浅析中西方酒文化差异（英）

1、三亚学院毕业论文（设计）三亚学院本科生毕业论文浅析中西方酒文化差异学 院： 外国语学院专 业（方 向）： 英语（旅业商务）年 级、班 级： 1003学 生 学 号： 1010311039学 生 姓 名： 谢迪指 导 老 师： 章成成 2014 年 5 月 25 日A Cross-cultural Comparison of Wine Culture between China and Western CountriesThesis Submitted in Fulfillment of the Requirement for the Degree of Bachelor of ArtsXie

2、DiNo. 1010311039English DepartmentSchool of Foreign Languages Sanya UniversityMay 2014独创性申明及授权书本人所呈交的毕业论文是我个人在指导教师指导下进行的研究工作及取得的成果。除特别加以标注的地方外，论文中不包含其他人的研究成果。本论文如有剽窃他人研究成果及相关资料等不实之处，由本人承担一切相关责任。本人的毕业论文中所有研究成果的知识产权属三亚学院所有。本人保证：发表或使用与本论文相关的成果时署名单位仍然为三亚学院，无论何时何地，未经学校许可，决不转移或扩散与之相关的任何技术或成果。学校有权保留本人所提交论文

3、的原件或复印件，允许论文被查阅或借阅；学校可以公开本论文的全部或部分内容，可以采用影印、缩印或其他手段复制保存本论文。加密学位论文解密之前后，以上申明同样适用。 论文作者签名： 年 月 日三亚学院毕业论文（设计）ContentsAcknowledgments IAbstract (in Chinese)IIAbstract (in English)IIIChapter I. Introduction1 A.Background1 B. Significance of the study1 C. Organization of the thesis2Chapter II. Literature

4、review3 A. Introduction3 B. Literature review3C. Summary5Chapter III. The generation and development of wine culture 6 A. The generation of wine culture in China and western countries 6 1. Differences in the origin of wine6 2. Differences in wine varieties and raw materials7 B. The development of wi

5、ne culture in China and western countries 9Chapter . Different wine cultures in China and western countries10 A. Differences in drinking etiquettes10 1. Differences in urging people to drink10 2. Differences in toasting11 3. Differences in refilling wine13 B. Differences in spiritual connotations14

6、C. Differences in cultural values16 1. Hierarchy and equality16 2. Hospitality and freedom17Chapter . The integration of Chinese and western wine culture19 A. Different kinds of wine are widely accepted19 B. Table etiquettes fuse with each other20Chapter . Conclusion20Works Cited22AcknowledgmentsFir

7、st and foremost, I would like to avail myself of the opportunity to express my gratitude to Ms. Zhang Chengcheng, my tutor, who has taken her precious time off from her tight schedule, reading my thesis carefully and offering me constant encouragement, valuable suggestions and enlightening instructi

8、ons, which contributed to the completion of my thesis.I would also like to acknowledge my indebtedness to all the instructors who have contributed their time, thoughts, skills and encouragement to this thesis.I am also grateful to all the classmates and friends who have given me generous support and

9、 helpful advice over the past few years.Finally, I wish to devote this thesis to my beloved family, who have given me life and love, and have been supporting me for 22 years.I摘要酒在人类的日常交往中占有了重要的角色，在人类文化的历史长河中，酒不仅仅是作为一种物质而存在，更是一种文化象征。中西方不同的文化背景，使中西方的酒文化亦呈现出不同的特征。本文探讨了中西方酒文化产生与发展的过程，并分析了其背后的文化根源。知晓中西方饮

10、酒礼仪上的差异，研究酒文化背后的精神内涵和折射出的不同价值观，可以更好地把握中西方文化的差异，从而排除在交流过程中由于文化的冲突而导致的不必要的麻烦，促进中西文化的交流与发扬光大。关键词：酒文化; 酒桌文化; 饮酒礼仪; 价值观Abstract Wine plays an important role in our daily lives. In the long history of human civilization, wine not only exists as alcoholic beverage, but also a symbol of culture. Due to the

11、various cultural backgrounds, Chinese wine culture differs from the western wine culture. This paper looks into the generation and development of diverse wine cultures and discusses the reasons contributing to those differences. Knowing different drinking etiquettes between Chinese and the West and

12、researching their spiritual connotations will help to eliminate unnecessary troubles in cross-cultural communication, and may contribute to promote and flourish the exchange of Chinese culture and western culture.Key words: wine culture; drinking etiquette; spiritual connotation; valuesIII三亚学院毕业论文（设

13、计）Chapter I. IntroductionA. Background Culture is a learned pattern of behavior, and is a way in which a person lives his life. It is an integral part of every society, and creates a feeling of belonging and togetherness among the people of that society. Every society has a different culture, which

14、gives it an uniqueness and identity. Alcoholic beverage culture is more than alcoholic beverage itself, and it is the combination of different cultural factors. Wine is an ethanol-rich liquid food. Since that moment wine was manufactured, along comes the wine culture. Wine culture is one of the most

15、 important and popular cultures, since it plays an important role in human culture. It permeates all areas of social life, developed with wine and wine economy. Through comparing the origins of wine, customs of drinking wine, and technologies of making wine in China and the western world, this paper

