英国文学史及选读2复习大纲2

1、英国文学史及选读第二册 复习提纲Part VII. THE ROMANTIC PERIODIntroductionHistorical BackgroundThe political & social factors that gave rise to the Romantic Movement were the three revolutions the American Revolution, the French Revolution and the Industrial Revolution.Intellectual backgroundThe shift in literat

2、ure from emphasis on reason to instinct & emotion was intellectually prepared for by a number of thinkers in the later half of the 18th century. Representative thinkers are Rousseau, Edmund Burke and Thomas Paine.Term Romanticism(1) Romanticism is a literary trend fighting against the idea of En

3、lightenment. It prevailed in England during the period of 17981832. It begins with the publication of Lyrical Ballads by William Wordsworth and Samuel Taylor Coleridge and ends witSir Walter Scott ' s death(2) Romanticism actually constitutes a change of direction from attention to the outer wor

4、ld of social civilization to the inner world of the human spirit.(3) In essence, it designates a literary & philosophical theory, which tends to see the individual as the very center of all life & all experience.(4) It also places the individual at the center of art, making literature most v

5、aluable as an expression of his or her unique feelings & particular attitudes, & valuing its a ccuracy in portraying the individual experiences.Term Lake Poets or The LakersIn English literature it refers to such romantic poets as William Wordsworth, Samuel Taylor Coleridge and Robert Southe

6、y who lived in the Lake District.TermGothic NovelIt is a type of romance very popular in the 18th century and at the beginning of the 19th century. It emphasizes things which are grotesque, violent, mysterious, supernatural, desolate and horrifying. It was applied by Horace Walpole to his novel The

7、Castle of Otranto. It has exerted a great influence over the writers of the Romantic period with its description of the dark, irrational side of human nature. Gothic novel has exerted a great influence over the writers of the Romantic period. Works likeThe Mysteries of Udolphoby Ann Radcliffe and Fr

8、ankenstein by Mary Shelley are typical Gothic romance.Romantic Authors in England(1) The glory of the age is in the poetry of Wordsworth, Coleridge, Byron, Shelley, Keats and Southy.(2) Of its prose works, those of Scott alone have attained very wide reading(3) The essays of Charles Lamb(4) The nove

9、ls of Jane Austen and historical novels of Walter ScottWilliam Wordsworth (1770-1850).poetry is the spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings: it takes its origin from emotion recollected in tranquility(干reface I)所有的好诗都是炽烈情感的自然涌流，而这种情感乂是经过在宁静中追忆的.quotation from William Wordsworth.Major works from Wi

10、lliam WordsworthLyrical Ballads 抒情歌谣集(I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud 我好似一朵孤独的流云；Composed uponWestminster Bridge写于威斯敏斯特桥上)Lucy Poems露西组诗(She Dwett Among the Untrodden Way«也走在人迹罕至的路边；To the Cucko。杜鹃颂；The Solitary Reap任孤寂的割麦女)；The Excursion 远足The Prelude 序曲Analysis of William Wordsworth's works(

11、1)She Dwett Among the Untrodden Ways one of his famous Lucy Poems, in which the lover tells that she lived unknown and died unknown.(3)Composed upon Westminster Bridgescribes a vivid picture of a beautiful morning in London.The Solitary Reaper describes vividly and sympathetically a young peasant gi

12、rl working in the fields and singing as she works and shows that the girl ' s singing deeply moved the traveler and kept lingering in his heart.I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud is perhaps the most anthologized poem in English literature, and one that takes us to the core of Wordsworth' s poetic

13、belief.FormThis poem contains four six-lined stanzas of iambic tetrametre伯步抑扬格)，with a rhyme scheme of ababcc in each stanza.ThemeThe theme of this poem is the serene beautyof nature through vivid description of daffodils and the poet 's respect for nature.ContentFirst Stanza Tt shows a harmonio

14、us picture. The image of-cloud II gives us the impression of the poets' pride and loftiness. But on seeing numerous daffodils, the poet descends from above to below.Second Stanza Tn this stanza, the poet draws an analogy between stars and daffodils to emphasize the great number. -Star II in this

15、 stanza echoes witbrcloud I I in the previous stanza.Third Stanza -The poet draws an analogy between waves of water and waves of daffodils. The description of the scenery ends in the second line. Following that, the poet shifts his emphasis from scenery to emotion.Fourth Stanza - The glee of daffodi

