毕业论文正文[1]

1、1. IntroductionLiterature is not only an art but also a mirror of real life. When studying a literary work, scholars actually study history. Nowadays an increasing number of scholars have begun to study the history of a country' s economic, poutatefcamiculfrom the perspective of literature becau

2、se through differe nt kinds of literary works, we can see all sorts of feeli ngs such as joy, an ger, sorrow and various truths. The manifestation of literature is manifold, one of which is tragedy. In the tragedy, it is in evitable that the heroes or heroines should suffer a setback or disadva ntag

3、e, cover themselves in dishonor, experience tribulation or even fail or die though they have reas on able motivati on, wishes, ideal, or passi on which may in dicate a victory or success. But fin ally they will either die or get mad. With a bad ending, tragedy ofte n contains a certa in philosophy o

4、f life.“ Tess of the D ' urbervilles ” is one of the Hardy ' s tragedies, a masterpiece whi( brought him in to a nu mber of literary critics no tice. It reflected the writer 'real society and its social system and morals; therefore studying this novel can help us to know about the histor

5、y of his age. Many scholars have always put emphasis on the tragedy of Tess for a long time. Only a few scholars made researches for the tragedy of its hero An gel Clare. He was a con tradictory unity -he was bold in struggli ng with the traditi onal view but in the mean time he could not break the

6、shackles of feudal ideas.2. A brief acco unt of Tess of The DrbervillesIt seems that the fictional works do not concern with the real world. But weknow that before the writers beg in to create their works, it can be said that their social experie nce may be their primary material for creati on. Some

7、 writers created the roles and en vir onments in order to revolt aga inst the worldly prejudice of their ages. These's background. Bef®recsnilyzinkinds of words are expected to tell people the truth of a society .In many cases, the social backgro und of the no vel is the writer of Clare 

8、9; tsagedy, this paper will discuss two aspects of this novel, namely “the writing background ”nd “ thewriter and his works ” from which we can see the backgro und of this no vel.2.1 The writing backgroundThomas Hardy was the last importa nt no velist of the Victoria ages. The Victoria n age was an

9、age of realism rather than of romanticisma realism which strives to tell the whole truth showing moral and physical diseases as they are. Victorian literature, in general, truthfully represented the reality and spirit of this age which was the great age of the English noverealistic, crowded with cha

10、racters, and long. Hardy, who also shown the truth of this age had a high place in Western literature which came from the agitation of life and fatalism of human being. His tragedies in the history of Western literature were no an accide nt for the tragedy con scious ness.Thomas Hardy studied Greek

11、tragedies and Shakespearea n tragedies all his life. And he was deeply in flue need by Schope nhauer agedy cortscious ness.Schope nhauer was a famous philosopher who believed that life was a tragefe was filled with desire. If a person had a desire but could not gain his desires, he would feel pain f

12、ul; however, whe n he could gain his desires, he would become in sipid. This was ano ther torme nt. Schope nhauer grouped tragedy into three types: the tragedy caused by those who committed heinous crimes, the tragedy led by the irony of fate and the tragedy caused by misun dersta nding and distrust

13、 betwee n pers ons in everyday life. In his opinion, the last tragedy was the most terrible one which we can see in Hardy' s works. Hardy began to creating the novels in the early 1870s. In the late 1890s, he tur ned to write poetry. The Brita in in this period was un dergo ing a transition peri

14、od from laisser-faire capitalism to imperialism.With one remark he had ripped away the mask of British society.2.2 The writer Thomas Hardy and his workLiterature is reflect ion of life. Almost all writers created their novels accord ing to his social background. We can see many literary works writte

15、n on the basis of their ages. They wan ted to bring out the social facts by their works. It should be such a free way that they could rebuke the dark society. People can feel the society of the writersfrom their works and then identified with the writers. The writers hoped that they could let the pe

16、ople know the dark aspects of the gover nment and the n fine an echo from them by their works. To some extent, a novel should be a history. From the introduction of Thomas Hardy and the main content of Tess of The D' urbervilles mustbe helpful to show us the background of Clare' s tragedy.2.

