多模态话语分析视角下《二十二》中慰安妇的心理研究应用心理学专业

1、A Study on the Mentalities of Comfort Women in Twenty Two based on Multimodal Discourse Analysis 多模态话语分析视角下二十二中慰安妇的心理研究 摘要今天，多模态话语分析被广泛地用来分析各种文艺作品，例如小说、戏剧、电影、音乐等。语言学家Kress认为语篇是社会语境中所存在的所有符号系统的总和，不仅包括语言，还包括文字、图像、颜色等视觉符号，还有音乐、音响等听觉符号系统，Kress 和Van在韩礼德的语言三大元功能基础上构建了视觉语法理论框架，提出了图像表达的三种意义功能

2、：再现意义、互动意义和构图意义。本文以Kress和Van Leeuwen的视觉语法为框架，研究电影二十二的多模态话语分析并最终得出有关幸存慰安妇对于自身经历的真实想法的结论。关键词：多模态；话语分析；视觉语法；电影AbstractToday, we have seen the multimodal discourse analysis is being applied into the study of novels, dramas, movies, music, and the like. Linguist Kress holds that discourses contain a

3、ll symbolic systems in social context, including, except for language, visual symbols (words, images and colors, etc) and hearing symbols(music, audio, etc). Kress and Van Leeuwen proposed visual grammar on the basis of Halliday's three meta-functions, believing there are three meaning functions

4、 in image representation: representational meaning, interactive meaning and compositional meaning. Based on Visual Grammar, this thesis will analyze the multimodal discourse analysis of the movie Twenty Two. Finally, we will know what the real thoughts of those survived force-to-be comfort women are

5、 in the movie.Key Words: multimodality; discourse analysis; visual grammar; MoviesContents:Chapter 1 Introduction1.1 Background of the Study1.2 Objectives of the Study1.3 Outline of the ThesisChapter 2 Literature Review2.1 A Review of the Movie Twenty Two2.2 Previous Studies on Multimodal Discourse

6、Analysis at Home2.3 Previous Studies on Multimodal Discourse Analysis Abroad2.4 Space of the StudyChapter 3 Research Design 3.1 Research Theory3.2 Research MethodsChapter 4 Data Analysis and Discussion4.1 Analysis of the Movie-Twenty Two 4.1.1 Representational Meaning of the Movie 4.1

7、.2 Interactive Meaning of the Movie 4.1.3 Compositional Meaning of the Movie 4.2 The Combination of Different modalities in the movieChapter 5 Conclusion 5.1 Major findings of the study5.2 Implications of the study 5.3 Limitations of the thesis 5.4 Suggestions for further st

8、udiesReferencesChapter 1 Introduction1.1 Background of the studyThe year 2017 marks the 80th anniversary of the Massacre of Nanjing, which recalled the world back to the shocking disaster. Under the background of this, the movie Twenty Two hit the theatre in 2017. Previous studies on movies are not

9、rare, but this movie has little researchers. This thesis takes the comfort women-based movie Twenty Two into consideration. It will generally introduce the results of previous works and focus on the use of multimodalities to see how they work in Twenty Two.1.2 Objectives of the studyThis thesis trie

10、s to explore how multimodal discourse analysis helps explain the movie Twenty Two to the audience under Kress and Van leeuwen's visual grammar. Here we will mainly talk about the representational meaning, interactive meaning and compositional meaning of images. It is to firstly give brief inform

11、ation about the movie and its background and then explains how multimodalities work respectively and together for the target movie.Hopefully, it will provide answers to the following questions:1) What are the representational meaning, interactive meaning and compositional meaning of the images in th

12、e movie Twenty Two?2) How do different modalities work in displaying the sufferings and current status of those women victims under Visual Grammar? 3) What do the comfort women really need according to the analysis result of the movie, apologies and compensation? Or inner peace? 1.3 Outlin