16、ls turns into happiness of the poet. As a result, the beauty of nature becomes the beauty of mind. The last two lines explain why daffodils had brought great wealth to me, because they had brought fresh inspiration, greater creativity and new capacity for imagination. New life has been brought to hi

17、m by the memory.Brief comment on William Wordsworth(1) He is the leading figure of English Romantic poetry, and he is regarded as -aworshipper of nature I.(2) His Lyrical Ballads, written with Coleridge, marked the beginning of Romanticism in English poetry.(3) He defined poetry as 4he spontaneousov

18、erflow of powerful feelings: it takes its origin from emotion recollected in tranquility. II(4) He was one of the-Lake Poets I.George Gordon Byron (1788-1824)IntroductionGeorge Gordon Byron was as famous in his lifetime for his personality cult as for his poetry. He created the concept of the -Byron

19、ic hero II -a proud, mysterious rebel figure of noble origin. Byron s influence on European poetry, music, novel, opera, and painting has been immense. He was the most renowned English language poet of his day.Term - Byronic HeroThis is a concept created by George Gordon Byron. It refers to a proud,

20、 mysterious rebel figure of noble origin. With immense superiority in his passions and powers, this figure would carry on his shoulders the burden of righting all the wrongs in a corrupted society, and would rise single-handedly against any kind of tyrannical rules either in government, in religion,

21、 or in moral principles with unconquerable wills and inexhaustible energies.Term - LyricLyric is a short poem wherein the poet expressesan emotion or illustrates some life principle. Lyric often concerns love.-My love is like a red, red rose II is Robert Burn s well-known lyric.Major worksHours of I

22、dliness 1807English Bords and Scottish Reviewers 1809Childe Harold s Pilgrimage 1812The Giaour 1813The Corsair 1814Lara1814Manfred1817Cain1821Don Juan (1819-1824)Famous selected poems in our textbook:When We Two Parted;She Walks in Beauty;The Isles of Greecdaken from Don JuanAnalysis of Byrons works

23、(1) Don Juan, Byron s masterpiece, is regarded as the great poem of the Romantic Age. It is a poem based on a traditional Spanish legend of a great lover and seducer of women.(2) When We Two Parted is a lyric poem of usual love between man and woman. The poem is alternately rhymed to show the poet p

24、asinmoefnltoavle mingled with hate. The metrical movement of this poem is basically a combination of iambic and anapaestic (抑抑扬格)feet, with a rhyme scheme ababcdcd.(3) She Walks in Beautys one of B ' s early love ly ricsBackground knowledge On June 11, 1814, B attended a party where he for the f

25、irst time net his young cousin, Lady Wilmot Horton, who was dressed in a black mourning gown. B was so struck by her beauty that, on returning home, he wrote this poem in a single night.Theme - This lyric poem is a compliment to a lady and to celebrate the beauty of the woman.Form The poem contains

26、three stanzas of iambic tetrameter, with a rhyme scheme ababab.(4) The Isles of Greece is taken from Don Juan, Canto III, which is sung by a Greek singer at the wedding of Don Juan and Haidee. In the early 19th century, Greece was under the rule of Turk. By contrasting the freedom of ancient Greece

27、and the present enslavement, the poet appealed to people to struggle for liberty.Comments on Byron(1) Byron is the most excellent representative of English Romanticism. He was one of the most influential poets of his time.(2) He created the concept of theByronic hero II -a proud, mysterious rebel fi

28、gure of noble origin.(3) His poems are favorites of the British workers & the laboring people of other countries. He opposedoppression & slavery, & had an ardent love for liberty. He praised the people' s rev(in his works.(4) He was the most renowned English language poet of his day.

