词汇学词义分类及分析实用教案

1、Outline 1.词义(c y)的分类2.词义(c y)的分析第1页/共36页第一页，共37页。1 Types of Word Meaning词义(c y)的分类第2页/共36页第二页，共37页。 词义分类的理论依据 Word meaning is made up of various components which are interrelated and interdependent. These components are commonly described as types of meaning. 词义由各种相互联系与相互依存的不同成分组成，这些(zhxi)成分就是词义的种类。

2、第3页/共36页第三页，共37页。第4页/共36页第四页，共37页。1. Grammatical Meaning & Lexical Meaning语法意义(yy)&词汇意义(yy) Grammatical meaning indicates grammatical concept or relationships such as part of speech of words, singular and plural meaning of nouns, tense meaning of verbs and their inflectional paradigm. 语法意义指词

3、义中表示语法概念或关系的那部分意义。例如词类、名词(mng c)的单复数、动词的时态意义及它们的屈折形式。第5页/共36页第五页，共37页。For example girls, winters, tables, joysWe notice that word-forms, though denoting different objects of reality, have something in common. This common element is the grammatical meaning of plurality.第6页/共36页第六页，共37页。Lexical meanin

4、g is the meaning of an isolated word in a dictionary. This component of meaning is identical in all the forms of the word. 林承璋：词汇意义是词典中一个独立词的意义。在该词的所有形式(xngsh)中，其词汇意义相同。第7页/共36页第七页，共37页。 For example go, goes, went, going, gone possess different grammatical meanings of tense, person, and so on, but i

5、n each of these forms we find one and the same semantic component. 所以，一个词在不同的语境中有不同的语法(yf)形式来表达不同的语法(yf)意义，但词汇意义却保持不变。第8页/共36页第八页，共37页。2. Conceptual Meaning & Associative Meaning概念意义(yy)&联想意义(yy) Conceptual meaning is meaning given in the dictionary and forms the core of word meaning. 概念意义是词

6、典中所给的意义，是词义(c y)的核心。第9页/共36页第九页，共37页。 Associative meaning is the secondar y meaning supplemented to the conceptual meaning. It differs from the conceptual meaning in that it is open-ended and indeterminate, liable to the influence of such factors as culture, experience, religion, etc. 联想意义是概念意义的补充意义

7、，是次要意义。它受语言外界因素如文化、经历、宗教、地域(dy)、出身、教育等的影响而变化，所以是开放性的，是不定的。第10页/共36页第十页，共37页。What are the sources of associative meanings? The persons who use such lexemes; The settings in which such lexemes are employed; Cultural values associated with the referents of the lexemes; The occurrence of such lexemes in

8、 prior texts; Contamination from linguistic collocations;第11页/共36页第十一页，共37页。第12页/共36页第十二页，共37页。1) Connotative Meaning 内涵(nihn)意义 It refers to the overtones or associations suggested by the conceptual meaning. 内涵(nihn)意义是由概念意义产生的言外之意或联想。 Discussion: 农民：peasant/farmer ambition:野心/雄心壮志 官：official/offic

9、er 政治：politics 个人主义：individualism 外国人：foreigner第13页/共36页第十三页，共37页。v 英汉词语(cy)内涵比较v 动物：Dragon / dog / Peacock / magpie v 自然界：west wind / moonlight /moonshinev 颜色词语(cy)：red / white / black / green / bluev 数字词语(cy)：13第14页/共36页第十四页，共37页。v 英语和汉语中结构相同但词义并不相同的词。v Sweet water / an old daughter/ dry goodsv wh

10、ite night / Indian summer / guinea pigv Vice-chancellor / eat ones wordsv v 颜色(yns)词要特别注意：v 白菜/白熊/白蚁/白送/白开水v 白饭/红运/红榜/红利第15页/共36页第十五页，共37页。2) Stylistic Meaning文体(wn t)意义 Apart from their conceptual meanings, many words have stylistic features, which make them appropriate for different styles. 很多词除了其

11、概念意义(yy)外，还有文体色彩，以适应不同的文体风格。 In some dictionaries, these stylistic features are clearly marked as “formal, informal, literary, archaic, slang”and so on.第16页/共36页第十六页，共37页。Compare the following two groups of synonyms.leave job cant tired addepartposition cannotfatiguedadvertisement第17页/共36页第十七页，共37页。