17、1.1 About the writer -Thomas HardyThomas Hardy (1840H1928) , born in 1840 near Dorchester, was a famousBritish poet and novelist. Hardy began his writing career as a novelist, publishing Desperate Remedies in 1871, and was soon successful eno ugh to leave the field of architecture for writi ng.Hardy

18、 was pessimistic in his view of life. He bravely challe nged many of the sexual and religious conventions of the Victorian age.Hardy' s works reflected the tremendous changes and people ' s miserable lives especially the women' s lives insocial economic, politics, morals, custom, etc. He

19、 was good at viewing life with a tragic lig ht.“ Tess of The D ' urbervilles ” was his masterpiece which was no ted by lotsof critics of differe nt periods.2.1.2 The main content of Tess of The D' urbervillesTess of The D ' urbervilles came into conflict with Victorian morality. In thisn

20、o vel, Hardy reaches the height of his achieveme nt as a no velist. It tells of that a village girl called Tess who was a beautiful, pure, pla in, hon est, assiduous and clever went through a miserable life. She was born in a poor family and lived in a peculiar society. The son of the D ' urberv

21、illes Alec raped her and she was pregnant. She fell in love with An gel Clare before long. Clare loved her very much and Ion ged to marry her but she delayed to an swer this offer of marriage just because she did not know how to tell the truth of being raped. Despite this, at last this kin dhearted

22、and sin cere girl decided to tell him this bad thing. However, whe n Tess told him the truth that she was raped by a knave Alec, he could not forgive her for havinganother man ' s child eve n though she forgave him everythi ng. An gel Clare became very angry and abandons Tess. One day she found

23、Alec became a minister. After her father' s deatun expectedly, Tess had the burde n of the family welfare on her shoulders, and theywere shortly thereafter evicted from their cottage. She believes deep dow n that An gelhad abandoned herand Tess knew her family would do well by Alec' s wealth

24、 andproperty. But to her surprised, An gel retur ns from Brazil, repe nting his harsh ness, but found her living with Alec. Tess kills Alec in desperation, she was arrested . She makes him promise to marry her sister, Liza Lu, after her death, which he agrees to do.3. The origi ns of An gel Clare &#

25、39; s tragedyTragedy can also be a vision of life, which is shared by most Western cultures and hav ing its roots. The esse nee of tragedy is almost the same thought differe nt writers create the stories from differe nt poi nts of view and with differe nt tech niq ues. A nu mber of critics had many

26、kinds of in terpretati ons for An gel Clare' s tragedy irTess of The D ' urbervilles. They analyzed his complicated character from different perspectives.3.1 Social rootsHere social roots refer mai nly to the social conven ti ons and moral sta ndards which led to Clare ' s tragedy. Clare

27、 lived in such conditionstlwhmasculine authority played an importa nt role in traditi onal society. An gel Clare was one of the victims of this society. At that age, wome n were regarded as being subord in ate in the household. The chastity for them is the most important thing. The traditional view

28、on chastity considered a woman' s chastity as the prerogative of her husband. If thewome n lost her virtue, she must be immoral. On the one hand the male made the moral sta ndards for the female, dema nding of the female to be pure and virg in al; on the other hand, the male in dulged himself in

29、 sexual matters. They dema nded that the most magnanim ous act the female had should be chastity; n evertheless, those who broke the women ' s chastity were the males themselves. That is to say, only the males in that society were right. The female could say nothing for his wrong. So Tess asking

30、 Clare “ Forgive me as you are forgive n! I forgive you. An gel”3.2 Psychological rootsA person ' s way of seeing things plays an important role all his life. Hardynaming his hero“ An gel ” might have his own intent. We know that An gel should bepure; however, from the development of the plot, w

31、e can not see“ pure ” from AngeClare. An gel Clare was born in a rich pastoral family, but he was un willi ng to obey his father and brothers. He did not abide by the old custom and etiquette.At the newly-married night, Tess decided to tell him her “guilt ” in detgei An out with Tess and then went t

32、o Brazil alone though he had lived a loose life with a woman who was not acquaintedwith him. He could not forgive Tess her“ guilt ”.4. Con clusi onLiterature has come very close to daily life, reflecting its practical problems andinterests and is used as a powerful instrument of human progress. Lite

33、rature originates from life and the n reforms life. They can make you subc on sciously and deeply believe that all the things they described really happened. They are true to li you can see their faces and feel their sound, pace and thoughts. With the excelle nt literary works, we can feel the histo

34、ry vividly. As an important part of literature, tragedy has showed its artistic attractio n. The reas on why a great nu mber of readers tend to be affected by the plots of tragedies is that some of them had the same or similar experie nee with the characters in the no vels.The western tragedies put emphasis on the soul-stirring spirit from the fear. Thestro ng tragedies can touch the heart of the readers. The moder n western tragedies represe nted the life style of moder n we