zskai外文文献翻译

1、外文文献翻译Building anti-radar design The widespread usage of electricity promoted to defend the development of thunder product and be a high pressure power grid to provide motive and illuminate for the thousand 10000, thunder and lightning also a great deal of bane high pressure lose to change to give o

2、r get an electric shock an equipments.The high pressure line installs Gao, be apart from long, cross geography complications, is strike by lightning easily medium.The protection scope shortage of the lightning rod with protect up to thousand power lines, so avoid thunder line as to protect high pres

3、sure line of new connect a Shan machine to emerge with the tide of the times.After the high pressure line acquire a protection, the hair linked with high pressure line, go together with electricity equipments to be still conduct electricity to press damage, people discover this is because"respo

4、nd thunder" is play tricks.(Respond the thunder is to respond the metals conductor of neighborhood because of keeping shot thunder to turn on electricity in, respond the thunder can pass 2 kinds to differently respond way incursion conductor, one is an electrostatic induction:When the electric

5、charge in thunder cloud accumulates to gather, neighborhood of the conductor will also respond up the contrary electric charge and be a thunder to turn on electricity, the electric charge in thunder cloud quickly releases, and the conductor Central plains come to is tie up by thunder cloud electric

6、field of the static electricity will also follow conductor fluxion to look for to release passage, will become electricity pulse in the electric circuit. The widespread usage of electricity promoted to defend the development of thunder product and be a high pressure power grid to provide motive and

7、illuminate for the thousand 10000, thunder and lightning also a great deal of bane high pressure lose to change to give or get an electric shock an equipments. First, the building anti-radar classifies the anti-radar building category which pointed out explicitly to the standard, may apply mechanica

8、lly directly. In the standard to some buildings only pointed out that is bigger than estimate thunder stroke number of times XX/every year, but belongs to two kinds or three kind of anti-radar buildings. Regarding these stipulations, only depends on the direct-viewing feeling and the experience in t

9、he design, cannot determine explicitly its building respective anti-radar category, causes to make two kinds anti-radar to make three kinds by mistake, should make three kinds anti-radar, but has not done, the result is to the building which completes creates certain hidden danger. This has the nece

10、ssity according to the local annual mean thunderstorm day and the building locus geography, the geological soil, the meteorological environment and so on conducts the detailed research and makes the corresponding computation, determines the anti-radar rank.For example: Under Jinan area Td=26.3 K=2 e

11、nvironment according to formula: N=0.024k · Td1.3 · Ae in the formula: N- building estimate thunder stroke number of times (/year) The K- correction factor (according to newly built building locus's geography, environment decides) Td- annual mean thunderstorm day Ae- and the building t

12、runcation receives the same thunder stroke number of times equivalent area (km2) Calculates the length 100 meters, the width 25 meters, above two (H9 rice) the provincial level work building must make two kind of anti-radar. If through the computation, this kind of building actual does not make thre

13、e kinds anti-radar or does not do is possible. From this sees, carries on the overall evaluation to some peculiar circumstance's building and makes the corresponding computation is very essential. the two, anti-radar electric inductions and the thunder electric waves invade the against long jab

14、thunder the measure, the general layout personnel are very explicit. But, along with the technical development, electronic installation's popularization, the anti-radar electric induction and the thunder electric wave invasion must be clear in the design, and consummates gradually forms an anti-

15、radar network. when the 1. thunder and lightning induces - the thunder discharge, has the electrostatic induction and the electromagnetic induction on the nearby conductor, it possibly causes between the metal part to produce the spark. Therefore is protected in building's metal earth, is the an

16、ti-radar electric induction key measure. First, completes the equipotential joint. To one, two kind of anti-radar buildings in parallel or overlapping placing metal pipeline, when its clear distance is smaller than 100mm, should use Jin Shuxian to bridge, is prevents the potential difference which t

17、he electromagnetic induction creates to be able the small gap breakdown, but produces the electric spark, every other 30m completes the earth. the 2. thunder electric wave invasion - as a result of the thunder and lightning to the air line either the metal pipeline's function, the thunder electr