13、e of the thesisChapter 1 gives a general introduction to the background, objectives and outline of the thesis. Chapter 2 gives an introduction of the target movie Twenty Two as well as previous works in multimodal discourse analysis and its application in movie studies abroad and at home. Chapter 3

14、provides study methods and the theoretical framework qualitative analysis and Visual Grammar by Kress and Van leeuwen. Chapter 4 will answer the questions proposed and to analyze the representational meaning, interactive meaning and compositional meaning of the selected images of the movie. Meanwhil

15、e, to conclude what these survived forced-to-be comfort women really need and what their real thoughts are towards their sufferings in the War against the Japanese. Chapter 5 concludes the study.Chapter 2 Literature ReviewThis part will give a brief review about the previous achievements in the fiel

16、d of multimodal discourse studies both at home and abroad, the documentary Twenty Two and the progress in discourse analysis of film at present, so that we can have a good understanding about the current research.2.1 A review of the Movie Twenty TwoAs an outstanding Chinese-based documentary film, T

17、wenty Two, named after the number of Chinese comfort women who were still alive at the time when the film was shooting in 2014, hit the theatres on August, 14, 2017 against the backdrop of the Massacre of Nanjing in 1937. Over 200,000 Chinese women were estimated to be compelled to be comfort women

18、during the Massacre of Nanjing in 1937. Many of them were tortured to death or committed suicide due to the unbearable humiliation, so only a few survived. In the year of 2014 when the movie is being shot, the number of these forced-to-be comfort women was 22. Until this year, the number of the surv

19、ivors is limited to nine. That is one reason why each one of the Chinese people has never forgotten the miserable history from their memories. The year 2016 had witnessed the well welcomed Spirits' Homecoming-a film related to the real life of Korean comfort women in the WW. Twenty Two is the &q

20、uot;Spirits' Homecoming" in China. According to the Chinese director Guo Ke, he chose a very quiet and peaceful way to unveiled them to the public in an affectionate manner. I think that's enough, and that's what I think about the Twenty Two. The Guangming Daily Newspaper issued an

21、article saying that Twenty Two recording the female survivors had fascinated audience of different ages to go to theatres, making them get a better understanding of the humanitarian disaster happened to more than 200,000 Chinese female. Meanwhile, as a comfort women-focused film, Twenty Two has reco

22、rded the moments about these old women when they were having meals, talking, smiling, singing, feeding cats and breeding the off-bring. Their affliction and the scabs could be pulled only when being inquiring about the bitterly painful past as comfort women. Besides, Objectivity and authenticity are

23、 the essential properties of documentary films, so Guo's film adopted direct record and description to reflect and follow the reality as largely as possible. This has manifested the original nature of the documentary in the weighing and balance of the value and ethics. As an inseparable par

24、t of the World War , The War of Resistance against Japan has one of its unforgettable parts- the Massacre of Nanjing in 1937. However, it is hardly ever known overseas, and there are less foreign scholars studies in the history of the 1937 disaster. It was not until the year of 1997 which marked the

25、 sixtieth anniversary of the Massacre of Nanjing that Iris Chang's book hit the market. Iris Chang, a Chinese American published her well known history book in English version-The Rape of Nanjing: The Forgotten Holocaust of World War . Thus, the less-acknowledged history was widespread in wester

26、n world. The book has focused on the horrible history fact of the nightmare for the 200, 000 Chinese female. Iris's story was then shot an English documentary: Iris Chang: The Rape of Nanking, which was co-directed by Canadian and Hong Kong directors. The documentary recorded some respondents

27、9; retelling of their experience when they were or witnessed their female family were raped and violated by Japanese army and were compelled to be comfort women. And both her book and story serve as the channels for foreigners to get close to the disaster in 1937.2.2 Previous Studies on the Multimod

28、al Discourse Analysis at HomeWith the development of science and technology and the change of social needs, multi-modal discourse has become a part of contemporary life. The change of discourse mode brings new requirements to the theoretical description. In multimodal discourse, the modes interact w