16、 aims to help people know more about the differences between Chinese wine culture and western wine culture, with the hope of promoting cross-cultural communication. B. Significance of the study Drink is a significant ceremony when we are visiting family members and friends, especially Chinese spirit

17、s play an important role in Chinese beverage culture, however, more and more Chinese are willing to learn and accept different culture due to globalization and business development. So it is very important for people to know each other about the differences between Chinese drinking habits and wester

18、n drinking habits. However, during the development of Chinese wine culture and the western wine culture, because of different geographical environments, production modes, religious cultures and customs, there are many differences between Chinese wine culture and western wine culture. Through researc

19、hing wine culture, we could meet more people; through researching wine culture, people can become friends even if they were strangers before; through researching wine culture, people may understand the difference between different countries and contribute to mutual communication among nations. Today

20、 more and more people come to realize the importance of beverage culture. Wine culture will be a new means for cross-cultural communication.C. Organization of the thesis This paper looks into the generation and development of different wine cultures and discusses the reasons contributing to those di

21、fferences. Knowing different drinking etiquettes between Chinese and the West and researching their spiritual connotations will help to eliminate unnecessary troubles in cross-cultural communication, and may contribute to promote and flourish the exchange of Chinese culture and western culture. In o

22、rder to achieve this purpose this thesis falls into six chapters. Chapter one gives a brief introduction to the background of the thesis, the significance of writing the thesis and the general organization of the thesis. Chapter two presents a literature review of previous studies of different wine

23、cultures between China and western countries. Chapter three provides the generation and development of wine culture. Chapter four, the main part of the thesis, provides different wine cultures in China and western countries. Chapter five discusses the integration of Chinese and western wine culture.

24、 Chapter six is a natural conclusion of this thesis.Chapter . Literature reviewA. Introduction “The wine as an objective substance in the world is in the shape of water but it has the character of fire. It will brighten the bright and fool the fool” (Jiang 122). No matter in China or in Europe, no m

25、atter people are wealthy or poor, no matter they are in high spirits or in low spirits, a large number of people like drinking wine since it appeared. People regard wine as a necessary thing in their life. They taste wine and are interested in the wine. So people around the world, no matter in China

26、 or in Europe, all have their style of wine culture: different kinds of wine, different raw materials, different drinking manners and so on.B. Literature review “Chinese research on wine culture can be summed up in two aspects, natural property and social attribute. Its natural property includes the

27、 materials, drinking sets and brewing techniques of wine, and its social attribute means that wine in social activities has a specific effect on polities, economic, culture, military affairs, religion, art, science and technology, social psychology, and folk customs” (Xu 414). The western also study

28、 the wine culture from natural property and social attribute and analyze the table manners in detail. About the origin of wine, a book called Lu Shi Chun Qiu says: Yi Di made the spirit. Somebody thought it was “Du Kang made the spirit”. Knowing the origin of wine in China and western countries can

29、help us have a better understanding of Chinese and western cultural differences. Ancient wine: the search for the origins of viniculture, this book examines the origin of the wine in detail. In this aspect, Chinese and westerners have totally different ideas. “Chinese people claim that man made wine

30、 while western people claim that god made wine” (Patrick 59). Through studying the origin of wine, we may understand the reason why Chinese wine culture differs from western wine culture. “In a wide sense, wine culture means all the studies which relate to alcoholic drinks. Therere 50 many researche

31、s about this, Wang Ge studies alcohol bans, Miao Ti jun investigates wine culture relating to scholars, someone relates wine culture to literature” (Chen 37). Some researchers study wine culture in advertisement, sailing, and packing. All these researches are about one-way drinking studies. Wang Chu

32、nhua analyzed the different custom of the Chinese and the European in the banquet and party: “the language of wine drinking, the form of proposing a toast to guests” (517). He talked the difference between China and Europe in details. Rao Qingqing analyzed some kinds of wine culture differences betw

33、een China and Europe, such as “different wine that people choose in formal occasions and the informal situation: different geographical factors, different social situations and so on” (103). Also, the article talks about different drinking manners and find the reasons that cause the differences. “Cu

34、lture is a way of thinking, feeling and believing suggests the close relationship between culture and thinking” (Lian 13). Comparing Chinese and western culture of wine, “we can conclude that the difference between the culture of wine is the difference between the Chinese and western manner of think

35、ing. Chinese people have the divergent thinking while western people have the linear thinking” (Larry et al 213). Different modes of thinking lead to different senses of worth between China and west people. “Values are the core of communication, and individuals or groups of patterns formed by cultur

36、al communication. Values are the deepest level of culture. It is used to evaluate the standard of peoples behavior and many other things” (Wang 6). Values are a reflection of social existence. C. Summary There are many differences in wine culture between China and Europe. The differences are caused

37、by many factors such as polities, economic, religion, art, science and technology and so on. But the analysis about the misunderstandings and conflicts are not always mentioned as a result of the differences. So there is a great need to explore further research of the cross-cultural comparison of wi

