中国矿业大学 《大地测量学基础》与《GPS及现代定位技术》

1、目录前言1一、实习地区介绍21-1实习地区所在地理位置21-2交通情况21-3地形地物（包括植被）概况21-4吃住条件21-5已知控制点利用情况2二、执行规范名称2三、控制网的布设、作业计划和作业组织33-1控制网示意图33-2起算数据43-3实习的任务和分工43-4 GPS观测5四、参加选点、埋石工作54-1综述54-2点之记5五、仪器检验75-1规范规定的检验75-2光学对点器检验75-3水准仪器检验7六、GPS静态相对定位测量96-1使用仪器96-2观测方法106-3数据处理方法106-4最终提供成果10七、水平角观测207-1使用仪器及仪器状况207-2观测方法207-3对规范中操作规

2、定的看法与体会217-4观测记录成果及成果质量21八、水准测量228-1施测等级228-2使用仪器及仪器检查情况228-3施测方法228-4精密水准观测注意事项238-5观测记录成果及成果质量23九、电磁波测距及三角高程测量249-1使用仪器249-2观测方法249-3观测记录成果及成果质量249-4三角测量高差与级水准高差比较24十、实习过程中碰到的困难和问题，解决问题的方法及作业经验26十一、内业计算2611-1外业资料的检查验收情况2611-2 GPS网测量概算2711-3导线网概算2711-4水准网概算29十二、完成任务情况统计31十三、收获、体会、建议31前言大地测量学是测绘工程专业

3、的一个重要的技术基础课。通过实习，对观测、记录、计算等基本功的训练，提高动手能力和解决实际问题的能力。通过实习，增强个人工作的责任感，培养关心集体、团结互助的团队精神。1.实习目的（1）进一步巩固、加深大地测量学、GPS的有关理论知识。（2）熟练掌握大地测量学、GPS所使用的一起及观测方法，提高控制测量实践能力。（3）培养和提高解决实际问题及组织社会生产的管理能力。（4）进行热爱测绘事业的教育。2.本次实习的性质这次的实习是关于“大地测量学”以及“GPS及现代定位技术”这个主题。为了加强一级导线以及二等水准测量的能力。3.实习时间和实习地点实习地点：南湖校区教学与生产实习基地三号测区实习安排：

4、外业测量任务时间：2010年7月1日-2010年7月10日内业概算及平差计算处理时间：2010年7月11日-2010年7月14日4.实习的组织和安排我在测绘10-2班第4组实习。本组共5人。成员如下：罗京辉(组长)，达吾列提，朱建伟，遥望，王若云。平时主要由我负责每天的安排及任务调度以及内业计算。一、实习地区介绍1-1实习地区所在地理位置实习地区为矿大南湖校区教学与生产实习基地具体为3号测区。测区主要包含计算机学院、理学院、建筑工程学院、管理学院。1-2交通情况测区内道路畅通，交通相对来说比较方便。1-3地形地物（包括植被）概况测区内基本上都是学院楼，道路两旁有树木，测区内包含两座桥，高差相对

5、较大。通视情况基本上可以。1-4吃住条件吃住自力更生，较方便。1-5已知控制点利用情况本测区有一个已知控制点I24，其平面X、Y坐标需要通过GPS测量测得。这就需要对学校的一些点和外面已知的三个点E088、泉山点、汉王点进行GPS网型设计。再通过GPS网平差，求出I24点的坐标。水准通过环测学院S00点构成闭合环，进行观测。其中，S00点的高程需通过从泉山点引来。二、执行规范名称（1）全球定位系统（GPS）测量规范GB/T 18314-2009。（2）全球定位系统城市测量技术规程CJJ73-97。（3）工程测量规范GB50026-2007。（4）城市测量规范CJJ8-99。（5）国家一、二等水

6、准测量规范GB/T 12897-91。（6）国家三、四等水准测量规范GB12898-91。（7）国家三角测量规范GB/T17942-2000。三、控制网的布设、作业计划和作业组织3-1控制网示意图GPS网：导线网：水准网：实际布设观测站时可能与图上有所差异，其中I5点在水准观测时由于距离较短及跨越马路和其他一系列原因，所以去掉，改为在I24和L6之间布设4站，中途经过一落差较大的桥。3-2起算数据点号XYH（56高程）备注汉王3784070.114511258.48154坐标3784023.786511206.00380坐标泉山（QSGY）3788109.4670514667.667755.9