18、ic wave possibly along these pipeline invasion room, endangers the personal safety or damages the equipment. Therefore, completes the terminal the anti-radar protection, completes the equalizing ring and against flank attack thunder is the anti-radar electric wave invasion key measure. First, two ki

19、nd of anti-radar construction low pressure coil in entire line uses buries straight said that is built on stilts the line introduces when the indoors many in a 15m section should trade the electric cable (metal armoring electric cable to bury straight, protective covering electric cable puts on stee

20、l pipe) the buyer, and is being built on stilts with the electric cable trades meets place completes the lightning protection protection. Two kind of anti-radar constructions work as the air line direct introduction, besides in the residence place addition arrester, and completes the buyer installme

21、nt iron stock the earth, approaches on building's two telephone pole's iron stock also to complete the earth, and the impact earth resistance 30, all weak electricity coil in's protection should with the strong electricity coil. The anti-radar building must complete the equalizing ring a

22、nd against flank attack thunder protection. Equalizing ring from three starts, between link vertical range 12m, all downleads, building's metal structure and the hardware reliably connects with the link, the equalizing ring may use in the structure grid's steel bar (steel bar to link up ring

23、 circuit). A kind anti-radar constructs above 30m, two kinds anti-radar construct above 45m, three kinds anti-radar construct above 60m, must complete against flank attack thunder protection, makes one week level along the building outer wall to evade the mine belt, between the belt and the belt the

24、 vertical range 6m, in the outer wall all metal parapet, the windows and doors with evade the mine belt to connect reliably, evade the mine belt to connect reliably again with the downlead. The vertical placing's metal pipeline and the metal peak and the bottom end and the antimine device reliab

25、le connection, the goal lies in the equipotential, because and the both sides connection causes it to form the parallel with the downlead, causes the thunder electric current news fast to enter. three, anti-radar electric currents after downlead and when grounding has the high electric potential com

26、pletes against long jab thunder, the thunder electric wave invasion and the thunder and lightning to the hardware or electrical line counter-attack measure induces, is not a complete anti-radar design. Because, in the building mostly uses together the grounding at present, when thunder long jab in t

27、his building antimine device, the supposition flows through approaches the low pressure electric installation place grounding the thunder electric current is 20KA, when impact earth resistance =1, in the grounding the electric potential elevates is 20KV, but the general indoor low pressure installme

28、nt bears the striking potential most to be high is 8KV. Its result causes the low pressure electric installation insulation to be weak place is possibly penetrated creates the short circuit, has the fire, to damage the equipment, this is very dangerous. Therefore, gives the enough value in the desig

29、n, realizes omni-directionally, the multi-level anti-radar networks to the anti-radar building, causes the thunder and lightning the influence to reduce to the building is smallest.when building for high-pressured coil, high-pressured, the low pressure side each on supposes the arrester, with protec

30、ts by the high-pressured coil in thunder and lightning and the operation (circuit breaker movement, throws cuts big electric motor and condenser bank and so on) the overvoltage. The electronic installation are many and the important construction, installs the overvoltage protection again in the low

31、pressure power distribution branch, does for the reserve protection, mainly uses in further suppressing after the pretage protection limit on the surplus overvoltage and the power line the overvoltage which produces by the induction or the coupling.when building for low pressure coil, installs the o

32、vervoltage protector in the power source total coil in place. four, about meet dodges to meet dodges - the direct truncation the lightning rod which is struck by lightning, to evade the mine belt (line), the lightning protection network, as well as serves as the metal roofing which and the steel wor

33、k meets dodges and so on. In many buildings, the roofing for on person roofing, is high to the artistic request, according to the conventional procedure, clearly spreads the lightning protection network with the garden steel to do meets dodges is artistic on the influence, this standard to two kind

34、of anti-radar buildings in two, three, eight, nine section of building pointed out that with in the reinforced concrete roofing, Liang, column's steel bar achievement meets suitably dodges, in the practical application, may use in the roofing parapet wall the capping steel bar to do meets dodges

