D. at the bottom of each page5. Don t_ him_into the forest. We are not allowed_the big trees.A. let, goes, cut dow nB. let, go, to cut dow

29、nC. lets, goes, cuts dow n D. lets, to go, cut dow n6. Have you fini shed your homework?A. chemical B. chemistry C chemicals D. chemistry s7. I_you aga in.A. warned B. warnC. wont warn D. am warning8. They were warned_ the mou ntain in such bad weather.A. to climb B. not to climbC. climbi ngD. n ot

30、climbi ng9. The room is_small_ hold so many people.A. so, that B. too, to C. very, to D. eno ugh, to10. Her mother asked her where_ holidays.A. did you spe ndB. you spe nt yourC. she spe nt her D. did she spe ndn.Choose the words or expressions which are closest in meaning to underlined partsA. almo

31、st noB. thi nk it is trueC. quite a lotD. drink in small amountofE. un pleasa ntF. made by n atureG. worki ng1. Doctor Ray is a scie ntist about trees. We suppose she knows everyth ing about trees.2. My watch isn riinning well.3. There is hardly any chanee that we will win the football match.4. The

32、tea was so hot that she could not drink it fast, so she had to sip it.5. I don t like the cheese withnflsy smell.川.Fill in the blanks with the words in the box in their p-roper formshealthy chemistrypolluti oncom muni cati onwarn dan gerousnature1. He drove so fast that I really felt my life was in_

33、.2. Water is one kind of the_eleme nts.3. The workers used a_to kill mice in the factory.4. The Japa nese can not speak En glish. Would you please use Japa nese to_with them?5. There is a_before the film in each DVD.6. We must stop that factory from_the river as soon as possible.IV. Rewrite the sent

34、ence as required1. Trees are com muni cati ng with one ano ther.（ 改为一般疑问句并作肯定回答）_com mun icati ng with one ano ther? Yes,_.2. Judy is in terviewi ng Doctor Ray. （改为否定句）Judy_ Doctor Ray.3. Scientists are only now beginning to understand trees.（对戈 U 线部分提问）_scie ntists only now begi nning to_ ?4. We ar

35、e destroying our best fighters against pollution.（对戈卩线部分提问）_you_ ?V. Reading comprehensionAA plant makes its own food in its leaves. Water comes to the leaves through the roots. Air goes into theleaves through very small holes. The green coloring in the leaves uses the water and air to make the food

36、for the plant. It also needs sunshine because a pla nt can make food only whe n the sun is shining.Animals and people could not live without green plants. They both eat plants. People and someanimals also eat the meat of some animals and these animals eat pla nts.T and F1. A plant gets food from its

37、 roots.2. A plant has very small holes in its leaves for air to come in.3. A plant can make its food when it is cloudy.4. Water comes into a plant through its roots.5. People could live without pla nts.BDeserts do not stay the same size. Sometimes they grow bigger. Sometimes they get smaller. Thewor

38、ld s biggest desert, the Sahara, is in Africa. Right now, the Sahara Desert is grow ing fast.Why is the Sahara growing? In some places, people farm too much. In other places, animals eat allthe grass. Or, people cut down the trees. This makes the soil weak. Weak soil lets the desert grow.Why is it a

39、 problem? People cannot grow food in the desert. People cannot built houses, hospitals, orschools in the desert. So, people must leave their homes. They must live somewhere else.What can people do? They can plant trees. They can also farm less. These things make the soil stronger. Maybe the Sahara w

40、illstop grow in g. It s a big problem. Many people must work together to solve it.T and F6. The size of the deserts stay the same all the time.7. One of the reasons for the growing of Sahara is farming too much.8. Deserts make trouble for people.9. Pla nting trees can help people farm less.10. Stopp

41、 ing the grow ing desert is not a big problem.上海版牛津英语 8B 第二章 学习辅导材料学习新词语daily adv. 每天(every day)例如：I want to study En glish well, so I have to practise it daily.我想学好英语，因此我必须每天练习。He plays football daily.他每天都踢足球。daily adj.每日的；日常的 n.日报 例如：There are great cha nges in their daily lives.他们的日常生活有巨大的变化。This