7、50054坐标E0883787813.059513642.03439.966454坐标3787766.762513589.52039.96980坐标I0913788499.461512613.23051.84954坐标3788453.155512560.70651.84980坐标E1023784070.114511258.48147.87054坐标S0036.607概略高程3-3实习的任务和分工实习任务：全班共同完成一个测区的平面控制网及高程控制网的布设、观测及平差计算的全部工作。具体任务是：（1）全班进行选点、埋石的实践训练（2）全班共同完成若干GPS点的静态相对定位观测（3）全组完成全站仪

8、、一台水准仪及一对水准标尺的检验和记录（4）全组共同完成至少一条导线的水平角、垂直角的观测工作。每人独立完成至少2个测站点的水平角和垂直角的观测工作，没人独立完成至少2个测站点的全部记录工作。（5）全组共同完成一条导线的测距工作。（如果全站仪可同时进行角度与距离的观测）（6）全组共同完成一条导线上若干测段的二等水准观测工作。每个人都有不少于10站的观测和记录工作。（7）每人独立完成一份平面控制网和高程控制网的概算及平差计算。（8）每人编写一份实习报告。实习分工：在导线测中，两人看管棱镜，一人操作全站仪，一人记数，一人打伞；在二等水准测量中需要两人立尺，一人水准仪读数，一人记数，一人打伞，灵活掌

9、握。三角高程测量与导线测量同步进行。3-4 GPS观测GPS观测由四个班联合作业，共同完成GPS外业测量工作（主要由G-S组完成）。其中，每个人独立对GPS观测数据进行解算。每个人联合所有数据完成GPS水准高程计算。具体实施方法：20个组分别调一名成员共同组成G-S组，组员20人，根据领取GPS接收机数量分配人数，共同测定每组的导线起算点坐标，GPS组共同协调设计观测方案。四、参加选点、埋石工作4-1综述在实地确定控制点的具体位置，力争做到点位安全可靠，便于观测和保存，点间相互通视，控制网的图形结构良好。在实地设立测量标志，埋设标石。其几何中心表示点位。具体见3-1控制网示意图。4-2点之记根

10、据测区实际情况供选择13个点，具体点之记如下：五、仪器检验5-1规范规定的检验（1）测角、测距仪器光学对点器检验。应在观测之前进行检验。（2）水准仪器i角误差检验；水准标尺基辅读数常数测定；一对标尺零点差差测定；水准标尺每米长度误差测定。前3项检验应在水准测量前进行。其中，这些检验我均参加并负责这些项目的检验。5-2光学对点器检验如图：1.选择平坦位置放置一平板，平板上标注一A 点，在平板上方安置全站仪（仪器架设高度约1.3 米）并对中整平，全站仪的分划板中心与A 点重合。2.绕竖轴旋转光学对中器180°，若分划板中心与另一点B重合，做第一次校正，使分划板中心与AB 之中点重合，若分

11、划板中心仍与A 点重合，则可进行下一步步检验。3.改变A 点距光学对中器的距离(例如将平板向上移动，由1.3m 缩短为1.0m)，按照上步重新检验。若光学对中器旋转180°之后，分划板中心仍与A'重合则表明条件已经满足；若分划板中心并不与A'重合而与B'重合，则应校正，使分划板中心与A' B'之中点重合。上述检验和校正工作需反复进行，直到满足要求为止.经过检验，我们发现的全站仪正常，光学对点器检验正常。5-3水准仪器检验5-3-1水准仪器i角误差检验检验步骤：如上图所示，在一平坦场地，选择一条长为61.8m的直线J1、J2，将其长度等分成三段，