29、Percy Bysshe Shelley (1792-1827)IntroductionShelley is one of the leading Romantic poets, an intense and original lyrical poet in the English language. Shelley drew no essential distinction between poetry and politics, and his work reflected the radical ideas and revolutionary optimism of the era.Te

30、rm - OdeIt is a dignified and elaborately structured lyric poem of some length, praising and glorifying an individual, commemorating an event, or describing nature intellectually rather than emotionally. Originally they were songs performed to the accompaniment of a music instrument. John Keats wrot

31、e great odes. His Ode on a Grecian Urn is a case in point.Term - Terza RimaIt is an Italian verse that consists of a series of three-line stanzas in which the middle line of each stanza rhymes with the first and third lines of the following stanza with the rhyming scheme aba, bcb, cdc, ded, etc. It

32、appeared first in Dantes' The Divine Comedy. Besides, Shelleys' Ode to the West Wind is a case in point.Major WorksThe Necessity of Atheism无神论的必要性Adonais阿多尼斯Queen Mab 1813麦布女王The Revolt of Islam1818伊斯兰的反叛Prometheus Unbound1820解放了的普罗米修斯A Defence of Poetry诗辩Famous selected poems in our textboo

33、k:A Song: Men of EnglandOde to the West WindOzymandiasTo a SkylarkThe CloudAnalysis of Shelleys works(1) A Song: Men of England is one of Shelley s greatest political lyrics. It is not only a war cry calling upon all working people to rise up against their political oppressors, but an address to the

34、m pointing out the intolerable injustice of economic exploitation. The poet warns the working people that if they should give up their struggle, they would be digging graves for themselves with their own hands.(2) Ode to the West Winds one of the most popular and best-known of Shelley's lyrics.

35、Main Idea - Shelley eulogized the powerful west wind & expressedhis eagernessto enjoy the boundless freedom from the reality. -West Wind II in the poem symbolizes both destroyer of the old and preserver of the new. It destroys leaves/things/thoughts/ideas that are dead; it preserves new life or

36、seeds that represent new life or new birth. FormThis ode consists of five stanzas, each a stanza formed of four units of terza rima (三行诗节)completed by a couplet. Famous lines I Wild Spirit, which art moving everywhere;/ Destroyer and Preserver; hear, O hear! and -+ fall upon the thorns of life! I I

37、and -If Winter comes, can Spring be far behind?(3) Prometheus Unbounds Shelley s greatest poetic drama. The drama celebrates mans' victory over tyranny and oppression.(4) Queen Mab is a revolutionary poem condemning tyranny and exploitation and the unjust war waged by the rich to plunder wealth.

38、John Keats (1795-1821)Romantic poets comparedWordsworth: beauty in simplicityColeridge: beauty in the extraordinary and supernaturalByron: beauty in power and satireShelley: exquisite beautyKeats: sensuous beauty人以美的享受的).On John Keats tomb are carved, according to his own request, the words:Here lie

39、s one whose name was writ in water. I I (此地长眠者，声名水上书)John Keats is one of the major English Romantists in the 1# century. He wrote best odes in English literature. He sought to express beauty in all of his poems. His leading principle is -Beauty is truth, truth beauty II His poetry is distinguished

40、by sensuousness and the perfection of the form. His ability to appeal to the senses through language is virtually unrivaled.Major WorksLong PoemsShort Poems-Endymion II恩底弥瓮de on a Grecian Urnll希腊古瓮颂Tsabella II伊萨贝拉de on Melancholy II忧郁颂-The Eve of St. Agnesll圣爱格尼斯之夜de to Autumn II秋颂-Eamia II莱米业de to

41、a Nightingale II夜莺颂-Hyperion II赫披里昂Sonnet On First Looking into Chapman ' s HomerAnalysis of Keats works(1) Ode on an Grecian Urn shows the contrast between the permanence of art and the transience of human passion. For" Each stanza is 10 lines long, metered in a relatively precise iambic p

42、entameter, and divided into a two part rhyme scheme: the first 7 lines of each stanza follow an ABABCDE rhyme and the last 3 lines of which are variable. The famous line from this ode is -Beauty is truth, truth beauty II and -Heard melodies are sweet, but those unheard/ Are sweete r(2) On First Look

43、ing into Chapman ' s Hom a Petrarchan or Italian sonnet with a rhyme scheme of abba abba cdc dcd. The octet (eight lines) describes Keats's reading experience before reading Chapman's translation and the sestet (six lines) contrasts his experience of reading it.(3) Ode to a Nightingaleex

44、pressesthe contrast between the happy world of natural loveliness and human world of agony.Walter Scott (17711832)Walter Scott, a Scottish novelist and poet, is the father of the historical novel. His historical novel is his chief contribution to English literature. His historical novels concern the