42、 is a People s Daily 这是一份人民日报。in crease v.(使)增加 例如：The wheat product ion in creased a great deal this year.今年的小麦产量大幅度增加。We have in creased the price of paper.我 们提高了纸张的价格。【反义词】：decrease v.减少 例如：The populati on in Germa ny decreased last year.去年德国的人口减少了。Your hunger decreases as you eat.你的饥饿感在你吃饭时会渐渐消失

43、。 impatie ntadj. 不耐烦的 例如：She is becoming impatient. 她变得着急起来。【同根词】： patie nt; impatie nt; patie nee1.patient adj.有耐心的，例如：She is so kind and always patient with those naughty children.她对这些淘气的孩子们是如此的和蔼，有耐心。2.impatie nt adj. an gry at havi ng to wait 不耐烦的，急躁的，例如：As a nurseryteacher, you mustn t be impat

44、ient with the children.作为幼儿园教师，你不该对孩子急躁。3. patienee n.容忍；耐心，例如：I have no patie nee with him aga in.我对他不再有耐心 了。 comfortably adv.舒服地 例如：He is sitti ng comfortably in that armchair.他舒服地坐在那把扶手椅子里。【同根词】：comfort; comfortable; comfortably1. comfort v.安慰；鼓舞 n.安乐；舒适；安逸，例如：He lives in comfort.他过得很舒服。（n.）I fou

45、nd comfort in his words.我从他的话中得到了安慰。（n.）She comforted the sick child.她安慰这个生病的孩子。（v.）2. comfortable adj.舒适的，舒服的，例如：She lives a comfortable life.她过着舒适的生活。3. comfortably adv. with no pai n or worry 舒适地，安乐地 pump 1. v. push by machi ne 用泵）抽，抽吸；打气，例如：The villagers had pumped the well dry and could get no

46、more water.村民们已把水井抽干了，再也抽不出水来了。He pumped up his tires.他给车胎打足了气。2. n.泵；水泵，例如：They are wateri ng the fields with many pumps.他们正用许多泵浇灌着田地。freeze v. （ froze froze nfreez ing）1. stop moving suddenly 突然停止，惊呆），例如:Fear made him freeze in his tracks.恐惧使他突然停止前进。He froze in front of the audie nee.他在观众面前吓呆了。2.

47、冷冻，冷藏（食物），例如：Not all fruit and vegetables freeze well.并非所有的水果和蔬菜都适合冷藏。plant n. 1. building with machines in it 工厂，车间， 例如：Whe n the pla nt closed dow n, many factory workers lost their jobs. 工厂关门了，很多工人失业了。2.植物，例如：Trees and vegetables are pla ntsW木和蔬菜是植物。【词义辨析】：speed; hurry1. speed v. （sped sped speed

48、ing） move quickly 指快速运动或行动。例如：The ambula nee sped to the hospita I 救护车快速开往医院。He was arrested for speedi ng.他因超速行车而被捕。The train sped through the coun tryside.火车从乡间飞驰而过。Postal workers labored overtime to speed delivery of the Christmas mail.邮政工人加班加点已加速圣诞期间新信件的发送。2. hurry v. move or do sth. quickly or

49、too quickly意指比通常快得多的速度，经常伴随着混乱或骚动。例如：If you don t hurry, you ll miss tl 如果你 n 不迅速些，你将会错过班机了。Don t let anyone hurry you into making a decisi on youter. ll regret la不要在任何人的催促下作出你以后会为之后悔的决定。reply;an swer （ v. & n.）1. reply 和 answer 都表示“回答”， 都可以做名词和动词。 answer 为一般用语； reply 的用法比 较正式，多用于经过深思熟虑后对对方问题和论点

50、作出解释、辩论或陈述性回答。这两个词在做名词时都可以与 to 连用，指“. 的答案或答复”。answer 较常用，如：answer a question（the door bell, the phone, the letter, etc.）例如：He has an swered my letter.此句仅表明他回了我的信，说明他已经收到我的信。）An swer this questio n.回答这个问题。（动词）I asked her the reason, but she didn我问她原因助 她却没有回答。（动词）I received no reply / an swer to my re