12、在A、B处打入木桩，并钉上圆帽钉作为立尺点。在J1、J2处先后架设水准仪。精密整平后，瞄准A、B亮点上所立水准尺，照准、读数四次。在J1点设站时的A、B水准尺上四次读数之中数记为a1、b1；在J2点设站时四次读数之中数记为a2、b2。将A、B水准尺上消除了i角影响后的正确读数记为a1、b1、a2、b2。表格如下：仪器站观测次序标尺读数高差(a-b)/mmi角计算A尺读数B尺读数J11234中数142 619 613 609 618a1=142123143 919 923 921 922b1=143921-12.72A、B标尺间距离S=20.6m2=(a2-b2)-(a1-b1)=1.3mmi=

13、10=J21234中数155 589 578 582 587a2=155584156 719 728 727 730b2=156726-11.42对于精密水准仪，要求i角小于20。超出限差时，必须对其进行校正。算出i=1.91<20,所以检验合格。5-3-2 一对水准标尺零点差及基、辅分划读数差常数的测定检验步骤：在距水准仪2030m等距离处，打入3根木桩，钉以圆钉，桩顶间高差约为20cm。分别将标尺立于桩顶进行观测，对于因瓦水准标尺，应该观测3个测回。每一个测回中，依次将两根标尺立于每一木桩上，使用光学测微器，按基本分划和辅助分划各读数3次，望远镜的视准轴位置应保持不变。测回间应变更仪

14、器高。表格记录如下：测回桩号15189水准尺读数15190水准尺读数基本分划辅助分划辅减基基本分划辅助分划辅减基I11409.354425.253015.901409.504425.453015.951409.424425.153015.731409.504425.403015.901409.454425.093015.641409.504425.303015.8021411.504426.883015.381411.634427.003015.371411.604427.103015.501411.604427.003015.401411.604427.083015.481411.60442

15、7.003015.4031456.154471.653015.501456.554472.103015.551456.204471.753015.551456.554472.183015.631456.204471.753015.551456.554471.923015.57平均1425.724441.303015.581425.864441.483015.6211392.884408.043015.161392.984408.463015.481392.304408.053015.751392.984408.463015.481392.304408.043015.741392.984408.

16、453015.4721394.424410.023015.601394.594410.223015.631394.424410.013015.591394.594410.223015.631394.424410.013015.591394.594410.223015.6331439.394454.853015.461439.354455.023015.671439.394454.853015.461439.344455.023015.681439.394454.853015.461439.354455.023015.67平均1408.774424.303015.531408.974424.57

17、3015.5911405.944421.313015.371405.824421.223015.401405.934421.313015.381405.814421.223015.411405.934421.323015.391405.814421.213015.4021407.824423.113015.291407.894423.303015.411407.824423.113015.291407.894423.303015.411407.834423.123015.291407.904423.303015.4031452.624468.043015.421452.854468.27301

18、5.421452.634468.053015.421452.854468.273015.421452.634468.043015.411452.854468.273015.42平均1422.134437.493015.361422.184437.603015.41总中数1418.874434.363015.491419.004434.553015.54一对因瓦尺基辅分划读数差常数平差值：3015.52mm两标尺基辅分划读数差常数的差为：0.05mm注：读数差常数与名义值之差不应超过0.05mm对于1cm格值的水准标尺（N3型水准标尺），尺常数为3.01550m六、GPS静态相对定位测量6-1使

19、用仪器 GPS接收机、卷尺6-2观测方法四个班联合作业，共同完成GPS外业测量工作。采用8台GPS接收机进行数据采集，用两个时段。每时间段45分钟；数据采样间隔1015秒GPS观测作业的主要目的是捕获GPS卫星信号，并对其进行跟踪、处理和量测，以获得所需要的定位信息和观测数据。天线安置完成后，在离开天线适当位置的地面上安放GPS接收机，接通接收机与电源、天线、控制器的联接电缆，并经过预热和静置，即可启动接收机进行观测。6-3数据处理方法利用Compass软件进行基线向量的结算。步骤如下：GPS网平差基线解算预处理数据传输数据采集6-4最终提供成果网平差报告1 坐标系统 1.1 坐标系统名称 B

