毕业论文外文翻译--构建中小型企业电子商务

1、外文原文一building an e-business foundation for a small-to-medium business作者:christopher l merrill.国籍：usa出处： op.htm原文正文：abstract:as the 21st century has came,the modern net an telecommunication technologies based on the internet has been uesd widely in many areas.the eonomic globalization and infromation

2、 have became the most obvious features and tends of the new century.we human beings would enter a new age which is based on advanced internet economy,which is the trend of society development.economic internef s birth shows the life of internet based virtual market.this is a new,powerful,fast-growin

3、g and digital market.under this circumstance,chines enterprises started to enter emarket,setting up their websites.some companies made breakthoughs on capital and scale limitations and aquiring acceesses for international market.especially for those small companies who really did a good job on the u

4、se of internet.facing this trend, chongqing yiwoke technolege developoment ltd corporation began to settle z,which is the third platform for business and other ideas.even the competition in this area is extremely fierece,and the living environment for it was changing everyday,but the they made very

5、good marketing strateyies,which really benefit them a lot:.and this essay has a good academic research and practical significance.相关理论；different scholars define electronic commerce in different way. marilyn greentein and todd m. feinman define electronic commerce as: the use of electronic transmissi

6、on mediums (telecommunications) to engage in the exchange, including buying and selling, of products and services requiring transpoliation, either physically or digitally, from location to location. they think electronic commerce is different from electronic business in that the former is restrictin

7、g, however, and does not fully encompass the true nature of the many types of information exchanges occurring via telecommunication devices whereas, the term electronic busi ness also in eludes the excha nge of informatio n not directly related to the actual buying and selling of goods. increasingly

8、, businesses are using electronic mechanisms to distribute information and provide customer support. these activities are not "commercen activities; they are "business" activities. thus, theterm electronic business is broader and may eventually replace the term electronic commerce. al

9、though the term electronic commerce is used throughout this text, many of the activities described are more accurately classified as electronic business.kalakota and whinston (1997) define ec from these perspectives:from a communications perspective, ec is the delivery of information, products/ serv

10、ices, or payme nts over teleph one lines, computer n etworks, or any other electronic means.from a busi ness process perspective, ec is the applicati on of tech no logy toward the automation of business transactions and work flow.from a service perspective, ec is a tool that addresses the desire of

11、firms, consumers, and management to cut service costs while improving the quality of goods and increasing the speed of service delivery.from an on line perspective, ec provides the capability of buying and selling products and information on the inter net and other online services.lou gerstner, ibm&

12、#39;s ceo: '*e-business is all about cycle time, speed, globalization, enhanced productivity, reaching new customers and sharing knowledge across institutions for competitive advantage.”li qi, a professor and expert in this field, defines ec from the perspective of productive force. he thinks th

13、ere should be two definitions. the broader definition is that electronic commerce is the use of electronic tools in commercial activities these electronic tools range from telegram, telephone of early times to nil, gil and internet of modern times. the commercial activities here refer to all lawful

14、activities of demand and consumption except for typical production process. the narrower definition is that electronic commerce is the whole process in which people ,who master information tech no logy and business regulati ons and rules, systematically use electronic tools and efficiently and low-c

15、ostly engage in all kinds of activities centering on the exchange of commodities and services in a highly technically and economically advaneed society. the first definition can be simplified as commercial electronic application; the second can be shortened as electronic commercial system.edi is a s

16、ubset of electronic commerce. a primary difference between the two is that electronic commerce encompasses a broader commerce environment than edi. traditional edi systems allow pre-established trading partners to electronically exchange business data. the vast majority of traditional edi systems ar

17、e centered around the purchasing function. these edi systems are generally costly to implement. the high entry cost precluded many small and mid-sized businesses from engaging in edi. electronic commerce allows a marketplace to exist where buyers and sellers can ”meet” and transact with one another.

