国际场营销教材课后名词解释

1、国际市场营销教材课后名词解释Edited by PengkaiDefinationDefine the following terms:international marketing P9International marketing is the performance of business activities des igned toplan, price, promote, and direct the flow of a company's goods an d service toConsumer or users in more than one nation for

2、a profit.controllable/uncontrollable elements P10The elements of business environment which under/beyond the the control ofcompanies.domestic/foreign uncontrollables P11Aspects of the domestic/foreign environment that are beyond the co ntrol ofcompaniesSRC Self-Reference Criterion P14An unconscious

3、reference to one's own cultural values, experiences, and knowledgeas a basis for decision.Ethnocentrism P14The notion that people in one' s own company, culture, or country k nows best howto do things.Global Awareness P16Tolerance of cultural difference and knowledge of cultures, history, wo

4、rld marketpotential, and global economic, social, and political trends.DefineGATT P27General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade: (1) trade shall be conduc ted on anon-discriminatory Basis; (2) protection shall be afforded domestic industriesthrough customs tariffs, not through such commercial measures a

5、s i mport quotas;(3) consultation shall be the primary method used to solve global t rade problems.WTO P28World Trade OrganizationIMF P30International Monetary Fund: Stabilize foreign exchange rates, facili tate theexpansion and balance growth of international trade.EMU P36Economic and Monetary Unio

6、n: A provision of the Maastricht Treaty, establishedthe parameters of the creation of a common currency for the EU, the euro,andestablished a timetable for its implemention.NAFTA P39North American Free Trade Agreement: Market access, Nontariff b arriers, Rules ofproperty,Government property, Governm

7、ent procurement, Standards.ASEAN + 3 P42Association of Southeast Asian Nations plus China, Japan, and Sou th Korea: Todeal with trade and monetary issues facing Asia.APEC P42Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation: is a forum, far from being a f ree traderegional growth and development,to strengthen the m

8、ultilateral tradi ng system andto reduce barriers to investment and trade without detriment to oth er economics.BEMs P49big emerging markets: A small core of countries that account for more than half ofthe world trade growth over the next two decades, these country a re identified asBEMs. See their

9、important traits at Page 49, 50.BOPMs P48Bottom-of-the-pyramid market: A new concept introduced into the discussion ofdeveloping countries and markets. They are not defined by national borders butrather by the pockets of poverty across countries.Define the following terms:Manifest Destiny P62Basis o

10、f U.S. Foreign policy: Americans were a chosen people ord ained by God tocreate a model society. More superficially, it referred to the territor ial expansion ofthe U.S. from the Atlantic to the Pacific.Monroe Doctrine P62A cornerstone of early U.S. Foreign policy, proclaiming three basic dicta: no

11、furtherEuropean colonization in the New world, abstention of the Unite S tates fromEuropean political affairs, and nonintervention of European governm ents in thegovernments of the Western Hemisphere.Roosevelt Corollary P62Monroe Doctrine with an extension applied by Roosevelt: Not only would the U.

12、S.Prohibit non-American intervention in Latin American affairs, but it would alsopolice the area and guarantee that Latin American nations met thei r internationalobligations.Sustainable development P68A joined approach among those (governments),businesses,environm entalists, andthe others) who seek

13、 economic growth with "wise resource manage ment, equitabledistribution of benefits and reduction of negative efforts on people and theenvironments from the process of economic grows"Define the following termsculture P82Culture is the human-made part of human environmentthe sum total ofkno

14、wledge, beliefs, art, morals, laws, customs, and any other capab ilities and habitsacquired by humans as members of society. or P85 is the sum of the values,rituals,symbols, beliefs, and thought processesthat are learned and shared by agroup of people, then transmitted from generation to generation.

15、culture value P92A culture's values are its ideas about what is good, right, fair, and just. See P91P92 how culture values influnence various types of busin ess and market behavior comes from seminal work by Geert Hofstede.culture sensitivity P98Being attuned to the nuances of culture so that a

16、new culture can be viewed objectively, evaluated, and appreciated.linguistic distance P95A new concept measuring the relationship between language diffence andtransaction cost.social insititutions P88social institutions including family, religion, school, the media, govern ments,andcorporations all

17、effec the ways in which people relate to one another, organize theiractivities to live in harmony with one another, teache acceptable beha viour tosucceeding generations, and govern themselves.cultural borrowing P99cultural borrowing is a responsible effort to learn from others' cultur al ways i

18、n thequest for better solutions to a society' s particular problems.factual knowledge P98A straightfoward fact about a culture but assumes additional significa nce wheninterpreted within the context of the culture.Interpretive knowledge P98The kind of knowledge most dependent on past experience

19、for interpr etation andmost frequently prone to misintrepretetaion if one' s home country fr ame ofreference (SRC) is used.aesthetics P95Arts, folklore, music, drama, dance, dress and cosmetics in a culture.strategy of unplanned /planned cultural change P102strategy of cultural congruennce P102T

20、his srtategy involces marketting products similar to noes already o n the market in a manner as congruent as possible with existing cultural norms, thereby minimizing resisitance.Define the follwing termscultural imperatives P108Cultural imperatives are the business customs and expectations that mus

21、t be metand conformed to or avoid if relationship are to be successful.cultural electives P109cultural electives relates to areas of behaviour or to customs that c ultural aliens maywish to conform to or participate in but that are not required.cultural exclusives P109Cultural exclusives are those c

22、ustoms or behaviour patterns reserve d exclusivelyfor the locals and from which the foreigner is barred.FCPA P129Foreign Corrupt Practices ActP-time / M-time P119P-time, or polychronic time, is characterized by the simultaneous occ urrence ofmany things and by "a great involvement with people.&

23、quot;M-time, or monochronic time, is used on those western cultures tend to concentrateon one thing at a time.subornation P129Subornation involves giving large sum of money-frequently not prope rlyaccounted for-designed to entice an official to commit an illegal act on behalf ofthe one offering the

24、bribe.the principles of Utilitarian ethics P131Does the action optimize the "common good" or benefits of all co nstituencies? Andwho are the pertinent constituencies.?the principles of Justice or fairness P131Does the action respect the canons of justice or fairness to all part ies involve

25、d?silent languageDefining the following termssovereignty P138A sovereignty state is independent and free from all external contr ol; enjoys fulllegal equality with other states; governs its own territory;select its own political,economic, and social systems; and has the power to enter into agr eemen

26、ts withother nationsNationalism P142Nationalism can be best described as an intense feeling of national pride and unity,an awakening of a nation's people to pride in their country.Confiscation, Expropriation, Domestication P144Confiscation: the seizing of a company's assets without payment E

27、xpropriation: the government seizes an investment but makes som ereimbursement for the assets.Domestication: host countries gradually cause the transfer of foreig n investments tonational control and ownership through a series of government decr ees thatmandate local ownership and greater national i

28、nvolvement in a com pany'smanagement.PSAs, NGOs P147Political and social activists (PSAs) can range from those who see k to bring aboutpeaceful change to those who resort to violence and terrorism to e ffect change.Nongovernmental organizations (NGOs)Define the following terms:Common / code / Islamic law P159Common law, derived from English law and found in England, the United States,Canada, and other countries once under English influence;Code law, derived from Roman law and found in Germany, Japan, France, andnon-Islamic and non-Marxist countries