20、eijing541.2 基准参数 椭球长半轴a6378245.0000椭球扁率f1/298.300000001.3 投影参数 M0=1.00000000投影比率H=0.0000投影高Bm=0投影面的平均纬度B0=0:00:00.00N原点纬度L0=117:00:00.00E中央子午线N0=0.0000北向加常数E0=500000.0000东向加常数2 三维无约束平差 2.1 平差参数 基准WGS-84迭代次数2参考因子1.00平方检验(=95%)通过自由度1322.2 基线向量及改正数 基线起点->终点.时段DX/改正数(m)DY/改正数(m)DZ/改正数(m)距离/改正数(m)中误差/

21、相对误差(m)I025->I075.191B-955.5494-434.5670-93.10021053.84570.03490.00110.00640.0030-0.00391: 30186I67->I068.191H-74.4088-140.6286132.3232206.93600.0123-0.0028-0.00380.00080.00411: 16799I025->泉山点.191B-1788.7439-954.853559.33652028.51440.02120.00110.0024-0.0010-0.00211: 95498I67->I045.191H45

22、9.1962-270.4418673.0847858.51210.0330-0.0030-0.00310.00120.00031: 26012I025->E088.191B-945.3858-350.8251-193.48911026.77680.0211-0.00660.01980.0119-0.00301: 48753I67->I043.191G409.7578-199.8899546.6246711.79770.0243-0.0003-0.00370.00060.00131: 29331I025->I008.191B-482.2194-82.2481-232.03435

23、41.42420.02120.0022-0.01470.0164-0.00681: 25582I67->I008.191G-97.0380-753.6476912.81281187.69870.0073-0.00010.0195-0.0088-0.01911: 161891I025->I009.191B-425.473427.6358-337.3588543.69320.0222-0.0010-0.0038-0.01320.00871: 24469I67->I009.191G-40.2920-643.7638807.48821033.48560.0126-0.0059-0.0

24、0180.00670.00661: 82129I025->I024.191C-142.2999-14.6324-82.9657165.36830.0230-0.00210.00200.0052-0.00101: 7184I67->泉山点.191H-1403.5625-1626.25301204.18352462.67020.0103-0.0029-0.01130.00250.01031: 238697I025->I074.191B-890.5709-300.8754-221.8686965.85100.0291-0.0018-0.00280.00310.00181: 3315

25、2I67->E088.191H-560.2044-1022.2246951.35801504.61100.0071-0.0015-0.01760.00470.01551: 211967I075->泉山点.191B-833.1945-520.2865152.4367994.05640.03260.00100.0074-0.0028-0.00511: 30460I068->I045.191H533.6050-129.8132540.7616770.71970.0340-0.00420.00250.0015-0.00231: 22688I068->I043.191G484.1

26、667-59.2613414.3015639.98040.02540.0081-0.0224-0.01050.00141: 25208I075->I008.191B473.3300352.3190-138.9341606.19520.0324-0.0007-0.01440.0118-0.01161: 18711I068->I008.191G-22.6292-613.0190780.4896992.70760.01250.00040.0232-0.0075-0.02031: 79292I075->I009.191B530.0760462.2028-244.2586744.495

27、90.03320.01390.0146-0.00000.01891: 22449I068->I009.191G34.1168-503.1352675.1651842.70800.0154-0.0018-0.00060.00420.00361: 54761I075->I024.191C813.2495419.934610.1345915.32640.0336-0.00660.0046-0.0070-0.00381: 27213I068->泉山点.191H-1329.1537-1485.62441071.86042263.31930.0134-0.0036-0.00270.002

28、10.00491: 169049I075->I074.191B64.9785133.6916-128.7685196.66460.03610.0053-0.0080-0.0028-0.00191: 5451I068->E088.191H-485.7956-881.5960819.03481297.70060.01220.0022-0.01320.00500.01131: 106449泉山点->E088.191B843.3581604.0284-252.82561067.71910.0094-0.00620.00590.0111-0.00411: 114118I045->

29、I043.191G-49.438470.5519-126.4601153.01600.0394-0.03470.01630.00940.01091: 3879泉山点->I008.191B1306.5245872.6054-291.37081597.91850.00970.0024-0.02960.0122-0.01641: 164073I045->I008.191G-556.2342-483.2058239.7280774.82510.03290.01490.0132-0.0131-0.02301: 23521泉山点->I009.191B1363.2705982.4893-3