45、 history of Scotland, English history and the history of European countries. His language is difficult with Scottish dialect.Major Works of Walter ScottPoems1802, Minstrelsy of the Scottish Border,苏格兰边区歌谣集1805, The Lay of the Last Minstrel最末一个行吟诗人1808, Marmion玛密恩1810, The Lady of the Lake« 湖上夫人

46、NovelsOf Scottish historyWaverley威弗利1814Guy Mannering盖曼纳合1815Old Morality 活教徒1816Rob Roy 1817罗布 罗伊，the best of the groupThe Heart of Midlothian 1818弥德洛西恩的心Of the English historyIvanhoe艾凡赫» 1820, is Scott s masterpiece. It is a novel of English subject covering the days after the Norman Conquest

47、.Kenilworth,肯纳尔沃思堡1821The Fortunes of Nigel,尼格尔的家产1822Woodstock皇家猎宫Peveril of the Peak贝弗利尔皮克1823Of the European countriesQuentin Durward昆丁 达沃德1823Talisman惊军英雄记1825Count Robert of Paris巴黎的罗伯特伯爵1832St. Ronans Wells圣 罗南之泉» , the only one, dealing with his contemporary lifeFeatures of Scott ' s

48、 Novels(1) Scott has an outstanding gift of vivifying the past.(2) In his novels, historical events are closely interwoven with the fates of individuals.(3) In his historical novels, he concerns both the lives and deeds of the higher class and that of the ordinary people.(4) He is a romantic while a

49、 Tory, a conservative in politics.Jane Austen (1775-1817)IntroductionShe was a woman novelist of the 18th century, thought she lived mainly in the 19th century for her works show clearly her firm belief in the predominance of reason over passion, the sense of responsibility, good manners and clear-s

50、ighted judgment over the Romantic tendencies of emotion and individuality.Six NovelsEmma爱玛Persuasion劝导Mansfield Park曼斯菲尔德庄园Northanger Abbey诺桑觉寺Pride and Prejudice傲慢与偏见Sense and Sensibility« 理智与情感Analysis ofPride and PrejudicePride & Prejudice which was originally drafted as First Impression

51、s, mainly tells of the love story between a rich, proud young man Darcy and the beautiful and intelligent Elizabeth Bennet. In this novel, Darcy stands for Pride and Elizabeth represents Prejudice. In the end false pride is humbled and prejudice dissolved.Main Characters Mr. Bennet and Mrs. Bennet w

52、ith their daughters of Jane, Elizabeth, Mary, Catherine and Lydia, besides there are Charles Bingley and Fitzwilliam Darcy.Major Themes Pride and prejudiceLove and marriageFamilyFamous quotations from Chapter 1 -+t is a truth universally acknowledged that a single man in possession of a good fortune

53、, must be inwant of a wife I)Opening sentence fromPride and PrejudiceExplanations of the opening sentence P & P begins with one of her most famous uses of irony. The first sentencetakes a local attitude, to be exemplified in Mrs. Bennet, about the need of well-to-do men to marry, and transforms

54、it, tongue-in-cheek, into a self-evident facH universally acknowledged.II 询hat is his name?|-Bingley. II-4s he married or single?|-Oh! single, my dear, to be sure! A single man of large fortune; four or five thousand a year. What a fine thing for our girls! II-How so? how can it affect them?| I-My d

55、ear Mr. Bennet, I I replied his wife, -how can you be so tiresome! You must know that I am thinking of his marrying one of them. IIConversations between Mr. and Mrs BennetExplanations of this conversation The conversation tells us that Mrs. Bennet is eager to marry one of his daughters to the mentio

56、ned young man, but her husband does not care much.Jane Austeris contribution to English literature(1) Jane Austen is one of the most important Romantic novelists in English literature. She creates six influential novels such as Sense and Sensibility, Emma, Pride and Prejudice.(2) Her main literary c

57、oncern is about human beings in their personal relationships. She makes trivial daily life as important as the concerns about human belief and career and salient social events. This is what make her important in English literature.(3%)(3) Jane Austen has brought the English novel, as an art of form,

58、 to its maturity because of her sensitivity to universal patterns of human behavior and her accurate portrayal of human individuals.(4) She describes the world from a woman s point of view, and depicts a group of authentic and common women.Charles Lamb (1775-1834)Romantic prose writers(1) The early 19th century is remarkable for the development of a new and valuable type of critical prose writing.(2) The leaders in this new and important development are William Hazlitt, Leigh H