29、ith each other, complement each other and create meanings in context.Multimodal discourse analysis is unfledged at home, but there are books and theses about the subject. Among them, Hu Zhuanglin's Polymorphism in the study of social semiotics (2007) discussed the differences between Multimodal

30、semiotics and multimedia semiotics. Other studies include the study of multimodal discourse theory by Li Zhanzi (2003) and systemic functional linguistics. In recent years, research on multimodality has gradually moved from the application of linguistics to nonverbal symbols, like image and gesture,

31、 to the interdisciplinary system interpretation of multimodal expression research. Therefore, multi-modal research with unique theoretical system and analytical method is becoming an emerging humanities subject. On the one hand, the interdisciplinary theoretical system of integrating linguistics, me

32、dia, cognitive psychology and other disciplines is forming and being applied to more complex symbols and behavior systems such as dynamic discourse. On the other hand, new research tools and methods of computer simulation, corpus retrieval and other digital technologies have been developed rapidly.

33、The theories and methods of multi-modal analysis are also gradually applied to various social behaviors and discourse studies such as classroom teaching, advertising media and court debates.In the field of multimodal discourse analysis, a new theoretical approach is the GeM model proposed by John A.

34、 Bateman in 2008. This model combines linguistic theory, layout design and computer technology, in a bid to scientifically analyze pages and documents, annotate and retrieve relevant multi-modal corpus. At present, there is not a thorough introduction of the GeM model, and the application of it is s

35、till limited to the structural analysis of the WeiBo discourse. Therefore, it is necessary to study theoretically the GeM model and its component of the working principle, and put forward the use of the GeM model in big data retrieval, foreign language teaching, design, and other areas for further a

36、pplication, so as to attract more domestic scholars to research and application of this new type of multimodal discourse analysis method.Multimodal discourse analysis has been applied in films analysis at home. Research and papers are various. Tang wrote her master thesis A Multimodal Discourse Anal

37、ysis off BBC Documentary Wild China. The thesis uses a MDA research for the documentary under functional grammar and visual grammar in an attempt to display the meaning under the documentary, which has expanded the study scope to documentary. However, the limitations are: first, the images for the M

38、DA research are derived from two episodes, and the number of images is only thirty-seven. Besides, further study should be put on sound and music. Yang Jie studies the subtitle translation of the movie Zootopia, finding that signal modality could not entirely express the information in subtitle tran

39、slation, and more other modalities, such as images, sound, tone and action are needed. What's more, both visual images and the subtitles are required to build a complete meaning. The theory of integrated framework of multimodal discourse analysis, like sound, language, image, makes the study no

40、longer limited within traditional translation studies. Semiotic modalities, for example, sound, image, language did a lot help to express the real meaning of films and television works. Because of the participation of the visual images, audience can have an easier and better understanding of the mea

41、ning of the movie. However, the limitation lies in the samples are limited, and the dynamic images are not involved. Last but not least, the theory of integrated framework of multimodal discourse analysis is a new thing, so that there are limited materials. The development space is broad. Xie studie

42、d the relationship among multi-modalities in the film Titanic, finding the most used modality is the visual modalities, which include both images and words. And the verbal modalities, like sound and music, are embraced in the targeted film. The thesis made an analysis from the three meta-meanings in

43、 Visual Grammar, and it talked about all the meta-meanings of the Visual Grammar. These efforts help further studies focus on either visual modalities or verbal modalities, and the relationship of both visual and verbal modalities will not be needed to be studied by researchers. However, the limitat

44、ion is that the limited space caused the failure to give each meaning equal stress as well as the synthetic study. Further researches are needed to be done in displaying more explanation about the characteristics and nature of the compositional meaning of film discourse, so that all kinds of modalit