35、, is higher than the roofing each kind of iron stock to with the capping steel bar reliable welding (when construction must pay attention to coordination), the capping steel bar with makes in downlead's column four corner postsThe muscle completes the reliable electrical connection. This procedu

36、re must have the concretes fragment which regularly to the thunder stroke the possibility creates or withdraw carries on the service. five, earth body - bury in the soil or the concrete foundation does drifts with the conductor about earth body the . In the practical application, the big project use

37、s in the foundation the steel bar to make the earth body generally, and uses the union earth body, the earth resistance value to request slightly 1. But in some have the basement, in half basement construction, at the construction uses the waterproofing material to construct the ledger wall to make

38、waterproof processing. At present, uses the waterproofing material has the very good insulating property, therefore, makes the earthed pole directly to this kind of building using the foundation steel bar, had the possibility not to be able to satisfy the project docking earth resistance request, mu

39、st direct from the column muscle downlead place, one week made in the closed artificial earth body and the foundation along the building slope protection outside the steel bar and uses, like this could achieve the satisfactory earth resistance value. The intelligence mansion is generally and all a t

40、ype of building, should build up comprehensive connect a ground of system, connect a ground of electric resistance to be no bigger than one .Design in the building crest from avoid thunder to take, lightning rod or mixture constitute of connect a Shan machine, make use of steel pillar or sign the re

41、inforcing bar in the pillar as to defend thunder to lead to log out, and and the foundation reinforcing bar of building, beam reinforcing bar, the metals frame conjunction gets up, become to shut to match good farad cage and construct inside the Shu toward the metals piping should each time all pres

42、s of the 3 F and turn beam wreath connect with each other, all press wreath should with defend thunder device ad hoc lead to log out connect with each other.When building is more than 30 meters high, in response to 30 meters and the railing on above part of outside walls, the metals doors and window

43、s wait a bigger metal direct or through metals doors and windows cover up an iron with defend thunder device a conjunction.The intelligence is various exchanges inside the mansion, the direct current equipments is numerous, the circuit maneuvers interleave, should exchanges work in the building grou

44、nd, safe protection ground, direct current work ground, defend thunder to connect ground and the cage good conjunction of the building farad, become an etc. electric potential body, avoid connecting the existence potential difference of the of a ground of line, respond to conduct electricity reason

45、of press the creation by cancellation. 建筑物防雷设计当人们知道，雷电是一种电力的现象后，向崇拜的雷电与恐惧感逐渐消失，并开始与品味，科学来自新观察自然现象，这魔术，希望使使用或控制雷电活动，以造福人类.超过二百年以来几乎富兰克林为首的小康就技术开始挑战对雷电，他发明的避雷针可能被视为向在最早现阶段维护雷声大的产品和产品名称，今天这几乎由全体人民已知道.事实上，富兰克林发明避雷针是认为金属避雷针的角度谈谈对电力的功能，可合成电荷在积雨云，使积雨云和电场的地球一样低的水平，不能突破的空气中，避免罢工，因此，闪电发生时，当时的避雷针，必须要求尖利.但是事后研究

46、阐述证明：闪电控制棒是发生不可避免的打雷的，因为它可以证明雷声大，是因为建筑物较高，是矗立在签署的避雷针改变了大气电场，使积雨云的一定范围内始终把对电力对闪电棒，也就是说，避雷针只是比它周围其他物体更容易连接山雷电，避雷针是罢工的闪电，但是它可以对其他物体加以保护，这是捍卫建筑物的一种方式，避雷针防雷更加深刻的研究表示，连接避雷针山的功能，几乎有一些建筑物不是很高，但没有形状，可说是避雷针不一定是雷声大，技术的境界，将会知道一起像现在这种类型的防雷装置。广泛使用的电力，促进了发展防雷产品和一个高压电网提供的可以照亮千万人类电动机，雷电也是大的高的压力祸根，失去了改革，就相当于给予或得到一个电动