18、classification of the ec field by the nature of the transactionsa comm on classification of ec is by the n ature of tran sactio n. the following types are distinguished :business-to- business (b2b). most of ec today is of this type. it includes the ios transactions and electronic market transactions

19、 between organizations.business-to-consumer (b2c). these are retai i i ng tran sacti ons with individual shop-pers the typical shopper at amazon, com is a consumer ,or customer.consumer-to-consumer (c2c). in this category consumer sells directly to consumers. ex-amples are individuals selling in cla

20、ssified ads (e. g., www. classified 2000 com ) and selling residential property ,cars, and so on . advertising personal services on the inter-net and selling the knowledge and expertise is another example of c2c. several aucti on sites allow in dividuals to put items up for aucti ons fin ally, many

21、individuals are using in-tranets and other organizational internal networks to advertise items for sale or servicesconsumer-to-business (c2b). this category in eludes individuals who sell products or services to organizations, as well as individuals who seek sellers, interact with them , and con elu

22、de a tran saction .nonbusiness ec. an increased number of nonbusiness institutions such as academic institutions, not-for-profit organizations, religious organizations, social organizations, and government agencies are using various types of ec to reduce their expenses (e. g., improve purchasing) or

23、 to improve their operations and customer service.intrabusiness (organizational)ec in this category we include all internal organiza-ti onal activities, usually performed on intra nets, which involve exchange of goods serv-ices, or information. activities can range from selling corporate products to

24、 employees to online training and cost-reduction activities.note that what we described as ios is a part of b2b electronic markets, on the other hand, can be associated either with b2b or with b2cintroduction and overviewthis article explains how a solution provider can help a small or medium busine

25、ss become an e-business a fictional company serves as a case study of extending a simple web presence to enable commerce, real-time collaboration, and partner exchange for small and medium businesses the solution features products from the ibm® express portfolio.introductionno business, big or

26、small, can ignore the web these days. the decision to become an e-business can result from any number of challenges, including the need to adopt new tech no logies imposed by large customers who drive the company*s business .in in creasing nu mbers, small- and medium- sized companies find that they

27、must meet the it requirements of the bigger companies they supply, or lose business to competitors who have evolved into e-businesses. for example, some large retail firms (sometimes referred to as "gorillas") require their suppliers to comply with specific standards to meet or improve the

28、 retailer's it requirements. other smaller businesses create their own challenges in their quest to wrest market share from their competitors regardless of the driving force, small and medium businesses must become e-businesses to remain competitive in spite of a unique set of technical challeng

29、es and dema nds. to meet these challenges, these businesses ofte n look to solution providers and business partners to assist in the transformation. this, in turn, creates many market opportunities for service providers and business partners as more businesses join the ranks in the march toward acqu

30、iring e-business capability.this article is for solution developers of small-to-medium businesses, who could be in-house it shops, services providers or business partners. it explains what you as a solution provider can do to help a small or medium business meet its goal of becoming an e-businessour

31、 ibm software group system house eexchange team has developed a solution based on this seenario. based on our market research, we've defined a hypothetical company called the swish swash windshield wiper company. using our services as a solution provider, we'll show how this company can esta

32、blish an in ternet prese nee and progressively extend its reach in the marketplace to serve its customers more effectively.this article and subsequent articles in this series illustrate how ibm products and solutions, in particular the ibm express portfolio of products, can help you create and evolv

33、e such a solution. each subsequent article in this series will expand on the concepts discussed in this introduction to explain how you can enable a small or medium company for e-business.small-to-medium business descriptionwhat are the characteristics of a small-to-medium business? we define a mid-

34、market, small-to-medium business as a company with fewer than 1,000 employees the typical company has been in business for 17 years and has between six and ten branch offices. it is located in a suburbsn office park and uses local solution providers to build and maintain its it solutions.the number

35、of it staff for any business scales with the size of the company. on average, companies between 100 and 249 employees dedicate five sta什 members to it-related projects. this number sometimes exceeds 20 in companies between 500 and 999 employees.business valuescompared to large enterprises, a smaller

36、 business may have a limited budget for building adaptive, information technology infrastructures. with fewer resources, it needs tools and solutions that work out of the box, with minimal additional servicesthe most important business objectives are reducing operating costs, improving process effic

37、iency, and demonstrating quick return on investment. solution development, customization, and deployment must be rapid, lowering the cost of services. ease of installation and upgrade are important too, and unwanted features must be avoided to keep cost and complexity in check. the time required to

38、implement such a solution should be measured in weeks and days, not months at the same time, the solution needs to represent a competitive advantage.to help smaller companies attain these goals, solution providers look for features that enable easy installation and administration of their solutions

39、products must be self-diag no sing and self-correcting in resp onse to user, environ mental, and internal errors they must also provide simple upgrade paths for increasing functions and migrating to new releases all of these attributes reduce the training, technical expertise, and time commitments r