51、quest .我的要求没有得至 U 任何答复。（名词）They did n ot reply to our new suggesti on.他们对我们的新建议没有作出答复。（动词）I had no reply to my letter.我没收到回信。（名词）2. answer 是及物动词，后面可直接跟宾语；而 reply 是不及物动词，跟宾语须与 to 连用; 可表示对电话、敲门等作出的应答，而reply 则没有这种用法。例如：He has replied to my letter.（此句表明他将我信中的问题都一一回答了。）You must reply to / an swer this le

52、tter right away.你必须马上回复这圭寸信。Who an swered the telepho ne?谁接的电话？如果是指练习题的“答案”，一般用answer。例如：The answer to 6 multiplying 10 is 60.六乘以十的答案是六十。五.常用词组：answervanish v. disappear 消失，突然不见，vanish into thin air 消失不见 vanish indarkness 在黑暗中消失 reply v. & n.常用词组有：in reply （to）为答复.；作为对.reply for sb.代表某人作答辩 look

53、v.常用词组有：vanish from sight 消失不见vanish into no thi ng 化为乌有的答复 make (n o) reply 不)作答复/答谢祝酒reply to 回答；答复use onessight; turn the eyes in some direction; try to see 看; 视； 望。常用词组look arou nd 四周环顾 look at 看，朝看look back（与 on, to 连用）回想，想起 look for寻找look like 看起来像look out 注意，小心 look over 翻阅，浏览look up 在书中查到，查阅

54、（词典）finish with 以.为结束，例如：He fini shed with the work.He fini shed the performanee with a song. 他以一首歌曲结束表演。 remember not to do sth. 记得不要做某事，例如：You must remember not to pollute the water.你们必须记住，不能把水污染了。Remember not to make the same mistake aga in.记住不要再犯相同的错误了。 mea n by .意思是，例如：What do you mean by sayin

55、g that?你那样说是什么意思？语法知识一.句型 It is + adj. + for sb. （of sb.） to do sth.（对事加以评论 /对人加以评论） 不定式短语作主语时，常用形式主语 it 来代替，而真正的主语放在句子的谓语后面。例如:It is difficult for you to read through this book a week or so.对你来说一星期左右看完这本书有困难。It is useful for you to learn how to use the computer. 学习使用计算机对你有好处。It was brave of you to

56、go into the burning build ing to save the child.你冲入火场救那个孩子，真勇敢。It s necessary for us to learn English today.在对我们来讲，学英语非常重要。(a) few 和(a) little 的用法1. (a) few 用在可数名词 n.C之前，(a) little 用在不可数名词 n.U之前。例如：He took a few biscuits. (a few = several) 他拿了几块饼干。He took few biscuits. (few = not ma ny) 他拿的饼干不多。He t

57、ook a little butter. (a little = some) 他拿了点黄油。He took little butter. (little = not much) 他拿的黄油不多。2. few 可由 hardly any 或 almost no 所替代，含否定的意味。例如：The composition is well written; it has few mistakes. = The composition is well written; it has hardlyany mistakes.这篇作文很好写，几乎没有多少错误。Few men can solve it. =

58、Almost no men can solve it. 几乎没有人能解决它。3. a few 相当于 some, several,含肯定的意味。例如：He has a few frie nds. = He has some frie nds. = He has several frie nds.他有一些朋友。4. a little 和 little 之间的差别，就和 a few 和 few 的差别一样，只是(a) little 修饰不可数名词，表量或程度。例如：He grows worse; there is little hope of his recovery.他病情恶化了，恢复的希望很小

59、了。He is not much better, but there is a little hope.他病情不是那么好，但是有点希望。三.其它的数量形容词1. plenty of, a lot of, lots of 都表示许多，修饰复数可数名词或不可数名词。例如：The room contained ple nty of / a lot of / lots of stude nts. 这个房间容纳了许多学生。(stude nts是复数名词)The room contained plenty of / a lot of / lots of furniture.这个房间容纳了许多家具。 (fu

60、rniture 是 不look round 环视look after 照料，照顾look dow n on 轻视，看不起look out of 朝.外看look through 从头看完，透视look up and dow n 上下打量他以这项工作做为结束可数名词)2. a great deal of, a good deal of, a large qua ntity of, a small qua ntity of, a large amount of, a smallamount of 均表量，修饰不可数名词。例如：The room contained a large quantity of furn