38、ne culture between China and western.Chapter . The generation and development of wine culture A. The generation of wine culture in China and western countries1. Differences in the origin of wine “China is one of the oldest countries in the production of alcoholic beverages. Wine production in China

39、could be traced back to thousand years ago” (Ye and Zhu 265). According to archaeologists, in the Neolithic pottery which was unearthed in modern times, there had drinking vessels been found. In primitive society, wine was popular in our country. In China, we cant find out who actually invented the

40、wine, but there are several claims about the origin of the wine. First, God made wine. More than three thousand years ago, “Zhou Li” had recorded about wine-Qi xing, but the saying that God made wine was too exaggerated. It has not been generally accepted. Second, ape made wine. Wine is a kind of fe

41、rmented drink. It is produced by a kind of microbial decomposition of sugar called yeast. Fruit with sugar is an important food of the ape. The ape “made” out wine by accident. It is logical and reasonable, but that is only a legend. There is no empirical basis. In China, the saying that people make

42、 the wine has been generally accepted. One is the saying that Yi Di made wine. In the legend, Yi Di was a master who was good at making wine, or an official who supervised making wine. He summed up the predecessors' experience, perfected the brewing method, finally made out the high quality wine

43、. The other one, also is the most well known one is that Du Kang made the wine. From a variety of views on the origin of the wine, the Chinese people have always advocated “people made wine”. The western view on the issue is totally different; they always say “God made wine”. “Dionysus, the Greek go

44、d of wine and fertility, identified with the Roman god Bacchus . As the son of Zeus and Semele, Dionysus was reared by nymphs and taught men the secrets of cultivating grapes and making wine. But Hera struck him with madness, and drove him forth a wanderer through various parts of the earth. Dionysu

45、s wandered through many lands, teaching men the culture of the wine and the mysteries of his cult” (Mao and Li 231). There is also another way of saying in the west, though not a clear historical record, a beautiful legend about the origin of wine was handed down. “It was said that an ancient Persia

46、n King sealed the remnant grapes in the barrel and labeled the word poison to prevent others from eating them. There was a concubine disfavored by the king and lived painfully opportunely to see the mouths. She felt not painful but a sense of intoxication when she was waiting to die. Then she told t

47、he king the matter. A test is unavoidable. This, of course, is a beautiful legend. But the wine, indeed, enhanced the enjoyment of mankind” (Bernard et al 86).2. Differences in wine varieties and raw materials In traditional Chinese thinking, people tend to choose white wine and rice wine made by fo

48、od as formal occasional drinks. “Chinese spirits is also called rice wine. The main ingredient is rice or other grain” (Rao 103). For example, when the Chinese government entertains the foreign guests, they will choose Chinese Mao Tai or Wu Liangye for the first drinks. In recent years, beer becomes

49、 more and more popular in the Chinese market. The usual gathering of people would choose beer to adjust to the atmosphere. But in slightly more formal occasions, people will choose white wine to perform this function. In the west, without a doubt, wine and brandy that are made by grapes and as raw m

50、aterials are loved by westerners. Whether to regulate the atmosphere, to fend off the cold heating or to entertain your friends in formal occasions, they will invariably choose wine. “Chinese spirits even becomes an indispensable part of life and they are related to natural cultural environment. The

51、 Yellow River basin where ancient Chinese people gathered living is temperate continental climate. The climate is suitable for food crops growth such as sorghum and wheat” (Rao 103). So Chinese people choosing food crops as raw material is taken for granted. But the people of western countries live

52、mainly in continental Europe, especially in the Mediterranean climate zone; the climate and the terrain are very suitable for the cultivation of grapes. “Western countries focus on animal husbandry or business and agriculture is supplement. The climate and soil in many places are not suitable for th

53、e growth of many crops but benefit for the growth of grapes, which makes that the quality and quantity of grapes are second to none and thus people can largely make wine” (Tom 211). As time goes by, a wine selection becomes a preference for the people. The differences between natural environment and

54、 culture, the natural cultural environment and the social cultural environment, contributed to the different preferences for wine.B.The development of wine culture in China and western countries Chinese wine culture is originated in the process of brewing wine, and our people produced naturally ferm

55、ented wine from around 2800 BC to the early Longshan Culture period. Shang dynasty used the technology of utilizing cereal saccharification and then zymasing the wine. “At early Qin period, there have been active microorganisms or enzymes directly brewing method. Han Dynasty developed koji technolog

56、y, and introduced the wine production from the west. Tang and Song dynasties began brewing fruit wine and medicinal liquor. Brewed liquor distillation technology came onto stage in Yuan dynasty. In Ming and Qing Dynasties, along with the further development of the wine industry, high alcohol concent

57、ration distilled liquor has become the mainstream of development” (Tian 7). Red wine is the representative of western alcohol, but the origin of ancient records of red wine varies. From the point of view of modern science, the origin of the wine is experiencing a transition process from natural to artificial wine brewing. Bible Genesis eighth, IX, said the story of Noahs drunkenness, whereas the Bible does not mention whether Noah bring wine on board or not, but the cultivation of grapes is the first thing he did when he was out