45、ies could be analyzed in film discourse.2.3 Previous Studies on Multimodal Discourse Analysis AbroadSince American linguists Harris proposed discourse analysis at the beginning of 1950s, discourse analysts around the world have made great efforts to propose kinds of theories and means about discours

46、e analysis. They have already studied the inner rules of discourse analysis as well as the connections between discourse analysis on the one hand and ideology and cognitive mode on the other hand. However, the shortcomings lie in that the basis is limited to language in itself. That means they under

47、lined the links between language system and semantic structure, language system on the one hand and social culture and psychological cognition on the other hand, neglecting other forms of meaning expression, such as image, sound, color and comics and animation. This has generated much limitation to

48、discourse analysis. The multimodal discourse analysis deriving from the west in 1990s can provide an answer to the problem. As digital technology continues to unfold, human life and interaction modes are evolving. Single medium of language is gradually replaced by complicated media made of language,

49、 images, sounds and others. Since 1990s, Social semiotics scholars established grammatical and semantic systems to describe visual images (Kress and Van Leeuwen 1996; O'Toole 1999), mathematical signs (O'Halloran 2005), and gesture (Martine 2000). R.Barthes is one of those who first stu

50、died the multimodal discourse analysis. He had discussed the mutual functions between images and language in expressing meaning. This could be learned in his paper Rhetoric of the Image. Kress.G and Van Leeuwen.T (1996; 2001; 2003) studied the links between modality and media, discussing how to expr

51、ess meaning through multimodality, including visual images, color grammar, the layout of newspapers and the functions of various media. They proposed three meanings of visual grammar: representational meaning, interactive meaning and compositional meaning which have provided a solid theoretical foun

52、dation for images analysis. This is a systemic functional-multimodal discourse analysis based on systemic functional linguistics(Halliday 1994；Halliday Matthiessen 2004；Martin 1992) and social semiotics(Halliday 1978；Hodge Kress 1988；van Leeuwen 2005). Latterly, Clare Painter, Jim Martin and Len Unw

53、orthy accomplished interpretation of visual Narration: Image Analysis of children's picture books. The book is about computer translation, and it is the most prominent work on the theory of visual image analysis after Kress and Van Leeuwen (1996). It is beneficial to further studies on multimoda

54、l narrative discourses, including comics, comic books TV ads, films, among others. With the development of multimodal discourse analysis, linguists Norris published his book Analyzing Multimodal Interaction. This book focuses on the qualitative analysis as the main research method, with dynamic

55、 video as the research object. (Words, Space distance, Body posture, Hand movements, Head movement, Eyes, Music, Print and Scene layout) these nine main modes of communication are analyzed in detail, and the basic framework of multi-modal interaction analysis is preliminarily constructed. The book n

56、ot only enriched and developed in theory and application of multimodal discourse analysis research, also for the dynamic discourse of multimodal discourse analysis research provides a new Angle of view, and expanded the research scope of multimodal interaction analysis theory. Norris (2004) wrote hi

57、s book under the influence of Ron Scollon who suggested mediated discourse analysis and association analysis. Ron Scollon holds that human action can be divided into three parts: social action, communication and history. On the basis of that, Norris suggested that the action be the basic unit of mul

58、timodal interaction research. Norris also believes that hand interaction makes all kinds of modalities as the mediated action, thus the process and phrases of the action can be reflected and recognized.In the field of multimodal discourse analysis, a new theoretical approach is the GeM model propose

59、d by John A. Bateman in 2008. This model combines linguistic theory, layout design and computer technology to scientifically analyze pages and documents, annotate and retrieve relevant multi-modal corpus. In 2009, linguist Jewitt thought the elementary development of multimodal discourse analysis ha

60、s formed three theories: systemic functional-multimodal discourse analysis or systematic functional semiotics by Gunther Kress and Van Leeuwen, multimodal interactional analysis by Norris and Multimodal discourse analysis in Corpus Linguistics by Gu. Y. 2.4 Space for this study Systemic functional linguistics provides a basis for t