40、equired of the end users in the smb.business contextfor this article, we*ve chosen a fictional automobile windshield wiper company as a case study. our company, the swish swash windshield wiper company, is a medium-sized business with seven branch offices and 800 employees, including 19 it staff mem

41、bers swish swash has been in business for 15 years, selling products through mail-order catalog and at retail locations through a network of resellers who are business partners. customers can obtain product information from the company's printed catalog and can purchase products from the busines

42、s partners or place direct orders by mail, telephone, or faxseveral staff members maintain or interact with the it system:an o什ice manager, who administers information systemsa business analyst, who maintains product information and monitors business resultsan order clerk, who enters customers* orde

43、rsa customer support representative, who takes teleph one calls and responds to customers* questions and concernsfigure 1 illustrates the interaction between the roles in the broader business context.swish swash windshield aaper companycustomercustomercustomer facingcompany andproductinformatio nord

44、er formsand requestscustomerassistancebusinesspartnerback officeproductinformatio nupdatebusinessactivity reportsordermanagementordermanagementwiper manufacturer employeesresellerfigure 1. business context diagramextend its business,the swish swash windshield wiper company wants to enabling customer

45、s to browse catalogs and order online, while still maintaining a high level of customer service and in teraction. at the same time, it want to conn ect with its suppliers and resellers electronically, integrating its back-end processes and sharing data with these business partners. once this is acco

46、mplished, it wants to continually improve its site and capabilities to provide the best user experience for both customers and partners, and a competitive advantage for itself.solution overviewan infrastructure is the foundation of a business or organization, serving as the framework for internal an

47、d external communication, processes, and transactions. the infrastructure's architecture determines how functional and exterisible the system will be in meeting future requirements. using a solid system infrastructure ensures a trusted, high-performanee solution.small business in frastructures m

48、ust provide reliable, efficie nt comm unications with business partners, suppliers, and customers. they must also guarantee performance for critical, internal applications. figure 2 represents the seenariotopology for our e-business infrastructure see implementing the solution for definitions of eac

49、h component.帕 ryou can benefit from a solution based on this topology if your business:wants to extend its catalog presenee to the webneeds a scalable, highly available, secure environment for e-businessneeds to in teg rate existing and new applicati onswants to advertise retail products and informa

50、tion on the webneeds inn ovation in electronic comm un ication to facilitate faster resp onse times and lower coststhe seenario has four stages:web presencecommercelive chatbusiness-to-business partnerin the first stage of the seenario, web presenee, we build the infrastructure for e-business. we as

51、sume the business has a limited web presenee or needs to make its existing presenee dynamic to attract more customers this stage lets customers easily find information about the business and contact it through a postal address, e-mail address, or telephone number. the infrastructure provides a stron

52、g, secure, reliable foundation on the path to becoming an e-business. it supports key industry standards such as html, http, j2ee, xml, and web services.in the second stage, commerce, we add e-commerce capability to the existing web site, providing the buying experience expected by online customers.

53、 customers can browse a catalog and view detailed product information, use a personalized, virtual shopping cart, and pay for purchases electronically. this stage provides a secure, reliable platform for conducting e-commerce, supports industry standards, and seamlessly in teg rates with existi ng b

54、ack-e nd systems like inventory databases.in stage three, live chat, we extend the e-business with human interaction to give it more responsive, personal contact with its customers when a customer has a question about a product or about how to complete a purchase, they can simply communicate with a

55、customer support agent through an applet. agents can immediately contact internal product experts or accounting personnel and give quick answers to customers. this instant messaging fulfills stringent security and availability requirements, and is easy for both customers and agents to usesmaller bus

56、inesses can also benefit by electronically connecting to suppliers and resellers. in stage four, business-to-business partner, we implement business process integration and data sharing among trading partners. this stage helps reduce integration costs and enables faster deployment of new processes a

57、nd services. it assures reliable message delivery and provides heterogeneous, any-to-any connectivity through a standard api.implementing the solutioneach stage in the solution requires a sequenee of development activities to implement the swish swash solution. these development activities are descr

58、ibed in this section.web presenceto enable the e-business web site, we:define and create a database used by the web site to serve dynamically rendered content and graphicsdevelop graphics such as page banners, business logos, buttons, animations or other special effects.develop page content such as

59、company, product, news, con tact, and employment information.develop the web site by combining static text, graphics, and navigation and rendering dynamic content served from the database.test and deploy the site.commerceto extend the web site to support on-line transactions, we:create the page layout and shopping flow based