30、96.69531726.60320.0134-0.0005-0.0028-0.0054-0.00071: 129017I045->I009.191G-499.4882-373.3220134.4035637.90450.0340-0.00840.00360.00830.00631: 18772泉山点->I024.191C1646.4440940.2211-142.30221901.32680.01730.0002-0.00470.0040-0.00251: 110196I045->泉山点.191H-1862.7587-1355.8113531.09882364.35190.0

31、334-0.0005-0.0058-0.00060.00361: 70811泉山点->I074.191B898.1730653.9781-281.20511146.07090.0251-0.0019-0.00480.0037-0.00511: 45703I045->E088.191H-1019.4006-751.7828278.27321296.83880.03290.0006-0.01460.00490.00911: 39471E088->I008.191B463.1664268.5770-38.5452536.78900.00640.0079-0.03250.0011-0

32、.00951: 83278I043->I008.191G-506.7959-553.7577366.1881835.21460.02430.0215-0.0111-0.0233-0.01591: 34409E088->I009.191B519.9124378.4608-143.8698658.96890.01210.0105-0.0098-0.01960.00691: 54638I043->I009.191G-450.0499-443.8739260.8636683.82660.0254-0.0087-0.0134-0.00070.01421: 26937E088->I

33、024.191C803.0859336.1927110.5234877.60350.01700.0074-0.0124-0.00790.00101: 51750I043->泉山点.191H-1813.3203-1426.3632657.55892398.96360.0249-0.00380.00160.00580.00361: 96528E088->I074.191B54.814949.9497-28.379679.40430.02480.0048-0.0120-0.0078-0.00151: 3201I043->E088.191H-969.9622-822.3347404.

34、73341334.49250.0241-0.0055-0.0372-0.00530.02531: 55317I008->I009.191B56.7460109.8838-105.3245162.44330.0122-0.00310.0280-0.01950.03051: 13311I008->I009.191G56.7460109.8838-105.3245162.44330.0122-0.0006-0.02220.0148-0.02481: 13311I008->I024.191C339.919567.6157149.0686377.27790.0172-0.00440.0

35、351-0.00320.00101: 21955I008->泉山点.191H-1306.5245-872.6054291.37081597.91850.0097-0.0030-0.02520.01200.01841: 164073I008->I074.191B-408.3515-218.627310.1657463.30570.0248-0.00430.0231-0.0080-0.00731: 18653I008->E088.191H-463.1664-268.577038.5452536.78900.0064-0.0065-0.02990.01720.02181: 8327

36、8I009->I024.191C283.1735-42.2682254.3931383.00090.0190-0.00390.00110.01420.00641: 20184I009->泉山点.191H-1363.2705-982.4893396.69531726.60320.0134-0.0038-0.0050-0.00650.00431: 129017I009->I074.191B-465.0975-328.5112115.4902581.01050.0262-0.0041-0.00270.01260.00731: 22207I009->E088.191H-519.

37、9124-378.4608143.8698658.96890.01210.0047-0.0175-0.00240.00581: 54638I024->I074.191B-748.2710-286.2430-138.9029813.10430.0273-0.00300.01030.0086-0.00231: 29785泉山点->E088.191H843.3581604.0284-252.82561067.71910.00940.0056-0.01110.0027-0.00251: 1141182.3 (Tau)检验表 基线Tau-XTau-YTau-ZI025->I075.19

38、1B0.01510.05420.0296I67->I068.191H0.11380.14750.0475I025->泉山点.191B0.01950.03780.0302I67->I045.191H0.02470.04280.0269I025->E088.191B0.09120.21850.1246I67->I043.191G0.00510.05300.0134I025->I008.191B0.03010.15740.1610I67->I008.191G0.00160.48180.3347I025->I009.191B0.02180.05380.2

39、950I67->I009.191G0.15270.05510.2542I025->I024.191C0.05430.03710.1444I67->泉山点.191H0.08690.29800.0687I025->I074.191B0.02630.03000.0565I67->E088.191H0.05110.59200.2411I075->泉山点.191B0.00550.04250.0270I068->I045.191H0.03160.03230.0309I068->I043.191G0.11740.28390.1993I075->I008.