12、3) Affective Meaning情感(qnggn)意义 Affective meaning expresses the speakers attitude towards the person or thing in question. This meaning can be overtly and explicitly conveyed simply by the choice of the right words. 情感意义反映(fnyng)作者或说话人对所谈论的人或物、事态等表示的个人情感或态度。这种意义可以通过选用表情词直接了当地表现出来。第18页/共36页第十八页，共37页。

13、 Words that have emotive values may fall into two categories: 情感意义有2类：褒义和贬义 Appreciative & pejorative/derogative. Words of positive overtones are used to show appreciation or the attitude of approval; 欣赏(xnshng)或肯定 Those of negative connotations imply disapproval, contempt or criticism. 否定、轻蔑或批评

14、第19页/共36页第十九页，共37页。 little famous slim/slender determined statesman confidence farmer publicity small notorious skinny pigheaded politician complacency peasant propagandaTell which column contains the appreciative affective meaning.第20页/共36页第二十页，共37页。4) Collocative Meaning搭配(dpi)意义 It is that part o

15、f the word meaning suggested by the words with which it co-occurs. 搭配意义即与之一起使用的词语所赋予(fy)的那部分意义。 Pretty and handsome share common ground in the meaning good-looking, but may be distinguished by the range of nouns with which they are likely to co-occur.第21页/共36页第二十一页，共37页。 g girl boy boy man woman car

16、 flower vesselpretty garden handsome overcoat colour airliner village typewriter etc. etc.第22页/共36页第二十二页，共37页。2 Componential Analysis词义词义(c y)的分析的分析 第23页/共36页第二十三页，共37页。What is componential analysis?1. the analysis of word meanings2. is often seen as a process of breaking down the sense of a word in

17、to its minimal components, which are known as semantic features语义特征(tzhng) or sense components语义成分. （语义特征(tzhng)与语义成分是同义词。）第24页/共36页第二十四页，共37页。语义特征(tzhng)(semantic features) 语义特征(semantic features)是对人类经验的一种抽象概括，属于原语言(metalanguage)，用来描述(mio sh)任何语言的语义。 例如，对名词的描述(mio sh)，可以是人或非人、有生命或无生命、男性或女性、成年或非成年、抽

18、象或具体等范畴进行语义分析。 如英语中bachelor一词就具有如下几个语义特征：Human, Adult, Male, Concrete, Unmarried。第25页/共36页第二十五页，共37页。 Conventionally, these minimal components can be symbolized in terms of binarity/binary opposition对分法. Eg: +ADULT (adult), - ADULT (young).To be+Not to be-第26页/共36页第二十六页，共37页。 Sense components are co

19、nventionally enclosed in square brackets or parenthesis or without. They are all written in capital letters or in small letters with the letters in capital to distinguish them from lexical items. 语义特征一般是放在方括号或圆括号里面，有时也不用(byng)括号； 语义特征全部用大写字母或小写字母以区分被语义分析的单词。第27页/共36页第二十七页，共37页。 man +MALE, +ADULT, +H

20、UMAN woman -MALE, +ADULT, +HUMAN boy +MALE, -ADULT, +HUMAN girl - MALE, -ADULT, +HUMAN bullock +MALE, +ADULT, - HUMAN cow - MALE, +ADULT, - HUMAN第28页/共36页第二十八页，共37页。 HUMAN ADULT MALE man + + + woman + + - boy + - + girl + - -第29页/共36页第二十九页，共37页。 “ram”= +sheep +adult +male “ewe”= +sheep +adult -male

21、“lamb”= +sheep -adult +/-male 第30页/共36页第三十页，共37页。进行对分法分析，要抓住不同名词之间典型的区分特征(tzhng)；如：man, girl, cow这类词与book, dictionary, chair等词的区别特征(tzhng)是+_Animate。如boy, chair, dictionary等词与hope, thought, problem等词的区别性特征(tzhng)是+_Concrete。如boy, chair, book与water, milk, coffee的区别特征(tzhng)+_Count。如Boston, Washington, China等词与city, capital, country等词的区别特征(tzhng)是+_Common。第31页/共36页第三十一页，共37页。Exercise v 根据以上提到的语义特征，试对下列(xili)几个名词进行语义分析：v spinster（年老的未婚女性）v p