47、休克.一、建筑物的防雷分类对规范中明确指出的防雷建筑物类别，可直接套用。规范中对有些建筑物仅指出大于预计雷击次数XX次/每年，而归属二类或三类防雷建筑物。对于这些规定，在设计中仅凭直观感觉和经验，就不能明确确定其建筑物所属防雷类别，使应做二类防雷误做成三类，应做三类防雷而没做，结果是对建成的建筑物造成一定的隐患。这就有必要据当地的年平均雷暴日及建筑物所在地的地理、地质土壤、气象环境等进行详细的研究并做出相应的计算，来确定防雷等级。例如：在济南地区Td=26.3 K=2的环境下据公式：·Td13·Ae 式中：N建筑物预计雷击次数(次/年)K校正系数(据新建建筑物所在地的地理、

48、环境而定) Td年平均雷暴日 Ae与建筑物截收相同雷击次数的等效面积(km2)计算出长100米、宽25米，两层以上(H9米)的省级办公建筑物就要做二类防雷。如果不通过计算，这类建筑物实际中做成三类防雷或不做都是有可能的。由此看出，对一些特殊情况下的建筑物进行综合考虑并做出相应的计算是非常必要的。 二、防雷电感应和雷电波侵入防直击雷的措施，一般设计人员都很明确。但是，随着科技的发展，电子设备的普及，防雷电感应和雷电波侵入在设计中也必须明确，并逐步完善形成一个防雷网络。1.雷电感应雷电放电时，在附近导体上产生的静电感应和电磁感应，它可能使金属部件之间产生火花。因此被保护建筑物内的金属物接地，是防雷

49、电感应的主要措施。首先，是做好等电位联结。对一、二类防雷建筑物内平行或交叉敷设的金属管道，其净距小于100mm时，应采用金属线跨接，是防止电磁感应所造成的电位差能将小空隙击穿，而产生电火花，每隔30m做好接地。2.雷电波侵入由于雷电对架空线或金属管道的作用，雷电波可能沿着这些管线侵入屋内，危及人身安全或损坏设备。因此，做好进线端的防雷保护，做好均压环及防侧击雷是防雷电波侵入的主要措施。 一、二类防雷建筑低压进线全线采用直埋地引入，将线路架空引入户内时不少于15m的一段应换电缆(金属铠装电缆直埋地，护套电缆穿钢管)进户，并在架空与电缆换接处做好避雷保护。二类防雷建筑当架空线直接引入时，除在入户处

50、加装避雷器，并将进户装置铁件做好接地外，靠近建筑物的两根电杆上的铁件也应做好接地，且冲击接地电阻30，所有弱电进线的保护应同强电进线。防雷建筑要做好均压环及防侧击雷保护。均压环从三层开始，环间垂直距离12m，所有引下线、建筑物的金属结构和金属设备均与环可靠连接，均压环可利用结构圈梁内的钢筋(钢筋必须贯通成环路)。一类防雷建筑30m以上，二类防雷建筑45m以上，三类防雷建筑60m以上，要做好防侧击雷保护，沿建筑物外墙做一周水平避雷带，带与带间垂直距离6m，外墙上所有金属栏杆，门窗均与避雷带可靠连接，避雷带再与引下线可靠连接。竖直敷设的金属管道及金属物的顶端和底端与防雷装置可靠连接，目的是在于等电

51、位，并且由于两端连接使其与引下线形成并联线路，使雷电流更讯速的入地。 三、防雷电流经引下线和接地装置时产生高电位对金属设备或电气线路反击的措施 做好防直击雷、雷电波侵入和雷电感应，还不是一个完整的防雷设计。因为，目前建筑物内大多采用共同接地装置，当雷直击于本建筑物防雷装置时，假设流经靠近低压电气装置处接地装置的雷电流为20KA，当冲击接地电阻为1时，接地装置上电位升高为20KV，而一般室内低压装置的耐冲击电压最高为8KV。其结果就使低压电气装置绝缘较弱处可能被击穿而造成短路，发生火灾、损坏设备，这是非常危险的。因此，在设计中给予足够的重视，对防雷建筑物实现全方位、多层次的防雷网络，使雷电对建筑