40、191B0.00690.13490.1834I068->I008.191G0.00750.61800.2767I075->I009.191B0.10730.12880.0002I068->I009.191G0.03620.01200.1167I075->I024.191C0.08980.05170.1125I068->泉山点.191H0.11420.09430.0959I075->I074.191B0.08960.08230.0324I068->E088.191H0.07590.48340.2455泉山点->E088.191B0.22760.20

41、230.2814I045->I043.191G0.18280.13180.1330泉山点->I008.191B0.11310.66460.3390I045->I008.191G0.11610.20270.2765泉山点->I009.191B0.01280.03150.0817I045->I009.191G0.05390.04970.1574泉山点->I024.191C0.00520.11030.1480I045->泉山点.191H0.00350.07170.0134泉山点->I074.191B0.03740.05760.0819I045->

42、E088.191H0.00530.25410.1152E088->I008.191B0.27110.74320.0451I043->I008.191G0.22450.10600.4626E088->I009.191B0.25870.14360.5023I043->I009.191G0.12580.18880.0143E088->I024.191C0.23270.27980.2768I043->泉山点.191H0.05590.01370.1147E088->I074.191B0.08120.13840.1630I043->E088.191H0.10

43、240.32800.1055I008->I009.191B0.08310.31610.3042I008->I009.191G0.01240.55010.5475I008->I024.191C0.10170.56230.0832I008->泉山点.191H0.07300.67010.4693I008->I074.191B0.08750.26430.1747I008->E088.191H0.08630.79880.6654I009->I024.191C0.09230.01530.2870I009->泉山点.191H0.07720.05920.1130

44、I009->I074.191B0.06040.02210.1687I009->E088.191H0.12430.48100.0909I024->I074.191B0.04470.11280.1584泉山点->E088.191H0.20370.48670.15322.4 (Tau)检验直方图 2.5 自由网平差坐标 站点纬度/中误差经度/中误差高程/中误差中误差(度:分:秒)(m)(度:分:秒)(m)(m)(m)E08834:13:01.98385N0.0031117:08:55.52206E0.003955.55360.00590.0076I00834:13:00.44

45、447N0.0031117:08:34.63355E0.003956.75900.00620.0079I00934:12:56.30588N0.0044117:08:30.70245E0.005856.98480.00840.0111I02434:13:06.17675N0.0063117:08:21.61117E0.006862.11580.01180.0150I02534:13:09.35017N0.0075117:08:16.40316E0.007165.86610.01530.0184I04334:12:45.84297N0.0090117:08:07.14708E0.012467.1

46、9010.01620.0222I04534:12:50.79403N0.0094117:08:06.68539E0.019767.72820.02100.0302I06834:12:29.73186N0.0051117:08:22.92241E0.006660.49930.00850.0118I07434:13:00.86757N0.0086117:08:52.72614E0.009055.66580.01810.0219I07534:13:05.95317N0.0101117:08:57.36820E0.011554.22390.02450.0288I6734:12:24.51635N0.0

47、034117:08:17.83007E0.004661.53470.00630.0085泉山点34:13:11.55280N0.0035117:09:35.60816E0.004671.58400.00710.00913 二维约束平差 3.1 平差参数 迭代次数2参考因子1.0000x(north)平移-17.8008 my(east)平移-65.9327 m比例0.0000ppm旋转0.0000 s3.2 平面距离平差值 起点止点北向(x)/中误差东向(y)/中误差平距中误差相对误差(m)(m)(m)(m)I025I075-103.19560.01301048.72670.01121053.

48、79170.01711: 61493I67I068160.88560.0056130.14640.0062206.93540.00831: 24810I025泉山点70.83330.00892027.28670.00712028.52380.01141: 178268I67I045809.32190.0107-286.38410.0184858.49740.02131: 40398I025E088-225.57310.00901001.64930.00681026.73490.01131: 91016I67I043656.77850.0102-274.36300.0117711.78160.01551: 45900I025I008-273.77200.0090467.02430.0068541.35280.01131: 47997I67I0081107.66140.0033428.62520.00351187.70080.00481: 246144I