新编语言学教程PPT学习教案

1、会计学1第1页/共97页第2页/共97页第3页/共97页第4页/共97页第5页/共97页第6页/共97页第7页/共97页第8页/共97页第9页/共97页 2. Linguistics vs. Traditional Grammar第10页/共97页A. Linguistics is descriptive, not prescriptive.第11页/共97页A linguist is interested in what is said, not what he thinks ought to be said. He describes language in all its aspects

2、, but does not p r e s c r i b e r u l e s o f c o r r e c t n e s s . H e d o e s not believe that there i s s o m e absolute standard of correctnessconcerning language use.第12页/共97页 Instead, he would prefer to be an observer and recorder of facts, but not a judge. 第13页/共97页 Traditional grammar was

3、 very strongly normative in character. The grammarian saw it as his task to formulate t h e s t a n d a r d s o f correctness and to i m p o s e t h e s e , i f necessary, upon the s p e a k e r s o f t h e language.第14页/共97页B.Linguistics regards the spoken language as primary, not the written.第15页/

4、共97页c) Linguistics differs from traditional grammar in that it does not force languages into a Latin-based framework.第16页/共97页第17页/共97页Weakpoints of Traditional Grammar第18页/共97页1. 规定语言学家在判断语言的正确与否时常从逻辑学的角度加以观察，但是却忽视了语言在受一般逻辑规律支配的同时，又有自身的规律，使得语言规律与逻辑规律既有相似性又有相异性。第19页/共97页以双重否定为例。从逻辑学的角度来看，否定之否定就是肯定。正

5、因如此，规定语法学家认为： I didnt do nothing.正确的解释为: It is not true that I did nothing.或 I did something.第20页/共97页但是，英语使用的现实却是这两种相互矛盾的语义都存在。语义的区别是通过语言的语音规律加以实现的。在前者， “didnt”重读，而后者 “didnt不重读 。第21页/共97页再看下列例句： All the children didnt sleep (All the children failed to sleep.) All the children didnt sleep. (Not all

6、the children failed to sleep.)第22页/共97页这两个话语在语义上的差异也是违反了传统逻辑规律。语音规律的介入很好地解决了这一问题： All the children didnt sleep. (重音落在sleep上，且使用降调) All the children didnt sleep.（重音落在all上，且使用降升调）第23页/共97页事实上，这种突破一般逻辑规律的现象在其它语言中也时常可见。以汉语为例： 今天街上好热闹。 今天街上好不热闹。第24页/共97页再看汉语中的“差点儿”和“差点儿没”两个表达法： 他差点儿摔倒了。 他差点儿没摔倒。第25页/共97页

7、 我差点儿通过了考试。 我差点儿没通过考试。如果用“差点儿”和“差点儿没”去修饰说话人希望实现的事情，那么“差点儿”含有惋惜希望的事情未能实现，而“差点儿没”是指庆幸希望的事情发生了。第26页/共97页 2. There are no absolute standards of correctness in language uses.第27页/共97页第28页/共97页第29页/共97页第30页/共97页第31页/共97页第32页/共97页第33页/共97页第34页/共97页 finding out more about how the brain works; finding out mo

8、re about how the brain works; How children learn language; How children learn language; What the relationship between meaning and perception is; What the relationship between meaning and perception is; What role of language is in different cultures; What role of language is in different cultures; 第3

9、5页/共97页第36页/共97页第37页/共97页第38页/共97页第39页/共97页第40页/共97页第41页/共97页第42页/共97页 “pen”“other name”第43页/共97页考研链接中山大学中山大学2003年考题年考题sound第44页/共97页 Writing is derivative of speech.第45页/共97页“桌子”, “Desk”convention第46页/共97页“A rose by any other name would smell as sweet”Convention第47页/共97页第48页/共97页第49页/共97页第50页/共97页第

10、51页/共97页第52页/共97页nCultural TransmissionCultural Transmission文化传递文化传递性性第53页/共97页第54页/共97页But the vast majority of the words in all languages are non-onomatopoeic: The connection between their form and their meaning is arbitrary in that, given the form, it is impossible to predict the meaning and, giv

11、en the meaning, it is impossible to predict the form.第55页/共97页第56页/共97页第57页/共97页专八链接39. _is a language phenomenon in which words sound like what they refer to.A. OnomatopoeiaB. CollocationC. Denotation D. Assimilation第58页/共97页第59页/共97页第60页/共97页第61页/共97页第62页/共97页第63页/共97页第64页/共97页第65页/共97页第66页/共97页专八

12、链接第67页/共97页第68页/共97页第69页/共97页第70页/共97页第71页/共97页第72页/共97页Rundi women (in BurundiRundi women (in Burundi布隆迪布隆迪 , , Central Africa), upon taking leave, Central Africa), upon taking leave, routinely and politely sayroutinely and politely say “I must I must go home now, or my husband will go home now, or

13、 my husband will beat me.beat me.” We have to learn a large repertoire of such usages if we are to interact comfortably with different people.We have to learn a large repertoire of such usages if we are to interact comfortably with different people. 第73页/共97页第74页/共97页第75页/共97页第76页/共97页第77页/共97页第78页/共97页第79页/共97页第80页/共97页第81页/共97页第82页/共97页第83页/共97页第84