52、物的影响减至最小。建筑物为高压进线时，高、低压侧各相上均设避雷器，用以防护由高压进线的雷电和操作(断路器动作，投切大电动机和电容器组等)过电压。电子设备较多且重要的建筑，在低压配电支线上再装设过电压保护，做为后备保护，主要用于进一步抑制经前置保护限制后的剩余过电压和电源线上由感应或耦合产生的过电压。 建筑物为低压进线时，在电源总进线处装设过电压保护器。四、关于接闪器 接闪器直接截受雷击的避雷针、避雷带(线)、避雷网，以及用作接闪的金属屋面和金属构件等。在许多建筑物中，屋面为上人屋面，对美观要求较高，按常规做法，用园钢明敷避雷网做接闪器就影响美观，本规范对二类防雷建筑物中二、五、九款中的建筑物指

53、出宜用钢筋混凝土屋面、梁、柱内的钢筋作为接闪器，实际应用中，可采用屋面女儿墙内的压顶钢筋做接闪器，高出屋面的各种铁件要与压顶钢筋可靠焊接(施工时要注意配合)，压顶钢筋与做引下线的柱内四角柱筋做好可靠的电气连接。这种做法要定期对雷击有可能造成的混凝土碎片或脱开进行维修。六、关于接地体 接地体埋入土壤中或混凝土基础中作散流用的导体。实际应用中，一般较大工程都利用基础内钢筋做接地体，并采用联合接地体、接地电阻值要求小1。但在一些带有地下室、半地下室的建筑中，土建上都采用防水材料对建筑底板做防水处理。目前，所采用的防水材料都具有很好的绝缘性，因此，对这类建筑直接利用基础钢筋做接地极，就有可能满足不了工

54、程对接地电阻的要求，要从柱筋引下线处外引，沿建筑物护坡外一周做闭合人工接地体与基础内钢筋并用，这样能达到较满意的接地电阻值。情报大厦是普遍和所有类型的建设，应建立全面的连接地面系统，连接地面的电阻并没有大于1 。因此在设计中，在建设有波峰从避免雷声大的建筑时，采取的避雷针或混合物构成的连接山机，利用钢肢柱或型钢，以捍卫雷击，在柱钢筋中传递，并和基础钢筋，梁钢筋，金属框架的结合起来，成为封闭系统，以配合良好的法拉笼和建筑内体系，对金属管道应当每一次所有的传递敬献了花圈，连接对方，所有反应敬献了花圈之后，应与防雷装置专案导致日志列连接每个构件.在建设中，是30多米高的，在回应30米高的建筑和栏杆，

55、对上述部分外墙壁，金属门窗等较大的金属直接或通过金属门窗预设一个铁以作为捍卫防雷装置.情报大厦在各项交流的大厦内，直流设备是很多的，电路复杂交织，应该有交流工作，因此在建设中设有地面安全防护，当前的直接工作地面，捍卫雷声装置，通过连接地面和笼子的良好结合，成为一个等电位体，避免连接的存在电位差的一个理由，这就是进行电力反应的原因。下面是赠送的经典语录和搞笑语录，不需要的朋友可以下载后不急删除！谢谢！· 【感人的话】 要学会感恩、同情、宽容、忍耐、积极与真诚。希望是心灵的一种支持力量.逆境的回馈，使生命将更加精彩而富足. · 【感人的话】 每个人

56、的好运跟坏运都是分配好的，虽然我的好运没有别人多，所以只要是一点点好事，我就非常感恩了。 · 【祝福的话】  这里有一本你当年用过的笔记，它有点儿泛黄了，书页里夹着的话也早已没了香气，却还是谢谢你把它借给了我。今天的我们已经分开，却依然是朋友。还是要跟以前一样，我听着你的述说，看着你笑，看着你难过委屈去安慰你。我会把祝福写在这本笔记里，在那多枯黄的花的旁边，我会写下我的祝福：祝福你过得好！祝福你过得比我好！然后，将它寄给你。不要哭泣，你。· 【表白的话】  爱你是一个念头，爱你是一种冲动，爱你是一种宿命，只属于我的宿命。爱你

57、是一段旅程，爱你是一场幸福的长跑，爱你是一路沐浴阳光，爱你是一径的花香。爱你，是睡觉呼吸一般的自然！请，给我你的爱。· 【有哲理的话】  世上有三种人：一是良心被狗吃了的人，二是良心没被狗吃的人，三是良心连狗都不吃的人. · 【激励人的话】 如果你看到面前的阴影，别怕，那是因为你的背后有阳光。  · 【感人的话】   一身白衣为你洗尽铅华，白衣白发白胜雪，捧一卷古墨，盈袭暗香，我踏着平平仄仄的长长短短，款款步入风情万种的宋词里。溪边桃红青染，流水潺潺，柳丝随风絮，我在桃花下写着红笺小字，一抹嫣然

58、回眸，惊落了桃花，也惊落了你的心。佛说千年一轮回，今生，你在哪里？  · 【有哲理的话】 母爱是一滴甘露，亲吻干涸的泥土，它用细雨的温情，用钻石的坚毅，期待着闪着碎光的泥土的肥沃；母爱不是人生中的一个凝固点，而是一条流动的河，这条河造就了我们生命中美丽的情感之景。· 【表白的话】 我深深地恳求你；不要把我逐出你的爱门之外，我一分一秒也不能缺少你的爱。只有赢得你的爱，我的生命才有光彩。 · 【表白的话】 爱你，却要无欲无求，好难！爱你，却要偷偷摸摸，好累！爱你，却让自己心碎，好惨！但竟然心甘情愿，好傻！但是我能肯定的

59、是：我是真的很爱你！ · 【表白的话】 我扬一把散沙粒粒想念漫天纷飞带给我对你的祝福，我洒下一瓢涟水滴滴飘洋流到你的心海，爱你，今生无悔，牵了你的情，爱了你的人，我会努力呵护你，一生一世！· 【表白的话】 你的热情，温暖了我冰冻的心；你的大胆，鼓起了我爱的热忱；你的关怀，激起了我感激之情。新年伊始，愿我们透过那爱湖的波光水雾，一起憧憬美好的未来。情人节快乐！ · 【表白的话】 也许我的笑容不够灿烂，但足够为你扫清冬日里的阴霾；也许我的双手不够温柔，但还能为你拂去俗世尘埃！如果命运安排我们在一起，我会好好珍惜你！情人

60、节快乐！ · 【甜言蜜语的话】 我们结婚吧，好不好？那样我们就可以不再对着 诉说想念，就可以每天清晨起来看见你的睡脸，然后一起吃一顿不太丰盛却很温暖的早餐。我们结婚吧，好不好？那样我们就可以拿着民政局发的红色小本子四处炫耀，我们可以在房间里挂满结婚照，看着看着就会不自觉的微笑。我们结婚吧。· 【表白的话】 我需要你，就像冬天里的棉袄，夏天里的雪糕，黑暗中的灯泡，饥饿中的面包我不能没有你！ · 【有哲理的话】 用真理检验真理永远是真理，用错误掩饰错误将会一错再错。我们不能拥有真理，但是我们可以防止错误。·

61、【离别的话】 愿你作一滴晶亮的水，投射到浩瀚的大海；作一朵鲜美的花，组成百花满园；作一丝闪光的纤维，绣织出鲜红的战旗；作一颗小小的螺丝钉，一辈子坚守自己的岗位 · 【离别的话】 我们曾经在一起欣赏过美丽的花；我们曾经在一起幻想过美丽的季节。同学啊，同学，分别后不要忘了我们曾经一起走过的日子。 · 【离别的话】 红叶纷飞的枫林里，我们曾拥有多少回忆。那飘舞着的枫叶，将我们带进一个无比美妙的境界。 · 【离别的话】 别离，是有点难舍，但不怅然；是有点遗憾，但不悲观。因为我们有相逢的希望在安慰。 · 【有哲理的话】 人活着，第一要紧